intrusion upon seclusion for health records

8/10/2019 Intrusion Upon Seclusion for Health Records

1/26

!"# %&'( &) *+(',-.&+/>&+ 0"?8,-.&+ =+:78"?('&+.? 9"=8(2

3"?&':-"#$%$' &(' "#$)$(*$' +, -. /&>0$'$,$


2/26

? 8= :7

4&+("+(-"* ? > 9(*#8'23*48(


3/26

: 8= :7

!"# %&'( &) *+(',-.&+ />&+ 0"?8,-.&+ =+:

78"?('&+.? 9"=8(2 3"?&':-

4


4/26

5 8= :7

hekgcmjktc`fcty heufm `ggjht t`x p`yjrs ` scikcgch`kt àeukt eg aekjy wbchb heufm etbjrwcsj oj

spjkt ek prjvjkt`tcvj bj`ftb `km bj`ftb rjsj`rhb.

]bj capert`khj eg prcv`hy tem`y cs ket seajtbcki tb`t b`s ojjk jktcrjfy cikerjm oy

fjicsf`turjs er H`k`mc`k ^`rfcàjkt, `km ` kuaojr eg st`tutjs jxcst `hress H`k`m` tb`t prevcmjs

seaj pretjhtcek. Gjmjr`ffy, tbj^rcv`hy @ht=ievjrks bew pjrsek`f ckgera`tcek cs b`kmfjm oy

ievjrkajkt mjp`rtajkts `km ìjkhcjs, wbjrj`s tbj^jrsek`f Ckgera`tcek ^retjhtcek `km

Jfjhtrekch Mehuajkts @ht(^C^JM@):ievjrks bew gjmjr`f prcv`tj-sjhter eri`kcz`tceks heffjht,

usj, `km mcshfesj pjrsek`f ckgera`tcek tbreuib tbjcr heaajrhc`f `htcvctcjs. ^revckhc`ffy,

@fojrt`,

7

Orctcsb Hefuaoc`

9

`km Pujojh,

2

`ff b`vj prcv`tj-sjhter st`tutjs wbchb `rj mjjajm

suost`ktc`ffy scacf`r te ^C^JM@, aj`kcki tbj prevckhc`f st`tutjs t`lj prjhjmjkhj. ^C^JM@ wcff

stcff `ppfy wbjrj ` prevckhj b`s p`ssjm prcv`hy fjicsf`tcek wbchb cs ket mjjajm suost`ktc`ffy

scacf`r te ^C^[email protected]@mmctcek`ffy, sjvjr`f prevckhjs b`vj p`ssjm prcv`hy fjicsf`tcek spjhcgch`ffy

gehuscki ek tbj bj`ftb sjhter, ck p`rtchuf`r ck Ekt`rce,0>Kjw Orukswchl00`km Kjwgeukmf`km

`km Fòr`mer.0?]bcs heapfjx st`tutery shbjaj rjgfjhts tbj jhekeach `km pefchy prcerctcjs eg

ievjrkajkts `hress H`k`m`, out prevcmjs fcactjm rjheursj ger hcvcf rjajmcjs oy `k ckmcvcmu`f

ì`ckst etbjr ckmcvcmu`fs ger vcef`tceks eg prcv`hy.08Ybjrj`s `k japfeyjr h`k oj ievjrkjm oy

^C^JM@, tbj st`tutj mejs ket `ffew ger ` heapf`ckt mcrjhtfy ì`ckst `k japfeyjj `km mejs ket

=XH 032:, h ^-?0.:

XH ?>>>, h :.7^jrsek`f Ckgera`tcek ^retjhtcek @ht, X@ ?>>8, h ^-7.:.9^jrsek`f Ckgera`tcek ^retjhtcek @ht, XOH ?>>8, h 78.2@k @ht rjspjhtcki tbj ^retjhtcek eg ^jrsek`f Ckgera`tcek ck tbj ^rcv`tj Xjhter, HPF_ h ^-83.0.3Eggchj eg tbj ^rcv`hy Heaacsscekjr eg H`k`m`, ^rcv`hy Fjicsf`tcek ck H`k`m`, A`y ?>0=, `v`cfòfj `t4bttps4//www.prcv.ih.h`/rjseurhj/gs-gc/>?U>:UmU0:Uj.`sp0>^jrsek`f Bj`ftb Ckgera`tcek ^retjhtcek @ht, ?>>=, XE ?>>=, h 8, Xhb @ \^BC^@Q.00^jrsek`f Bj`ftb Ckgera`tcek ^rcv`hy `km @hhjss @ht, XKO ?>>3, h ^-9.>:.0?^jrsek`f Bj`ftb Ckgera`tcek @ht, XKF ?>>2, h ^-9.>0.08Dekjs v. ]scij, ?>0? EKH@ 8? `t p`r`s =9, :>-:0 \DekjsQ.


5/26

7 8= :7

prevcmj màìjs `s ` rjsuft eg tbjsj heapf`ckts.0=Ck Orctcsb Hefuaoc`,0:A`kcteo`,07

X`sl`thbjw`k09`km Kjwgeukmf`km,02prcv`tj prcv`hy `hts b`vj ojjk jk`htjm wbchb hrj`tj `

fcactjm rcibt eg `htcek. @ff eg tbjsj durcsmchtceks jxhjpt A`kcteo` rjqucrj wcffguf `km ukf`wguf

`htceks, `km cs suodjht te rj`sekòfjkjss eg tbj hcrhuast`khjs.03]bj òsjkhj eg suhb ` st`tutj fjm

ek tbj Ekt`rce Heurt eg @ppj`f te hrj`tj ` scacf`r hùsj eg `htcek ck Ekt`rce ger ` prcv`tj tert eg

cktruscek upek sjhfuscek ck tbj ?>0? h`sj egDekjs v. ]scij.?>]bcs p`pjr jxpferjs tbj

capfch`tcek eg tbcs kjw prcv`tj tert ck tbj hektjxt eg ajmch`f rjherms.

5='( @ O 4H"'H."# &)!"#$% '( )%*+$

Dekjs cs hekscmjrjm ekj eg tbj aest cktjrjstcki hb`kijs te tbj heaaek f`w ck rjhjkt

yj`rs.?0]bj geffewcki suaa`ry eg tbj h`sj ckDekjs cs aemcgcjm grea ` pest sbertfy `gtjr tbj

mjhcscek w`s rjfj`sjm.??

]bj `htcek `resj ojtwjjk twe japfeyjjs ck ` o`kl wbe mcm ket lkew er werl wctb j`hb

etbjr. ]bj pf`cktcgg b`m ` heaaek f`w rjf`tceksbcp wctb tbj gerajr buso`km eg tbj mjgjkm`kt,

`km tbj mjgjkm`kt `hlkewfjmijm feelcki `t tbj pf`cktcggs o`kl ckgera`tcek wctbeut dust hùsj er

rj`sek ek auftcpfj ehh`sceks. ]bj pf`cktcgg hf`cajm $9>,>>> ger ckv`scek eg prcv`hy `km orj`hb

eg gcmuhc`ry muty, `km pukctcvj màìjs eg $?>,>>>. ]bj pf`cktcgg aevjm ger suaa`ry dumiajkt,

out tbj `htcek w`s mcsacssjm wbjk tbj mjgjkm`kt w`s suhhjssguf ek tbj aetcek ck hf`cacki tb`t

0=Cocm. `t p`r` :>.0:

^rcv`hy @ht, _XOH 0337, h 898.07]bj ^rcv`hy @ht, HHXA h ^0?:.09]bj ^rcv`hy @ht, _XX 0392, h ^-?=.02^rcv`hy @ht, _XKF 033>, h ^-??03Dekjs, supr` ketj 08, `t p`r` :?.?>Cocm.?0]eky Mr`lj `km Gcmjfc` Be, ]bj Sj`r ck _jvcjw ?>0?, Zkcvjrscty eg ]erekte G`hufty eg F`w _jvcjw, ?>08,

904?, 00807:, `t p`r` :.??Ea`r B`-_jmjyj, ]ert eg Ckv`scek eg ^rcv`hy ck Ekt`rce, Xf`w, D`ku`ry 02, ?>0?, `v`cfòfj `t4

bttp4//www.sf`w.h`/?>0?/>0/02/tert-eg-ckv`scek-eg-prcv`hy-ck-ekt rce/


6/26

F 8= :7

tbjrj w`s ke tert ger orj`hb eg prcv`hy ck Ekt`rce. ]bj Heurt eg @ppj`f rjvjrsjm tbj mjhcscek ck

p`rt `km `w`rmjm $0>,>>>, rjheikczcki ` rcibt eg `htcek ger cktruscek upek sjhfuscek te rjgfjht tbj

hb`kicki kjjms eg sehcjty.

Dustchj Xb`rpj wretj ger tbj heurt, `km `hhjptjm tbj prepesctcek oy Ycffcà F. ^ressjr ck

bcs 037>?8

tb`t tbj heaaek f`w `htu`ffy mjvjfepjm geur mcggjrjkt typjs eg rjf`tjm terts ger orj`hb

eg prcv`hy4

0. Cktruscek upek tbj pf`cktcggs sjhfuscek er sefctumj, er ckte bcs prcv`tj `gg`crs.?. ûofch mcshfesurj eg jao`rr`sscki prcv`tj g`hts òeut tbj pf`cktcgg.8. ûofchcty wbchb pf`hjs tbj pf`cktcgg ck ` g`fsj fcibt ck tbj puofch jyj.

=. @ppreprc`tcek, ger tbj mjgjkm`kts `mv`ktìj, eg tbj pf`cktcggs kàj er fcljkjss

Dustchj Xb`rpj mjtjrackjm tb`t tbcs h`sj gjff ckte tbj gcrst h`tjiery `km rjstrchtjm heaajkt`ry ek

tbcs hùsj te `vecm mjhcmcki ek cssujs ojyekm tbj g`hts ojgerj tbj heurt. @gtjr rjvcjwcki tbj h`sj

f`w ek tbj suodjht, bj hekhfumjm tb`t Ekt`rce heurts wjrj ket g`r grea rjheikczcki ` heaaek

f`w rcibt te prcv`hy `km b`m ojjk aevcki ck tb`t mcrjhtcek ger seaj tcaj. Ck p`rtchuf`r, bj

hekscmjrjmJutjkjcjr v. Fjj,?=wbchb w`s rjfcjm upek bj`vcfy oy tbj aetceks dumij. @ky

rjgjrjkhjs te prcv`hy cktjrjsts oy tbj pf`cktcgg ckJutjkjcjr wjrj p`rtchuf`rs eg etbjr hùsjs eg

`htceks er heksjqujkhjs eg tbj `htceks oy tbj mjgjkm`kt, `km ger tb`t rj`sek ct w`s hekscmjrjm `k

jrrer te trj`t tbesj `ffji`tceks `s hùsjs eg `htcek tb`t heufm st`km `fekj. Dustchj Xb`rpj `fse

mcshussjm s. 2 Hb`rtjr rcibts `km cmjktcgcjm tbrjj mcstckht prcv`hy cktjrjsts4

0. pjrsek`f prcv`hy?. tjrrcterc`f prcv`hy8. ckgera`tcek`f prcv`hy

?8Ycffcà F. ^ressjr, ^rcv`hy, H`fcgerkc` F`w _jvcjw, 037> =248.?=Jutjkjcjr v. Fjj, ?>>: H`kFCC 88>?= (EK H@), `v`cfòfj `t4 bttp4//h`kfcc.h`/t/0fa8m


7/26

E 8= :7

@ftbeuib tbj Hb`rtjr weufm ket kjhjss`rcfy `ppfy te `htceks ojtwjjk prcv`tj p`rtcjs, Dustchj

Xb`rpj rjgjrjkhjm ` AhIcff f`w rjvcjw `rtchfj?:`km st`tjm tb`t ct w`s hekscstjkt te mjvjfep tbj

heaaek f`w te rjgfjht Hb`rtjr v`fujs.

Gck`ffy, tbj heurt rjvcjwjm prcv`hy fjicsf`tcek suhb `s tbj^C^JM@, tbj^BC^@,

tbjGrjjmea eg Ckgera`tcek `km ^retjhtcek eg ^rcv`hy @ht(GC^^@),?7

tbjAukchcp`f Grjjmea eg

Ckgera`tcek `km ^retjhtcek eg ^rcv`hy @ht (AGC^^@),?9tbj Heksuajr _jpertcki @ht,?2`km

prcv`hy f`w `km fjicsf`tcek ck etbjr durcsmchtceks. ]bj mcshusscek òeut tbj p`hj eg tjhbkefeiy

`km tbj kjjms eg tbj f`w te ljjp up wctb hb`kij w`s wertb bcibfcibtcki,

\79Q Ger evjr ekj bukmrjm yj`rs, tjhbkefeich`f hb`kij b`s aetcv`tjm tbj fji`f pretjhtcek eg tbj

ckmcvcmu`fs rcibt te prcv`hy. Ck aemjrk tcajs, tbj p`hj eg tjhbkefeich`f hb`kij b`s `hhjfjr`tjm

jxpekjktc`ffy. Fji`f shbef`rs suhb `s ^jtjr Ourks b`vj wrcttjk eg tbj prjsscki kjjm te prjsjrvj prcv`hy

wbchb cs ojcki tbrj`tjkjm oy shcjkhj `km tjhbkefeiy te tbj peckt eg surrjkmjr4 ]bj F`w `km ^rcv`hy4 tbj

H`k`mc`k Jxpjrcjkhj `t p. 0. Xjj `fse @f`k Yjstck,^rcv`hy `km Grjjmea(Kjw Serl4 @tbjkjua, 0379).]bj cktjrkjt `km mcict`f tjhbkefeiy b`vj oreuibt `k jkeraeus hb`kij ck tbj w`y wj heaaukch`tj

`km ck eur h`p`hcty te h`pturj, sterj `km rjtrcjvj ckgera`tcek. @s tbj g`hts eg tbcs h`sj ckmch`tj,

reutckjfy ljpt jfjhtrekch m`t` o`sjs rjkmjr eur aest pjrsek`f gck`khc`f ckgera`tcek vufkjròfj. Xjksctcvj

ckgera`tcek `s te eur bj`ftb cs scacf`rfy `v`cfòfj,`s `rj rjherms eg tbj oeels wj b`vj oerrewjm er

oeuibt, tbj aevcjs wj b`vj rjktjm er mewkfe`mjm, wbjrj wj b`vj sbeppjm, wbjrj wj b`vj tr`vjffjm, `km

tbj k`turj eg eur heaaukch`tceks oy hjff pbekj, j-a`cf er tjxt ajssìj.

\72Q Ct cs wctbck tbj h`p`hcty eg tbj heaaek f`w te jvefvj te rjspekm te tbj preofja pesjm oy tbj reutckj

heffjhtcek `km ìirji`tcek eg bcibfy pjrsek`f ckgera`tcek tb`t cs rj`mcfy `hhjsscofj ck jfjhtrekch gera.

]jhbkefeich`f hb`kij pesjs ` kevjf tbrj`t te ` rcibt eg prcv`hy tb`t b`s ojjk pretjhtjm ger bukmrjmseg yj`rs oy tbj heaaek f`wukmjr v`rceus iucsjs `km tb`t, sckhj 032? `km tbj Hb`rtjr, b`s ojjk

rjheikczjm `s ` rcibt tb`t cs cktjir`f te eur sehc`f `km pefctch`f ermjr.\japb`scs mmjmQ

Ck mjvjfepcki tbj jfjajkts eg tbj kjw tert, tbj heurt `meptjm tbj wermcki eg tbj

@ajrch`k_jst`tjajkt?3 7:?O te mjgckj cktruscek eg sjhfuscek, wbchb w`s ctsjfg capertjm grea

^ressjr,

?:Debk M._. Hr`ci, "Ckv`scek eg ^rcv`hy `km Hb`rtjr W`fujs4 ]bj Heaaek-F`w ]ert @w`ljks" (0339), =?AhIcff

FD8::.?7_XE 033>, h G.80.?9_XE 033>, h A.:7.?2_XE 033>, h H.88.?3]bj @ajrch`k F`w Ckstctutj,_jst`tjajkt eg tbj F`w, Xjhekm, ]erts, 7:?, 0399, `v`cfòfj `t4

bttp4//hyojr.f`w.b`rv`rm.jmu/prcv`hy/^rcv`hyU_?mU]ertsUXjhtceks.bta


8/26

W 8= :7

Ekj wbe cktjktcek`ffy cktrumjs, pbysch`ffy er etbjrwcsj, upek tbj sjhfuscek eg `ketbjr er bcs prcv`tj `gg`crs

er hekhjrks, cs suodjht te fcòcfcty te tbj etbjr ger ckv`scek eg bcs prcv`hy, cg tbj ckv`scek weufm oj bcibfy

eggjkscvj te ` rj`sekòfj pjrsek.

]bj heurt `fse rjgjrjkhjm tbj heaajkts te tbj_jst`tjajkt te japb`sczj tb`t kek-pbysch`f geras

eg ckvjstci`tcek wjrj `fse ckhfumjm,

Heaajkts4`. ]bj gera eg ckv`scek eg prcv`hy hevjrjm oy tbcs Xjhtcek mejs ket mjpjkm upek `ky puofchcty icvjk te tbjpjrsek wbesj cktjrjst cs ckv`mjm er te bcs `gg`crs. Ct hekscsts sefjfy eg `k cktjktcek`f cktjrgjrjkhj wctb bcs

cktjrjst ck sefctumj er sjhfuscek, jctbjr `s te bcs pjrsek er `s te bcs prcv`tj `gg`crs er hekhjrks, eg ` lckm tb`tweufm oj bcibfy eggjkscvj te ` rj`sekòfj a`k.

o. ]bj ckv`scek a`y oj oy pbysch`f cktruscek ckte ` pf`hj ck wbchb tbj pf`cktcgg b`s sjhfumjm bcasjfg, `s

wbjk tbj mjgjkm`kt gerhjs bcs w`y ckte tbj pf`cktcggs reea ck ` betjf er ckscsts evjr tbj pf`cktcggs eodjhtcek

ck jktjrcki bcs beaj. Ct a`y `fse oj oy tbj usj eg tbj mjgjkm`kts sjksjs, wctb er wctbeut ajhb`kch`f `cms,

te evjrsjj er evjrbj`r tbj pf`cktcggs prcv`tj `gg`crs, `s oy feelcki ckte bcs upst`crs wckmews wctb ockehuf`rs

er t`ppcki bcs tjfjpbekj wcrjs. Ct a`y oj oy seaj etbjr gera eg ckvjstci`tcek er jxàck`tcek ckte bcs

prcv`tj hekhjrks, `s oy epjkcki bcs prcv`tj `km pjrsek`f a`cf, sj`rhbcki bcs s`gj er bcs w`ffjt, jxàckcki

bcs prcv`tj o`kl `hheukt, er heapjffcki bca oy ` gerijm heurt ermjr te pjract `k ckspjhtcek eg bcs pjrsek`fmehuajkts. ]bj cktruscek ctsjfg a`ljs tbj mjgjkm`kt suodjht te fcòcfcty, jvjk tbeuib tbjrj cs ke puofch`tceker etbjr usj eg `ky lckm eg tbj pbeteir`pb er ckgera`tcek eutfckjm.

]bj heurt f`y eut tbj jfjajkts eg tbcs hùsj eg `htcek4

0. tbj mjgjkm`kts hekmuht aust oj cktjktcek`f, ckhfumcki rjhlfjsskjss08), 78 X.H.F._.(?m) ==0 =:3 `t p`r` 8.=>Cocm. `t p`r` =.=0Dekjs,supr`ketj 08, `t p`r` 23.=?F`ki, _jkj. Ekt`rce Heurt eg @ppj`f rjheikczjs kjw prcv`hy tert.BCW/@CMX êfchy `km F`w _jvcjwWef.07,

Ke.0 (?>0?) `t p`r` 2.


13/26

?: 8= :7

purpesjs wctbeut cmjktcgycki tbj ckmcvcmu`f ckvefvjm, weufm `fse `ppj`r te oj ` prepjr

mcshfesurj.

@kekyacz`tcek eg Bj`ftb Ckgera`tcek

Ekj eg tbj ojst w`ys te pretjht tbj prcv`hy cktjrjsts ck bj`ftb ckgera`tcek cs tbreuib tbj

`kekyacz`tcek eg m`t`, oy rjaevcki pjrsek`f cmjktcgcjrs ck ckgera`tcek wbchb weufm prjvjkt tbj

òcfcty eg feh`tcki wbchb spjhcgch ckmcvcmu`f tbcs ckgera`tcek cs mjrcvjm grea. @kekyacz`tcek cs

`k capert`kt pr`htchj hekscstjktfy japfeyjm ck tbj bj`ftb sjhter, ck p`rtchuf`r ck puofch bj`ftb

pr`htchjs `km rjsj`rhb. Bewjvjr, scapfy ojhùsj tbj kàjs b`vj ojjk rjaevjm grea ajmch`f

ckgera`tcek mejs ket kjhjss`rcfy aj`k tb`t ` p`tcjkts prcv`hy cktjrjst cs rjaevjm jktcrjfy. ]bj

kjw `k`fyscs ukmjrDekjs hekscmjrs tbj ckv`scek eg prcv`hy `s b`raguf ck ctsjfg, ckstj`m eg tbj

prjvceus rjicaj wbchb feeljm jxhfuscvjfy te tbj b`r`ssajkt hrj`tjm oy tbj ckv`scek. ]bjrjgerj,

tbj prepjr qujstcek ger wbjtbjr ` prcv`hy cktjrjst jxcsts cs wbjtbjr ct heufm hrj`tj ger tbj p`tcjkt

mcstrjss, buacfc`tcek, er `kiucsb grea lkewcki tb`t tbcs ckgera`tcek b`s ojjk mcshfesjm te

etbjrs. @k capert`kt hekscmjr`tcek ck tbcs weufm oj bew j`scfy ct cs te `hhjss ercick`f seurhj

m`t`, er te rj-cmjktcgy ckmcvcmu`fs o`sjm ek `kekyaczjm m`t`.=8M`t` sjts tb`t `ppj`r te oj

`kekyaczjm, egtjk oy scapfy rjaevcki ` p`tcjkts kàj, a`y stcff hekt`ck etbjr ckgera`tcek

suhb `s pbekj kuaojr, `mmrjss, er mjaeir`pbch ckgera`tcek, wbchb a`y stcff `ffew ger

ckmcvcmu`fs te oj cmjktcgcjm. Aerj heapfch`tjm cs ajt`m`t` `km ijefeh`tcek eg ckgera`tcek, wbchb

h`k egtjk oj bcmmjk ck gcfjs, out h`k stcff oj usjm ger tbj purpesjs eg cmjktcgch`tcek.

=8Icosek, Jf`ck. Bj`ftb F`w ck tbj ?0stHjktury4 Cs ]bjrj ` ^rcv`hy Cktjrjst ck @kekyaczjm ^jrsek`f Bj`ftb

Ckgera`tcek5Bj`ftb F`w Deurk`f(?>>8). 39-00?.


14/26

?5 8= :7

Ojst pr`htchjs ck ajmch`f rjsj`rhb a`lj jggerts te strcp m`t` eg `ff eg tbcs `mmctcek`f

ckgera`tcek `s wjff, tbreuib truj `kekyacz`tcek cs stcff mcggchuft te `hbcjvj.==Ybjrj tbcs cs ket

mekj, ct a`y ajjt tbj rjhlfjss heapekjkt eg tbj tjst ger cktruscek upek sjhfuscek. Sjt,

mcggjrjkt hekhjptceks eg `kekyacty prevcmj seaj ukhjrt`ckty `s te bew tbj cktruscek upek

sjhfuscek wcff trj`t ct. Kek-rjsj`rhb `ppfch`tceks eg suhb m`t` ckhfumj usj oy pb`ra`hjutch`f

heap`kcjs ger t`rijtjm pbyschc`k a`rljtcki, ijkjtch a`ppcki, `km etbjr acshjff`kjeus ger-pregct

vjkturjs.=:@kekyaczjm m`t` stcff fj`vjs p`tcjkts `fekj, ck tb`t ct cs ket rj`mcfy fckljm o`hl te tbj

ckmcvcmu`f, `km `ftbeuib tbjrj a`y oj ` heaajrhc`f `mv`ktìj, tbcs `mv`ktìj cs ket o`sjm ek

tbj fcljkjss eg tbj pjrsek ck p`rtchuf`r.

=7

Ck hektr`st, ` p`tcjkt a`y gjjf `s cg tbjcr sefctumj cs

vcef`tjm jvjk cg tbjcr ckgera`tcek cs `kekyaczjm, `s tbj mcshfesurj ehhurs wctbeut tbjcr heksjkt.=9

]bj suodjhtcvj k`turj eg tbcs prcv`hy jxpjrcjkhj `ppj`rs h`k oj mcggjrjktc`tjm grea tbj Xuprjaj

Heurts heaajkt ckAust`pb` v. Huffci`k,=2

\3Q ]bcs s`cm, psyhbefeich`f mcsturo`khj tb`t rcsjs te tbj fjvjf eg pjrsek`f ckdury aust oj mcstckiucsbjm

grea psyhbefeich`f upsjt. ^jrsek`f ckdury `t f`w hekketjs sjrceus trùa` er cffkjss4 sjjBckz v. Ojrry,\039>Q ? P.O. => (H.@.), `t p. =?). Puctj scapfy, acker `km tr`kscjkt

upsjts me ket hekstctutj pjrsek`f ckdury, `km bjkhj me ket àeukt te màìj.

_`tbjr tb`k gehuscki ek tbj màìj tb`t ehhurs grea ` pf`cktcggs `htceks te qu`ktcgy màìjs,

cktruscek upek sjhfuscek prevcmjs màìjs scapfy ojhùsj tbj cktruscek ehhurs. Bew `k

cktruscek cs mjgckjm cs stcff ukhjrt`ck. ]bj @ajrch`k_jst`tjajkt`ppj`rs te rjqucrj hekhjrks

==Hfjtj @. Lusbcm` jt `f., Xtr`tjicjs ger Mj-cmjktcgch`tcek `km @kekyacz`tcek eg Jfjhtrekch Bj`ftb _jherm M`t` ger

Zsj ck Auftchjktjr _jsj`rhb Xtumcjs, ?>0?,Ajmch`f H`rj, :>4X2?-X0>0=:Icosek,supr` ketj =8, `t p`r` ?8.=7Cocm. `t p`r`s ?:-?7.=9Cocm. `t p`r`s ?9-?2.=2\?>>2Q ? XH_ 00=.


15/26

?7 8= :7

wbchb `rj sjhfumjm ck ermjr te `ttr`ht fc`ocfcty, aj`kcki puofch `gg`crs `km ckgera`tcek ck tbj

puofch mea`ck weufm `ppj`r ket te oj pretjhtjm. Mjspctj `meptcki tbj_jst`tjajktckte tbj tert,

Dustchj Xb`rpj mcm ket rjctjr`tj tbj sjhfuscek rjqucrjajkt, `km scapfy gehusjs ek prcv`tj `gg`crs

er hekhjrks wbchb `rj cktrumjm upek.=3]bcs eacsscek a`y b`vj ojjk mjfcojr`tj, `km heufm fj`m

te ` mcggjrjkt `ppfch`tcek eg tbcs tert ck H`k`m` tb`k ck tbj Z.X. ]bj `ppreprc`tj shepj eg wb`t cs

hekscmjrjm te oj `k cktruscek wcff hektckuj te oj jxpferjm ck tbj yj`rs te heaj.

5='( I O 78&1


16/26

?F 8= :7

pestcki er mewkfe`mcki cffji`f a`tjrc`f, er `hhjsscki prcv`tj ckgera`tcek.:?]bj heurt ckDekjs

mcm ket jxpfchctfy mcshuss vch`rceus fcòcfcty, out `k`fyzjm tbj japfeyjjs `htceks `t p`r` :> ck tbj

hektjxt eg ` ^C^JM@ hf`ca. Dustchj Xb`rpj heufm ket gckm ^C^JM@ ojhùsj tbj japfeyjj `htjm

jxpfchctfy ì`ckst tbj japfeyjrs pefchcjs `km ckstruhtceks `km w`s `htcki `s ` reiuj japfeyjj.

@ftbeuib cktruscek upek sjhfuscek b`s jajrijm ck Ekt`rce ck tbj hektjxt eg ` st`tutery rjicaj

wbchb gehusjm ek japfeyjr hekmuht `km prevcmjm ck`mjqu`tj rjheursj ì`ckst `k japfeyjj, tbcs

mejs ket aj`k tb`t tbj kjw tert heufm ket oj usjm ì`ckst tbj japfeyjr ctsjfg mcrjhtfy. _`beef ^.

@i`rw`f `km ^àjf` Xcmjy st`tj,:8

@s ` ijkjr`f a`ttjr, bewjvjr, tbj Xuprjaj Heurts mjhcscek ckO`zfjy v. Hurry:=a`ljs hfj`r tb`t

japfeyjrs h`k oj bjfm rjspekscofj ger ` ore`m r`kij eg tbjcr japfeyjjs `htcvctcjs, ckhfumcki cktjktcek`f

wrekiguf hekmuht tb`t cs eutscmj eg tbj shepj eg tbjcr japfeyajkt. ]bj hjktr`f befmcki ckO`zfjy w`s tb`t

vch`rceus fcòcfcty wcff oj capesjm ek `k japfeyjr ger tbj wrekiguf hekmuht eg `k japfeyjj wbjrj ` kjxus

jxcsts ojtwjjk tbj wrekiguf `ht `km tbj rcsl hrj`tjm oy tbj japfeyjrs jktjrprcsj. Ck tbj hektjxt eg tbj terteg ckv`scek eg prcv`hy, tbjO`zfjy tjst hrj`tjs ` sjrceus rcsl eg fcòcfcty tb`t cs scikcgch`kt ger herper`tj

japfeyjrs wbe, `s p`rt eg tbjcr ousckjss, befm f`rij vefuajs eg pjrsek`f ckgera`tcek. ]bjcr japfeyjjs

b`vj rjiuf`r `km rj`my `hhjss te tb`t ckgera`tcek, `km heufm gjjf heapjffjm er jkheurìjm te òusj tbjcr

`hhjss te `mv`khj tbj heap`kys ousckjss eodjhtcvjs.

@k jxàpfj eg bew tbcs `ppfy heufm oj tbj sjack`f prcv`hy h`sj eg_ v Myajkt,::wbjrj `

pbyschc`k eot`ckjm ` ofeem sàpfj grea `k ukhekshceus pjrsek ger jajrijkhy purpesjs wctbeut

tbj p`tcjkts lkewfjmij er heksjkt. ]bj pbyschc`k mcshevjrjm grea tbcs ofeem sàpfj tb`t

`fhebef `km ajmch`tceks wjrj prjsjkt ck tbj ofeem, `km tbcs ckgera`tcek w`s ajktcekjm te f`w

jkgerhjajkt `km usjm te hekvcht tbj p`tcjkt ger mrcvcki ukmjr tbj ckgfujkhj ukmjr s. ?89(?) eg

tbj Hrcack`f Hemj. @ftbeuib tbj Heurts gehus w`s ek tbj s. 2 prcv`hy cktjrjsts ì`ckst tbj

pefchj, tbj pbyschc`ks `htceks tem`y heufm `ttr`ht fcòcfcty ck tert ger tbj bespct`f `s wjff. B`m tbj

ckgera`tcek ojjk hekvjyjm te f`w jkgerhjajkt ck wrctcki, er cg tbj pbyschc`k b`m p`ssjm ek tbj

fò rjperts ckstj`m eg scapfy ajktcekcki ct te tbj pefchj, tbcs gera eg heaaukch`tcek heufm ket

:?Aeri`k,supr`ketj :> `t p`r` 0?=.:8_`beef ^ @i`rw`f & ^àjf` Xcmjy, "Dekjs v. ]scij4 Ekt`rce Heurt eg @ppj`f _jheikczjs ]ert ger tbj Ckv`scek eg

^rcv`hy," ?>0?, Heaajrhc`f Fctci`tcek km @roctr`tcek _jvcjw, 0(?)409 `t ?0.:=O`zfjy v. Hurry, \0333Q XHD Ke 8:, \0333Q ? XH_ :8= `t p`r` 89.:: \0322Q ? XH_ =09, 98 Kgfm & JC_ 08 \MyajktQ.


17/26

?E 8= :7

ekfy prevcmj aerj suost`ktc`f jvcmjkhj eg tbj p`tcjkts `htcvctcjs prcer te `macsscek, out heufm

hekstctutj `k jvjk irj`tjr vcef`tcek eg prcv`hy. Cg japfeyjjs `rj rjqucrjm te prevcmj suhb

ckgera`tcek oy f`w jkgerhjajkt, tbreuib usj eg w`rr`kt, tbcs weufm prevcmj tbj kjhjss`rcfy fji`f

dustcgch`tcek te `vecm fcòcfcty. GeffewckiMyajkt, f`w jkgerhjajkt wcff typch`ffy sjjl suhb

w`rr`kts rji`rmfjss te `vecm `k `hquctt`f ek tbj o`scs eg `k ukrj`sekòfj sj`rhb `km sjczurj.

Japfeyjrs sbeufm `ttjapt te sbcjfm tbjasjfvjs grea fcòcfcty ger prcv`hy cktrusceks oy hrj`tcki

streki werlpf`hj pefchcjs evjr bew ajmch`f rjherms `km ckgera`tcek sbeufm oj b`kmfjm, ckstctutj

` systja eg s`gjty hbjhls `km o`f`khjs, `km jksurj tb`t `ff japfeyjjs rjhjcvj tr`ckcki ek bew te

rjspjht p`tcjkt prcv`hy.

5='( L O *8.?=(.&+ &) F8=-- 5'&?"":.+A-

@ Xurvjy eg ]ypjs eg Cktrusceks êsscofj

]bj aemjst qu`ktua eg màìjs `w`rmjm oy tbj heurt ckDekjs b`s ackcaczjm tbj

pjrhjcvjm rcsl ger a`ky bj`ftb ckstctutceks, jvjk wbjk vch`rceus fcòcfcty cs ` hekhjrk. ]bj

sctu`tcek cs mcggjrjkt wctb hf`ss `htceks, wbjrj `k ìirji`tj kuaojr eg pf`cktcggs, j`hb sjjlcki

rjf`tcvjfy few àeukts eg màìjs, heffjhtcvjfy a`lj ` suct ger ` scikcgch`kt àeukt. ]bjrj `rj `

v`rcjty eg w`ys ck wbchb tbcs typj eg epjr`tcek`f tbrj`t h`k ehhur wbchb h`k oj cffustr`tjm oy prj-

Dekjsdurcsprumjkhj.:7

Ck Hefj v. ^r`crcj Hjktrj Hrjmct Zkcek Ftm.,:9tbj X`sl`thbjw`k Pujjks Ojkhb

hekscmjrjm `k `ppfch`tcek te hjrtcgy ` hf`ss eg ckmcvcmu`fs wbe heaaukch`tjm

hekgcmjktc`f ckgera`tcek tb`t w`s mcspesjm ck ` f`kmgcff. ]bj pf`cktcggs `ffjijm

:7Yjkmy A`tbjsek, ^`trchl Gf`bjrty & Lrcst` Xteut, "^rcv`hy Hf`ss @htceks @rj Bjrj, Out Me Yj Kjjm ]bja5",

?>00 H`k`mc`k ^rcv`hy F`w _jvcjw2(?) `t 08-?>.:9?>>9 XLPO 88>.


18/26

?W 8= :7

jaetcek`f mcstrjss `km jhekeach fess `s ` rjsuft eg tbj mcshfesurj. Zftca`tjfy tbj hf`ss

w`s ket hjrtcgcjm, out tbj h`sj cffustr`tjs tbj typjs eg cssujs r`csjm murcki tbj mcspes`f

eg ajmch`f rjherms, wbchb `fse hekt`ck sjksctcvj ajmch`f ckgera`tcek `km h`k hrj`tj

scacf`r typjs eg mcstrjss. ]bj kjw tert a`y a`lj suhb `ppfch`tceks aerj gj`scofj `km

ck g`ht ` prjgjròfj aj`ks te prehjjm wctb hf`ss fctci`tcek.

CkD`hlsek v. H`k`m`,:2`k japfeyjj eg ` herrjhtcek`f g`hcfcty mcshevjrjm tb`t `k

cktjrk`f mehuajkt wbchb fcstjm japfeyjjs `km prevcmjm tbjcr `mmrjss b`m a`mj cts

w`y te tbj prcsek pepuf`tcek, wbe hcrhuf`tjm ct àekist tbjcr ajaojrs. Ybjk ct w`s

mcshevjrjm, tbj fcst b`m hjrt`ck kàjs `km `mmrjssjs bcibfcibtjm. ]bj japfeyjj

`mv`khjm ` kuaojr eg hf`cas, ckhfumcki kjifcijkhj, orj`hb eg st`tutery muty, prcv`hy

rcibts, gcmuhc`ry muty, `km s. 9 rcibts ukmjr tbj Hb`rtjr. Ck hekscmjrcki tbj prcv`hy

hf`ca ek ` aetcek te strclj tbj pfj`mckis, Dustchj Hb`roekkjù st`tjm,:3

^`rìr`pbs ck ` st`tjajkt eg hf`ca sbeufm ket oj struhl scapfy ojhùsj tbjy `ffjij `

hùsj eg `htcek wbchb cs kevjf. Bjrj tbj rcibts ojcki `ssjrtjm `rj rcibts wbchb `rj

prjsjktfy ukmjriecki r`pcm jvefutcek ck tbj f`w eg terts. Ct weufm ket oj g`cr te strclj suhb

hf`cas `t tbj pfj`mcki stìj ukfjss tbj f`w cs uttjrfy hfj`r. Etbjrwcsj, tbj heurt weufm

prjvjkt usjguf jvefutcek ck tbj f`w. ]bj f`w cs ket gck`ffy sjttfjm ck tbcs `rj`.

Icvjk tbj jstòfcsbjm hùsj eg `htcek hrj`tjm ckDekjs, `km tbj g`ht tb`t cts `ppfch`tcek

wcff hektckuj te jvefvj ck Ekt`rce, tbjsj typjs eg prcv`hy hf`cas `rj kew jvjk fjss

fcljfy te oj struhl `t tbj aetcek fjvjf.

@ hf`ss `htcek w`s fùkhbjm ck Pujojh wbjk pjrsek`f ckgera`tcek s`vjm ek `

pertòfj heaputjr mcsh mrcvj w`s fest oy ` o`kl japfeyjj wbjk tr`vjffcki ojtwjjk

Aektrj`f `km A`rlbà, Ekt`rce ck ?>>7.7>Bj`ftb pregjsscek`fs `rj ckhrj`sckify

aeocfj `km prevcmcki sjrvchjs ck beaj `km ck tbj heaaukcty, `km ajmch`f

:2\?>>:Q E.D. Ke. ?730 (EK XH)< rjvm ck p`rt \?>>7Q E.D. Ke. 8989 (EK H@).:3Cocm. (EKXH) `t p`r` 7.7>Oermegg v. Ijstcek m'`htcgs HCOH ckh./HCOH @ssjt A`kìjajkt Ckh., \?>0>Q P.D. Ke. 0>88=.


19/26

?_ 8= :7

ckgera`tcek `km mehuajkts `rj reutckjfy sterjm jfjhtrekch`ffy. Acspf`hcki ` mjvchj

stercki tbcs ckgera`tcek heufm oj ` scikcgch`kt ireukms ger fcòcfcty.

Jvjk wbjrj ckgera`tcek cs ket acspf`hjm, ck`mjqu`tj sjhurcty aj`surjs ek ` sjrvjr

a`y rjsuft ck ` fcòfj prcv`hy orj`hb. Ck ?>>7, b`hljrs `hhjssjm heaputjr systjas ck

tbj Z.X. wbchb hekt`ckjm tbj pjrsek`f ckgera`tcek eg evjr 8>> H`k`mc`ks, ckhfumcki

mrcvjrs fchjksj `km `mmrjssjs.70^`rt eg tbj sjttfjajkt prepes`f ìrjjm te oy tbj heurt

ckhfumjm hrjmct aekctercki `km cmjktcty tbjgt cksur`khj prevcmjm oy tbj mjgjkm`kts,

`mmrjsscki er `t fj`st actci`tcki seaj eg tbj b`ra hrj`tjm oy tbj orj`hb. Ybjrj tbj

ckgera`tcek mcshfesjm cs bj`ftb, `km ket gck`khc`f, hrj`tcvj rjajmcjs eg tbcs typj a`y

aerj hb`ffjkicki.

Hf`ss @htcek Cktrusceks ]bj Kjxt Xtìj eg ^rcv`hy ^retjhtceks

Ekt`rce ojhàj tbj gcrst heaaek f`w durcsmchtcek ck H`k`m` ck 033? te jk`ht hf`ss

prehjjmckis.7?]bj a`dercty eg tbj fctci`tcek ck tbjsj hf`ss prehjjmckis hjktjrs `reukm

hjrtcgch`tcek, wbjrj ` rjprjsjkt`tcvj hf`ss `km heaaek cssujs `rj cmjktcgcjm. Ybjrj `

hjrtcgch`tcek aetcek cs fest, aest h`sjs g`cf te prehjjm gurtbjr, aj`kcki tbcs tbrjsbefm cs typch`ffy

wbjrj oetb scmjs jxpjkm tbj a`dercty eg tbjcr rjseurhjs.78]bj `ppfch`tcek eg tbj cktruscek upek

sjhfuscek tert te hf`ss `htceks cs ket jktcrjfy tbjerjtch`f. Ck tbj sbert tcaj geffewcki tbj mjhcscek,

tbjrj b`vj `frj`my ojjk `htceks heaajkhjm ek tbcs o`scs tbcs yj`r. ]bj gcrst cs Hekmekv.

H`k`m`,7=mj`fcki wctb heapjks`tcek ger tbj fess eg `k jxtjrk`f b`rm mrcvj hekt`ckcki tbj

ckgera`tcek eg :28,>>> H`k`mc`k Xtumjkt Fe`k ^reirà p`rtchcp`kts. ]bj hùsjs eg `htcek fcstjm

70Yeki v. ]DR Heap`kcjs, Ckh., ?>>2 H`kFCC 8=?0 (EK XH).7?Xjj Hf`ss ^rehjjmckis @ht, XE 033?.78Dek D. Gerja`k & Ijkjvcjvj Ajcsjkbjcajr, ]bj Jvefutcek eg tbj Hf`ss @htcek ck Ekt`rce, ?>0=, YjstjrkDeurk`f eg Fji`f Xtumcjs, =(?) `t ?-8.7=\?>08Q G.H.D. Ke. 0=>?< \?>0=Q G.H.D. Ke. ?39.


20/26

?H 8= :7

ckhfumj orj`hb eg hektr`ht `km w`rr`kty< heaacsscek eg tbj tert eg cktruscek upek sjhfuscek

(ckv`scek eg prcv`hy)< h) kjifcijkhj< m) orj`hb eg hekgcmjkhj< `km j) vcef`tcek eg Pujojh f`w.

]bj mjgjkm`kts uksuhhjssguffy eppesjm tbj ckhfuscek eg cktruscek upek sjhfuscek ek tbj

hjrtcgch`tcek aetcek, hf`cacki tbjrj w`s ke ckv`scek eg prcv`tj `gg`crs wctbeut dustcgch`tcek, `km

tbj o`sj oceir`pbch`f ckgera`tcek hekt`ckjm ck tbcs b`rm mrcvj heufm ket hrj`tj jao`rr`ssajkt er

buacfc`tcek. ]bj ckhekvjkcjkhj, grustr`tcek `km `kxcjty hf`cajm oy tbj pf`cktcggs heufm ket hrj`tj

tbj mcstrjss, buacfc`tcek er `kiucsb mjshrcojm ck Dekjs.7:Dustchj Iìk rjdjhtjm tbjsj

`riuajkts, st`tcki tb`t tbj ckgera`tcek w`s stcff mcshfesjm ck `k ukf`wguf w`y `km w`s ket

mcspesjm eg `s rjqucrjm oy st`tutj. Xbj `fse st`tjm tb`t tbcs w`s ket dust oceir`pbch`f ckgera`tcek

mcshfesjm, out gck`khc`f rjherms ckmch`tcki ` mjot eofci`tcek `km cts àeukt. Gck`ffy, sbj

hekhfumjm tb`t grustr`tcek `km `kxcjty heufm ckmjjm oj geras eg mcstrjss, `km s`cm tb`t suhb `

mcstckhtcek heufm scapfy oj sja`ktchs.77]bj keack`f k`turj eg tbj màìjs ger tbcs tert `htu`ffy

a`ljs tbj fcljfcbeem eg suhhjss aerj rj`sekòfj tb`k ket.

]bj sjhekm scikcgch`kt cktruscek upek sjhfuscek hf`ss `htcek csJv`ks v. ]bj O`kl eg Kev`

Xhetc`,79wbchb `mmrjssjs tbj sctu`tcek eg ` aertiìj `mackcstr`tcek eggchjr wbe mjfcojr`tjfy

prevcmjm sjksctcvj gck`khc`f ckgera`tcek te bcs icrfgrcjkm. ]bcs ckgera`tcek w`s tbjk prevcmjm te

tbcrm-p`rtcjs wbe usjm tbj ckgera`tcek ger caprepjr `km grùmufjkt purpesjs, rjsuftcki ck cmjktcty

tbjgt `km ` kji`tcvj jggjht ek tbj husteajrs hrjmct r`tckis. ]bj pf`cktcggs hf`cajm tb`t tbj

japfeyjr w`s kjifcijkt ojhùsj ct g`cfjm te prepjrfy supjrvcsj tbj japfeyjj `km prevcmj

`ppreprc`tj s`gjiu`rms te pretjht tbj husteajrs prcv`tj gck`khc`f ckgera`tcek. @ hf`ss `htcek w`s

` prjgjrrjm `ppre`hb te prehjjmcki, `hhermcki te tbj pf`cktcggs, ojhùsj eg tbj aemjst àeukt eg

7:Cocm. `t p`r`s ::-:9.77Cocm. `t p`r`s :2-7079Jv`ks v. ]bj O`kl eg Kev` Xhetc`\suo kea.Jv`ks v. YcfsekQ, ?>0= EKXH ?08:.


21/26

:Y 8= :7

rjhevjry. ]bj jggchcjkhcjs ck prehjjmcki wctb ` hf`ss `htcek weufm jkb`khj `hhjss te dustchj.72

Dustchj Xactb mcshussjm tbj `ppfch`tcek eg vch`rceus fcòcfcty `ppfch`tceks ck tbj hjrtcgch`tcek

aetcek,

?? Ck tbcs h`sj, tbj O`kl hrj`tjm tbj eppertukcty ger Ycfsek te òusj bcs pewjr oy `ffewcki bca te

b`vj uksupjrvcsjm `hhjss te husteajrs' prcv`tj ckgera`tcek wctbeut ckst`ffcki `ky aekctercki

systja. ]bj rjfj`sj eg husteajrs' hekgcmjktc`f ckgera`tcek oy Ycfsek te tbcrm p`rtcjs mcm ket gurtbjr tbj

japfeyjr's `ca eg ijkjr`tcki pregcts ek ieem fe`ks. @fse, Ycfsek's wrekiguf `hts wjrj ket rjf`tjm te

grchtcek, er hekgrekt`tcek ckbjrjkt ck tbj O`kl's jktjrprcsj, out tbjy wjrj rjf`tjm te bcs kjhjss`ry cktca`hy

wctb tbj husteajrs' pjrsek`f `km gck`khc`f ckgera`tcek. Ycfsek w`s icvjk heapfjtj pewjr ck rjf`tcek te tbjvchtcas' (husteajrs) hekgcmjktc`f ckgera`tcek, ojhùsj eg bcs uksupjrvcsjm hhjss te tbjcr hekgcmjktc`f

ckgera`tcek. O`kl husteajrs rj jktcrjfy vufkjròfj te `k japfeyjj rjfj`scki tbjcr hekgcmjktc`f

ckgera`tcek. Gck`ffy, tbjrj cs ` scikcgch`kt hekkjhtcek ojtwjjk tbj rcsl hrj`tjm oy tbj japfeyjr ck tbcs

sctu`tcek `km tbj wrekiguf hekmuht eg tbj japfeyjj.

?8 ]bj pf`cktcggs b`vj pfj`mjm, `km tbj O`kl b`s `hlkewfjmijm, ` heapfjtj f`hl eg evjrscibt oy tbjO`kl eg cts japfeyjjs, ckhfumcki Ycfsek, wctb rji`rm te caprepjr `hhjss te pjrsek`f `km gck`khc`f

husteajr ckgera`tcek. Ybcfj tbj O`kl ctsjfg w`s ket mcrjhtfy ckvefvjm ck tbj caprepjr `hhjss eg

husteajr ckgera`tcek, vch`rceus fcòcfcty "cs strcht, `km mejs ket rjqucrj `ky acshekmuht ek tbj p`rt

eg tbj pjrsek wbe cs suodjht te ct"

8> Ybcfj Ycfsek w`s `k japfeyjj eg tbj O`kl `km ket ` p`rtkjr eg ` f`w gcra, C gckm tb`t ct cs ket pf`ck`km eovceus ck tbjsj hcrhuast`khjs tb`t tbj O`kl weufm ket oj bjfm vch`rceusfy fcòfj ger tbj sjrceus

wrekiguf hekmuht eg cts japfeyjj ck tbjsj hcrhuast`khjs hekscmjrcki tbj gcvj g`hters sjt eut ckO`zfjy`kmjspjhc`ffy ojhùsj eg tbj hekkjhtcek ojtwjjk tbj rcsl hrj`tjm oy tbj O`kl `km tbj wrekiguf hekmuht eg cts

japfeyjj. C gurtbjr gckm tb`t ct cs ket sjttfjm f`w tb`t màìjs `w`rmjm ger tbj tert eg cktruscek upeksjhfuscek `rj trj`tjm ck tbj sàj a`kkjr `s `k `w`rm eg pukctcvj màìjs wbjrj `k japfeyjr, suhb `s tbj

O`kl, icvjs k japfeyjj uksupjrvcsjm hhjss te husteajrs' prcv`tj ckgera`tcek.

\japb`scs mmjm, hct`tceks eacttjmQ

]bcs hjrtcgch`tcek scik`fs tb`t cktruscek upek sjhfuscek wcff fcljfy oj `ppfcjm jxp`kscvjfy, ck

p`rtchuf`r ck tbj hf`ss `htcek hektjxt. Xuz`kkj Hbceme eg _ehbek Ijkev` FF^ st`tjm ck tbjF`w

]cajs,73

\CtQ heaockjs tbj f`w tb`t w`s f`cm mewk ckDekjs v. ]scijwctb tbj few o`r ger hjrtcgch`tcek.

Cts ` vjry ijkjreus cktjrprjt`tcek eg prcv`hy f`w ck H`k`m`, se C tbckl cts ieem kjws ger prcv`hy

f`wyjrs.

@s ` pr`htch`f a`ttjr, ekhj ` f`rij hf`ss `htcek cs hjrtcgcjm, tbj jhekeachs eg iecki te trc`f usu`ffy

rjsuft ck sjttfjajkt.9>

Yb`t tbcs aj`ks cs tb`t vjry gjw eg tbjsj cktruscek upek sjhfuscek hf`ss

72Cocm. `t p`r` 9.73Sàrc ]`mmjsj, Heurt hjrtcgcjs hf`ss `htcek ukmjr tert eg cktruscek upek sjhfuscek, F`w ]cajs, Dukj 07, ?>0=,

`v`cfòfj t4 bttp4//www.f`wtcajskjws.hea/?>0=>707=>?3/bj`mfckj-kjws/heurt-hjrtcgcjs-hf`ss- htcek-ukmjr-tert-eg-

cktruscek-upek-sjhfuscek


22/26

:? 8= :7

`htceks h`k oj jxpjhtjm te oj mjhcmjm ek tbj ajrcts, `km ckstj`m tbjy wcff typch`ffy gera ekj eg

tbj bj`ms eg màìjs `mv`khjm ck hf`ss prehjjmckis. ]bj keack`f gera eg màìjs ck tbjsj

hf`cas a`y `htu`ffy jkb`khj tbj fcljfcbeem eg hjrtcgch`tcek r`tbjr tb`k mjtr`htcki grea cts

suhhjss.90

]bj Bj`ftb _jherms Hf`ss @htceks

]bcs yj`r b`s sjjk tbj fùkhb eg twe mcstckht hf`ss `htceks ckvefvcki cktruscek upek

sjhfuscek `reukm ajmch`f rjherms.Beplcks v. L`y9?mj`fs wctb ?2> p`tcjkt rjherms `t ` bespct`f

wbchb wjrj `hhjssjm `km mcssjack`tjm te tbcrm p`rtcjs wctbeut tbj p`tcjkts heksjkt. ]bj

pf`cktcggs bjrj hf`cajm ` orj`hb eg^BC^@, hekgcmjktc`fcty ìrjjajkts, hektr`ht, trust `km

gcmuhc`ry muty< kjifcijkhj< `km acsgj`s`khj `km acsa`kìjajkt. ]bj hf`ca w`s tbjk àjkmjm

te prehjjm sefjfy ekfy tbj o`scs eg cktruscek upek sjhfuscek. ]bj mjgjkm`kt eppesjm hjrtcgch`tcek

ek tbj o`scs tb`t^BC^@ w`s ` heaprjbjkscvj hemj eg ` Gjmjr`f k`turj, `km seuibt te fcactDekjs

te cts g`hts `s ct gehusjm ek^C^JM@ckstj`m. Dustchj Jmw`rms oji`k bcs mjhcscek ck tbj

hjrtcgch`tcek aetcek st`tcki,

0 Yctb tbj hfchl eg ` aeusj, pjrsek`f bj`ftb rjherms h`k oj `hhjssjm oy tbesj wbe b`vj ` fjictca`tjcktjrjst ck prepjrfy trj`tcki ` p`tcjkt - er tbjy h`k oj `hhjssjm ger `k caprepjr purpesj

Bj rjvcjwjm tbj mjhcscek ckDekjs `km ketjm tb`t Dustchj Xb`rpj b`m hekmuhtjm ` heaprjbjkscvj

rjvcjw eg tbj fjicsf`tcvj shbjaj, ckhfumcki^BC^@. Bj hekhfumjm,

8> C à ket s`tcsgcjm grea ` rjvcjw egDekjstb`t ct sbeufm oj, `s suiijstjm oy heuksjf ger tbj Bespct`f,

rjstrchtjm te tbj g`hts eg tb`t h`sj. _`tbjr, C à eg tbj vcjw tb`t tbj Heurt eg @ppj`f ckDekjsb`smjtjrackjm tb`t tbj heaaek f`w rcibt te prehjjm wctb ` hf`ca, o`sjm ek tbj tert eg orj`hb eg prcv`hy, `s

`ffjijm ck tbj pf`cktcgg's st`tjajkt eg hf`ca cs ` hf`ca tb`t sbeufm oj `ffewjm te prehjjm. ]bcs cs ket ` h`sjtb`t, ck ay vcjw, cs se pf`ck `km eovceus tb`t tbj heurt sbeufm strclj eut tbj hf`ca. Cg tbj pesctcek eg tbj

Bespct`f cs te oj sust`ckjm, ct wcff rjqucrj ` mjhcscek eg tbj Heurt eg @ppj`f, wbchb `s tbj Orctcsb Hefuaoc`

Heurt eg @ppj`f b`s mekj, mjtjrackjs tb`t tbjrj cs ke hf`ca ger orj`hb eg prcv`hy `km tb`t tbj hf`ca aust

9>Ketj, bewjvjr, tb`t tbcs trjkm b`s ojjk rjvjrscki ck rjhjkt yj`rs, wctb `k ckhrj`sj ck hf`ss `htcek trc`fs. Xjj

Gerja`k & Ajcsjkbjcajr,supr`ketj 78 `t 0.90]à`r` Buktjr, ]bj Heurt eg @ppj`f ger Ekt`rce's mjhcscek ckDekjs v. ]scij4 @ hùsj hforj5, ?>0?, ]bj@mveh`tjs' Xehcjty Deurk`f, 040>-0? `t 0:.9??>0= EKXH 8?0.


23/26

:: 8= :7

rjst ek tbj prevcsceks eg ^BC^@. ]bj mjgjkm`kts' aetcek cs tbjrjgerj mcsacssjm wctb hests.

]bj `mv`ktìj grea tbj pjrspjhtcvj eg pf`ktcggs heuksjf cs tb`t cktruscek upek sjhfuscek mejs ket

rjqucrj preeg eg `htu`f b`ra, wbcfj^BC^@ mejs, `km tbj aemjst màìjs wctb tbj tert `rj stcff

bcibjr tb`k wb`t tbj st`tutj prevcmjs.98@osjkt ` trc`f mjhcscek ckmch`tcki etbjrwcsj, wj h`k

jxpjht gurtbjr hjrtcgch`tceks eg hf`ss `htceks wbchb prjgjr cktruscek upek sjhfuscek r`tbjr tb`k `

hf`ca o`sjm ck^BC^@.

]bj sjhekm a`der hf`ss `htcek ckvefvcki cktruscek upek sjhfuscek ger ajmch`f rjherms b`s

yjt te oj hjrtcgcjm, out cs ` hf`ca ger $=0? acffcek ì`ckst ` bespct`f ger twe japfeyjjs wbe sefm

p`tcjkt ckgera`tcek te ` prcv`tj _jicstjrjm Jmuh`tcek X`vckis ^f`k. ]bj ckgera`tcek ckhfumjm tbj

kàj, `mmrjss `km pbekj kuaojr eg p`rjkts wbe rjhjktfy b`m ` hbcfm ck tbj bespct`f.9=]bj hf`ss

`htcek b`s sckhj ojjk jxp`kmjm te ckhfumj p`tcjkts `t etbjr feh`tceks, wbesj ckgera`tcek tbjsj

japfeyjjs wjrj `fse òfj te `hhjss. ]bj prepesjm hf`ss heufm ckhfumj `s a`ky `s 0=,=:> pjepfj,

prca`rcfy kjw aetbjrs wbe i`vj ocrtb `t ekj eg tbj bespct`fs ck tbj bj`ftb systja.9:Ybjrj`s

tbj qu`ktua eg tbjsj màìjs ckctc`ffy prevcmjm seaj heagert te japfeyjrs `km ckstctutceks,

tbj jggchcjkhcjs prevcmjm oy hf`ss prehjjmckis `km tbj qu`ktua eg màìjs ck tbj ìirji`tj

h`kket oj se j`scfy mcsacssjm. Ybjk mj`fcki wctb suhb ` f`rij hf`ss, jvjk rjf`tcvjfy sa`ff

màìjs h`k àeukt te ` sczjòfj hf`ca grea ` rcsl a`kìjajkt pjrspjhtcvj.

98

_ef`km Buki `km _`hbjf _cjs, Ekt`rce Xupjrcer Heurt _jvcscts `km Ore`mjks Dekjs v ]scij,skC^/C]s,AhH`rtby ]jtrùft, A`rhb 02, ?>0=, `v`cfòfj t4 bttp4//www.h k`mc`ktjhbf`wofei.hea/?>0=/>8/02/beplcks-v-l`y-

dekjs-v-tscij-rjvcsctjm-`km-ore`mjkjm/9=Djkkcgjr Orewk, Bespct`f hf`ss `htcek ckgerajm oy cktruscek upek sjhfuscek h`sj, H`k`mc`k F`wyjr, Dufy 9,

?>0=, v`cfòfj t4 bttp4//www.h`k`mc`kf`wyjraì.hea/:037/Bespct f-hf`ss-`htcek-ckgerajm-oy-cktruscek-upek-sjhfuscek-h`sj.btaf9:Dejf J`stweem, _euij W`ffjy bespct`f prcv`hy orj`hb jxp`kms te `ggjht 0=,=:> p`tcjkts, ]erekte Xt`r, @uiust

?9, ?>0=, `v`cfòfj `t4

bttp4//www.tbjst`r.hea/kjws/it`/?>0=/>2/?9/reuijUv`ffjyUbespct`fUprcv`hyUorj`hbU`ggjhtsU7>>>UaerjUp`tcjkts.bt

af


24/26

:5 8= :7

5='( K 6 F&+?8,-.&+-

]bj jxhctjajkt ck tbj o`r `reukm tbj kjw tert eg cktruscek upek sjhfuscek cs wjff

w`rr`ktjm, `km wj `rj `frj`my eosjrvcki ` gfurry eg fctci`tcek `reukm ct. ]bj guff capfch`tceks eg

tbcs kjw tert cs ukfcljfy te oj rj`fczjm ck tbj caajmc`tj guturj, out ck tbj aj`ktcaj ct mejs pesj

` scikcgch`kt rcsl te bj`ftb ckstctutceks wbe me ket prepjrfy aekcter tbjcr japfeyjjs `km pretjht

p`tcjkt ckgera`tcek. @ftbeuib tbj heurt mcm ket gckm vch`rceus fcòcfcty ck Dekjs ger tbj `htceks eg

tbj reiuj japfeyjj, suosjqujkt h`sjs b`vj `frj`my pfj`m fcòcfcty ek tbjsj ireukms. ]e

ackcaczj rcsl, bj`ftb g`hcfctcjs sbeufm rjvcjw `km `mept ojst pr`htchjs ck m`t` sjhurcty, ckhfumcki

`ppreprc`tj pefchcjs, tr`ckcki, jmuh`tcek eg japfeyjjs, `km hektrefs te jksurj heapfc`khj. ]bj

rjf`tcvjfy few àeukt eg màìjs mcshussjm ckDekjs, typch`ffy $?>,>>> er fjss, suiijsts tb`t

cktruscek upek sjhfuscek cs ukfcljfy te `ppj`r `s tbj o`scs ger ` hf`ca oy ctsjfg, `km wcff kera`ffy

oj heaockjm wctb etbjr bj`ms eg màìjs te `mv`khj ` hf`ca. Bewjvjr, tbj aemjst màìjs

jxpjhtjm ck tbcs tert `fse a`ljs ct aerj `ppj`fcki ger oetb pf`cktcggs `km tbj heurts te prehjjm

ek ` hf`ss `htcek o`scs. Ck f`rij-sh`fj prcv`hy orj`hbjs `t bj`ftb g`hcfctcjs, tbcs pesjs tbj aest

scikcgch`kt rcsl eg fcòcfcty ger tbj kjw tert. Hf`ss `htceks a`y uftca`tjfy oj tbj prehjss ck wbchb

cktruscek upek sjhfuscek cs utcfczjm tbj aest, `km heufm oj ` vcòfj teef ck gestjrcki irj`tjr

prcv`hy heapfc`khj `km ojttjr sjhurcty aj`surjs `reukm p`tcjkt ckgera`tcek ck bj`ftb g`hcfctcjs.


25/26

:7 8= :7

J>>"+:.E J^ 4+(='.& :=


26/26

J>>"+:.E P^ _='.H=?1 8"A.-8=(.&+G`hts _jajmy

^`tja`k jt. `f. v. _ess(0322), 72

Ar. _. (?m) 020 (A`k. P.O.)

Yea`k b`r`ssjm jx-oeygrcjkm `km bcs kjw wcgj wctb tbrj`tjkcki

pbekj h`ffs, fjttjrs `km vcscts.

Cktjrfehutery ckdukhtcek

Cksur`khj Herp eg OrctcsbHefuaoc` v. Xeaesb (0328), :0O.H.F._. 8== (O.H.X.H.)

Cksur`khj heap`ky ckvjstci`ter `sljm ckv`scvj qujstceks òeut h`rmrcvjr `gtjr `hhcmjkt, `ftbeuib tbj cksur`khj heap`ky b`m ke hf`ca`t f`w ì`ckst mrcvjr

$0,>>> Ijkjr`f Màìjs

$0,>>> ûkctcvj Màìjs

Y`ssjra`k v. B`ff, ?>>3 OHXH0802, 29 _.^._. (=tb) 02=

Hf`ca ger orj`hb eg prcv`hy `km kucs`khj< orj`hb w`s mjshrcojm `srjf`tcvjfy acker.

$8,:>> Ijkjr`f Màìjs

Bjhljrt v. :=9> CkvjstajktsFtm.?>>2 OHXH 0?32, ?33 M.F._.(=tb) 723.

F`kmferm pf`hjm ` vcmje hàjr` ck tbj b`ffw`y eg tbj oucfmcki. Bjfmtb`t tbjrj w`s ke fjictca`tj rj`sek ger hfesj-up caìcki pjepfjcaajmc`tjfy eutscmj tbjcr `p`rtajkt meers.

$8,:>> Keack`f Màìjs

Beffckswertb v. OH]W(0337), 8=H.H.F.]. (?m) 3: (O.H.X.H.), `ggm0332 O.H.H.@. 8>=.

Mjgjkm`kt rjfj`sjm vcmjet`pj eg pf`cktcgg b`vcki b`cr tr`kspf`ktsurijry `km ajmc` `crjm vcmje.

$0:,>>> Ijkjr`f Màìjs

G. (D.A.) v. Hb`ppjff,(0332) =:O.H.F._. (8m) 7= (O.H.H.@.),

fj`vj te `ppj`f te XHH rjgusjm,(0332), ?80 K._. =>>.

Mjgjkm`kt puofcsbjm tbj kàj eg heapf`ck`kt ck sjxu`f `ssùft h`sjck orj`hb eg puofch`tcek o`k. Dury `w`rmjm $03,>>> ck màìjs, out

tbj dumij heuktjk`khjm ` mjgjkhj eg puofch`tcek prcvcfjij `kmrjmuhjm tbcs te $0,>>>.

Heurt eg @ppj`f rjckst`tjm tbj dury `w`rm.

$8,>>> Ijkjr`f Màìjs

$0:,>>> ûkctcvj Màìjs

$0,>>> Kek-pjhukc`ry Màìjs

Fjj v. D`heosek< Yjojr v.

`heosek(033?), 29 M.F._. (=tb)=>0 (O.H. X.H.), rjvm(033=), M.F._. (=tb) 0::

(O.H.H.@).

F`kmferm mrcffjm ` sjhrjt befm te spy ek tjk`kt.

Ketj4 Gckmckis eg g`ht wjrj evjrturkjm.

$?,>>> Ijkjr`f Màìjs

$??,:>> ûkctcvj Màìjs

Y`tts v. Lf`jat?>>9 OHXH 77?,90 O.H.F._. (=tb) 87?.

Mjgjkm`kt rjhermjm tbj pf`cktcggs tjfjpbekj hekvjrs`tceks `km tbjrjpertjm tbj hektjkt te tbj pf`cktcggs japfeyjr. ^f`cktcgg w`s tbjk

gcrjm.

$8>,>>> @htu`f màìjs

$:,>>> ûkctcvj Màìjs

A`fhefa v. Gfjacki, \?>>>Q

H`rswjffOH 0807, (O.H.X.H.)

Mjgjkm`kt f`kmferm sjhrjtfy vcmjet`pjm pf`cktcgg wbcfj sbj w`s ck bjr

`tbreea `km ojmreea.

$0:,>>> Ijkjr`f Màìjs

$8:,>>> ûkctcvj Màìjs

Kjsoctt v. Kjugjfm,?>0> OHXH07>:, \?>00Q O.H.Y.F.M. =>9.

Gàcfy mcsputj4 mjgjkm`kt puofcsbjm prcv`tj mehuajkts, st`rtjmwjosctjs, G`hjoeel ireups, sjkt fjttjrs te grcjkms / heffjìujs /

pregjsscek`f `ssehc`tceks `hhuscki bjr eg mrui òusj, suchcmj`ttjapts, ajkt`f cffkjss `km sjxu`f preacshucty.

$=>,>>> Ijkjr`f Màìjs

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