inventions and their creators

7/31/2019 Inventions and Their Creators

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A

Air Brake : George Westinghouse, U.S.A. 1911.

Air Conditioning : Willis Carrier, U.S.A. 1911.

Airplane : engine-powered, Wilbur & Orville Wright, U.S.A., 1903.

Airship : Henri Giffard, France, 1852; Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.

Antibiotics : Louis Pasteur, Jules-Francois Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of peni

Fleming, Scotland, 1928.

Antiseptic : (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.

Aspirin : Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

Atom : (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.

Atomic Structure : Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.

Automated Teller Machine

(ATM) :

Don Wetzel, U.S.A., 1968.

Automobile : (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rmp) Karl Benz, Germany, 1practical highspeed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daim

(first true automobile, not carriage with motor) Rene Panhard, Emile La

(carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S.A., 1892.

Autopilot : (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., c.1910, first successful test, 1912

boat.

B

Bacteria : Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Bakelite : Leo Hendrik Baekeland, U.S.A., 1907.

Ball Bearing : Philip Vaughan, England, 1794.

Ballon, Hot-air : Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.

Bar Codes : Monarch Marking, U.S.A. 1970.

Barometer : Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.

Bicycle : Karl D. von Sauebronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James St

Big Bang Theory : (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, BelgiLeMaitre theory labeled Big Bang) George A. Gamov, U.S.A., 1948;

background radiation discovered) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wils

Blood, Circulation of : William Harvey, England, 1628.

Bomb, Atomic : J. Robert Oppenheimer et al., U.S.A., 1945.

Bomb, Thermonuclear

(hydrogen) :

Edward Teller et al., U.S.A., 1952.


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Boyles Law : (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland,

Braille : Louis Braille, France, 1829.

Bridges : (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) M1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S.A., 1820.

Bullet : (conical) Claude Minie, France, 1849.

C

Calculating Machine : (logarithms) John Napierm Scotland, 1614; (digital calculator) Blaise P

(multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (analytica

included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England,

Camera : George Eastman, U.S.A., 1888; (Polaroid) Edwin Land, U.S.A., 1948

Car Radio : William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S.A. 1929.

Cells : Robert Hooke, England, 1665.

Chewing Gum : John Curtis, U.S.A., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S.A., 1870

Cholera Bacterium : Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

Circuit, Integrated : (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; Jack S. Kilby, Texas Ins

1959.

Clock, Pendulum : Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.

Clock, Quartz : Warren A. Marrison, Canada/U.S.A., 1927.

Cloning, Animal : John B. Gurdon, U.K., 1970.

Coca-Cola : John Pemberton, U.S.A., 1886.Combustion : Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.

Compact Disk : RCA, U.S.A., 1972.

Compact Disk (CD) : Philips Electronics, The Netherlands; Sony Corp., Japan, 1980.

Computed Tomography

(CT scan, CAT scan) :

Godfrey Hounsfield, Allan Cormack, U.K. U.S.A., 1972

Computers : (analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Nume

Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John1945; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer) 1951; (personal com

Wozniak, U.S.A., 1976.

Computer Laptop : Radio Shack Corp., U.S.A., 1983.Concrete : Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

D


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DDT : Othmar Zeidler, Germany, 1874.

Detector, Metal : Gerhard Fisher, Germany/U.S.A., late 1920s.

Deuterium : (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S.A., 1931.

DNA : (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determinhelical structure) F. H. Crick, England and James D. Watson, U.S.A., 19

Dye : William H. Perkin, England, 1856.

Dynamite : Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

E

Electric Generator (dynamo):

(laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.Sdriven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current gener

U.S.A., 1892.

Electron : Sir Joseph J. Thompson, U.S.A., 1897.

Electronic Mail : Ray Tomlinson, U.S.A., 1972.

Elevator, Passenger : Elisha G. Otis, U.S.A., 1852.

E=mc2 :(equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.

Engine, Internal

Combustion :

No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, Fra

stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-strde Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, German

Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wanket, Germany, 1956.

Evolution : : (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection)

England, 1859.

F

Facsimile (fax) : Alexander Bain, Scotland, 1842.

Fiber Optics : Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.Film Photographic : George Eastman, U.S.A., 1884.

Flashlight, Battery-operated

Portable :

Conrad Hubert, Russia/U.S.A., 1899

Flask, Vacuum (Thermos) : Sir James Dewar, Scotland, 1892.

Fuel Cell : William R. Grove, U.K., 1839


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G

Genetic Engineering : Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer, U.S.A., 1973.

Gravitation, Law of : Sir Issac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).

Gunpowder : China, c.700.

Gyrocompass : Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., 1905.

Gyroscope : Jean Leon Foucault, France, 1852.

H

Helicopter : (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Silor

Helium First Observed on

Sun:

Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.

Home Videotape Systems

(VCR) :

(Betamax) Sony, Japan, (1975); (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

I

Ice Age Theory : Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.

Insulin : (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1

published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purificatioJohn Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.

Internet : Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) at the Dept. of Defense, U

Iron, Electric : Henry W. Seely, U.S.A., 1882.

Isotopes : Frederick Soddy, England, 1912.

J

Jet Propulsion : (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936;


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178, 1939.

L

Laser : (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S.A. U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S.A., 1960.

LCD (liquid crystal display) : Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.

Lens, Bifocal : Benjamin Franklin, U.S.A., c.1760.

Light-Emitting Diode

(LED) :

Nick Holonyak, Jr., U.S.A., 1962.

Light, Speed of : (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.

Locomotive : (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, duboiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) UnBoy, U.S.A., 1941.

Loud Speaker : Chester W. Rice, Edward W. Kellogg, U.S.A., 1924.

M

Machine Gun : (multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S.A., 1862; (single barrel, belt-fed) HAnglo-American, 1884.

Magnet, Earth is : William Gilbert, England, 1600.

Magnetic Resonance

Imaging (MRI) :

Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur, U.S.A., early 1970s.

Matchstick/box : (phosphorus) Francois Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria(safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.

Metric System : Revolutionary government of France, 1790-1801.

Microphone : Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.

Microscope : (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vlad

U.S.A., Canada, Germany, 1932-1939.Microwave Oven : Percy Spencer, U.S.A., 1947.

Missile, Guided : Wernher von Braun, Germany, 1942.

Motion, Laws of : Isaac Newton, England, 1687.

Motion Pictures : Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1893.

Motion Pictures, Sound : Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical s

1926; with spoken diologue : The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros


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Motor, Electric : Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.

Motorcycle : (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motor

Daimler, Germany, 1885.

Moving Assembly Line : Henry Ford, U.S.A., 1913.

N

Neutron : James Chadwick, England, 1932.

Nuclear Fission : Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.

Nuclear Reactor : Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.

Nylon : Wallace H. Carothers, U.S.A., 1937.

O

Ozone : Christian Schonbein, Germany, 1839.

P

Pacemaker : Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S.A., 1957.

Paper : China, c.100 A.D.

Parachute : Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.

Pen : (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S.A., 1884; (ball-point) John H. Loud

Biro, Argentina, 1944.

Phonograph : Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1877.

Photography : (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicephore Niep

1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John He1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate) Louis Dagauerre, base

Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of pos

made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken tofor all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel,

Saint-Victor, France, 1848-1860; (commercial color film with three em

Kodachrome) U.S.A. 1935.


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Photovoltaic Effect : (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becq

Planetary Motion, Laws of : Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.

Plastics : (first material nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursAlexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of v

camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S.A., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synt

Baekeland, U.S.A., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules apolymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Stau1922; (polypropylene and low-pressure method for producing high-den

Robert Banks, Paul Hogan, U.S.A., 1958.

Polio, Vaccine : (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S.A., 1952; (

field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccin

B. Sabin, U.S.A. 1954; (available in the U.S.A.) 1960.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) : Eugen Baumann, Germany, 1872.

Printing : (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400, Johann Gutenberg,(lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) R

1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S.A., 1884.Printing Press, Movable

Type :

Johannes Gutenburg, Germany, c.1450.

Proton : Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.

Pulsars : Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

Q

Quantum Theory : (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denm

mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, Germany, 1925.

R

Rabies Immunization : Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

Radar : (limited range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulatioheight of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S.A., 1925; (first pdetection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934-1935.

Radio : (electromagnetism theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spelectromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical

telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegra

across the Atlantic) Macroni, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for rad

John Fleming, England, 1904; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-dista


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Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1912; (frequency modulation-FM) Edwin

U.S.A., 1933.

Radiocarbon Dating,

Carbon-14 Method :

(discovered) Willard F. Libby, U.S.A., 1947; (first demonstrated) U.S.A

Razor : (safety) King Gillette, U.S.A., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S.A., 19

Refrigerator : Alexander Twining, U.S.A., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first withDomelse, Chicago, U.S.A., 1913.

Remote Control, Television : Robert Adler, U.S.A., 1950.

Richter Scale : Charles F. Richter, U.S.A., 1935.

Rifle : (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, Fran

c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) Joh

1918.

Rocket : (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S.A., 1926.

Rotation of Earth : Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.

Rubber : (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S.A., 1839.

S

Saccharin : Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S.A., 1879.

Safety Pin : Walter Hunt, U.S.A., 1849.

Saturn, Ring Around : Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.

Seismograph : (first accurate) John Bohlin, Sweden, 1962.Sewing Machine : Elias Howe, U.S.A., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S.A., 185

Spectrum : Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665-1666.

Steam Engine : Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas N

1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcocondensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782; (high-pressure)

U.S.A., 1804.

Steel, Stainless : Harry Brearley, U.K., 1914.

Stethoscope : Rene Laennec, France, 1819.

Submarine : Cornelis Drebbel, The Netherlands, 1620.

T

Tank, Military : Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.


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Tape Recorder : Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.

Teflon : DuPont, U.S.A., 1943.

Telegraph : Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S.A., 1837.

Telephone : Alexander Graham Bell, U.S.A., 1837.

Telephoe, Mobile : Bell Laboratories, U.S.A., 1946.

Telescope : Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galile

(reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.

Television : Vladimir Zworykin, U.S.A., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube

disk-scanning method) successfully demaonstrated by J. L. Baird, ScotlU.S.A., 1926; (first all-electric television image) Philo T. Famsworth, U

mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white)

France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S.A.,1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduce

Television Systems committee, 1953.

Thermodynamics : (first law : energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from o

Julius Von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (seconitself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany

the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperNernstm Germany, 1918.

Thermometer : (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padalso Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigra

Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William

Kelvin, England, 1848.

Tire, Pneumatic : Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, No

Transformer, Electric : William Stanely, U.S.A., 1885.

Transistor : John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S.A., 1947.

Typewriter : Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S.A., 1867.

V

Velcro : George de Mestral, Switzerland, 1948.

Video Disk : Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.

Vitamins : (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, EngA) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S.A., 1912-1914; (vitamin B) Mc

1915-1916; (thiamin B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; ( riboflavin, B2

Hendrick, U.S.A., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S.A., 1937; (B6)1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D)

1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.


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W

Wheel : (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800-3600 B.C.

Windmill : Persia, c.600.

World Wide Web : (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989;

Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andrees

X

X-ray Imaging : Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Germany, 1895.

Xerography : Chester Carlson, U.S.A., 1900.

Z

Zero : India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular ener

Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

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