introductory psychology

Introductory Psychology

Spring 2014Chapter 1: The science of psychology

Chapter Flashcards

Question 1

• Psychology is defined as

Question 1- Answer

• The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

• What are the four goals of psychology?

Question 2- Answer

• Description• Explanation• Prediction• Control

Question 3

• What is description

Question 3- Answer

• Observing a behavior or mental process and noting everything about it.

Question 4

• What are the four questions of description?

Question 4- Answer

• What is happening?• Where does it happen?• To whom does it happen?• Under what circumstances does it seem to

happen?

Question 5

• What is the goal of description

Question 5- Answer

• observations

Question 6

• What is the goal of explanation

Question 6- Answer

• theory

Question 7

• What is a theory

Question 7- Answer

• A general explanation of a set of observations or facts.

Question 8

• What is prediction

Question 8- Answer

• Determining what will happen in the future

Question 9

• What is the goal of prediction

Question 9- Answer

• To understand the behavior in the future

Question 10

• What is the goal of control

Question 10- Answer

• Goal of control is to change or modify the behavior, specifically from undesirable behavior to desirable behavior

Question 11

• The early roots of psychology are founded in what two fields of study

Question 11- Answer

• Philosophy and Physiology

Question 12

Philosophers who made a contribution to the development of the field of psychology include

Question 12- Answer

• Hippocrates• Aristotle• Plato• Descartes

Question 13

• Philosopher who lived from 384-322 B.C.

Question 13- Answer

• Aristotle

Question 14

• Conclusion was that the brain must be functionally divided

Question 14- Answer

• Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 15

• States that because all nerve fibers carry the same type of message , sensory information must be specified by the particular nerve fibers that are active

Question 15- Answer

• Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 16

• -Lived from 384- 322 B.C.• -Believed the brain served to cool the passion

of the heart• -Viewed the heart as the seat of thought and

emotion• -Believed the soul and the body were two

parts of the same underlying structure• -Wrote De Anima

Question 16- Answer

• Aristotle

Question 17

• Believed the mind was made up of thoughts, experiences, emotions, and other basic elements

Question 17- Answer

• Wilhelm Wundt

Question 18

• Wrote the doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 18- Answer

• Johannes Muller

Question 19

• Viewed the heart as the seat of thought and emotion

Question 19- Answer

• Aristotle

Question 20

• What function did Descartes attribute to the soul

Question 20- Answer

• Thought in the form of conscious deliberation and judgment

Question 21

• Believed the brain served to cool the passion of the heart

Question 21- Answer

• Aristotle

Question 22

• Believed the soul and the body were two parts of the same underlying structure

Question 22- Answer

• Aristotle

Question 23

• Believed the pineal gland was the seat of the soul

Question 23- Answer

• Descartes

Question 24

• Lived from 1596-1650

Question 24- Answer

• Rene Descartes

Question 25

• Prior to Descartes what did philosophers believe was the function of the soul

Question 25- Answer

• The soul was viewed as the source of heat, life, and movement

Question 26

• Aristotle’s teacher

Question 26- Answer

• Plato

Question 27

• Aristotle’s teacher• Lived 427-347 B.C.• Believed the soul could exist separately from

the body• Dualism: a belief that human beings consist of

two distinct but intimately conjoined entities, a material body and an immaterial soul.

Question 27- Answer

• Plato

Question 28

• Wrote De Anima

Question 28- Answer

• Aristotle

Question 29

• French philosopher and mathematician

Question 29- Answer

• Descartes

Question 30

• Why was Descartes dualism theory well received

Question 30- Answer

• It accounted for the functions of the sense organs, nerves, and muscles without violating religious beliefs at that time.

Question 31

• What is the true function of the Pineal gland

Question 31- Answer

• -Produces several hormones including melatonin

• -Regulation of endocrine functions• -Conversion of nervous system signals to

endocrine signals• -Causes sleepiness• -Influences development of sexual organs

Question 32


Question 32- Answer

• Thomas Hobbes

Question 33

• What is the function of the pineal gland according to Descartes

Question 33-Answer

• Descartes believed the pineal gland was the seat of the soul

Question 34

• Philosopher who believed the soul could exist separately from the body (called dualism)

Question 34- Answer

• Plato

Question 35

• Philosopher who lived 427-347 B.C.

Question 35- Answer

• Plato

Question 36

• Dualism is

Question 36- Answer

• A belief that human beings consist of two distinct but intimately conjoined entities, a material body and an immaterial soul.

Question 37

• What was the major flaw of Descartes theory

Question 37- Answer

• How can something ethereal interact with something material which in modern day has been nicknamed “Casper’s dilemma”.

Question 38

• Wrote Leviathan

Question 38- Answer

• Thomas Hobbes

Question 39

• What political/religious struggle was set off by the book Leviathan?

Question 39- Answer

• The bishop wanted Thomas Hobbes to be burnt to death for blasphemy but he was a former tutor to the king. Because of the protection of the king, Hobbes only received a stern warning and copies of Leviathan were burned by the church.

Question 40

• Believed all human behavior was mechanical

Question 40- Answer

• Thomas Hobbes

Question 41

• What is materialism?

Question 41- Answer

• A theory made popular by Thomas Hobbes that espouses that nothing but matter and energy exists.

Question 42

• What is nativism

Question 42- Answer

• Theory that espouses elementary ideas are innate to the human mind and do not need to be gained through experience

Question 43

• Performed first scientific experiments in studies of perception

Question 43- Answer

• Gustav Fechner

Question 44

• Lived 1821-1894

Question 44- Answer

• Herman von Helmholtz

Question 45

• Conducted groundbreaking experiments in visual and auditory perception

Question 45- Answer

• Herman von Helmholtz

Question 46

• Strong advocate for the application of experimental techniques

Question 46- Answer

• Johannes Muller

Question 47

• Lived 1801-1858

Question 47- Answer

• Johannes Muller

Question 48

• Lived 1801-1887

Question 48- Answer

• Gustav Fechner

Question 49

• Tutor to King Charles II

Question 49- Answer

• Thomas Hobbes

Question 50

• How are thoughts formed according to empiricism?

Question 50- Answer

• Elementary ideas that are derived from sensory experiences become linked together to form thoughts

Question 51

• English Philosopher

Question 51- Answer

• Thomas Hobbes

Question 52

• What is empiricism

Question 52- Answer

• Theory that espouses that all knowledge is derived from sensory experiences.

Question 53

• Believed conscious thought was the product of the brain’s machinery

Question 53- Answer

• Thomas Hobbes

Question 54

• Why was Thomas Hobbes able to break away from dualistic theory while Rene Descartes was not?

Question 54- Answer

• Thomas Hobbes was an Englishman where the church and the state were already in conflict and democracy was emerging. Rene Descartes was in France where the church maintained power.

Question 55


Question 55- Answer

• Wilhelm Wundt

Question 56

• Received her Ph.D. in 1926

Question 56- Answer

• Christine Ladd-Franklin

Question 57

• Lived 1871-1939

Question 57- Answer

• Margaret F. Washburn

Question 58

• Originally a student at Columbia University but left due to discrimination

Question 58- Answer

• Margaret Washburn

Question 59

• Lived from 1895- 1954

Question 59- Answer

• Francis Cecil Sumner

Question 60

• Student of Wundt

Question 60- Answer

• Edward Titchener

Question 61

• Student of William James

Question 61- Answer

• Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 62

• Who brought Wundt’s ideas to America?

Question 62- Answer


Question 63

• Theory used today by evolutionary psychologists

Question 63- Answer

• functionalism

Question 64

• Lived 1863-1930

Question 64- Answer


Question 65

• Established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig Germany in 1879

Question 65- Answer

• Wilhelm Wundt

Question 66

• Inventor of objective introspection

Question 66- Answer

• Wilhelm Wundt

Question 67

• What is the fatal flaw of structuralism?

Question 67- Answer

• It is a private technique and therefore data is not able to be reproduced by others

Question 68

• Physiologist who applied scientific principles to the human mind

Question 68- Answer

• Wilhelm Wundt

Question 69

• What percent of new doctoral degrees are being earned by members of ethnic minority groups?

Question 69- Answer

• 18%

Question 70

• Father of psychology

Question 70- Answer

• Wilhelm Wundt

Question 71

• Lived 1867- 1927

Question 71- Answer


Question 72

• Completed her Ph.D. requirements at Harvard University but was denied a doctorate

Question 72- Answer


Question 73

• The process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities

Question 73- Answer

• Objective introspection

Question 74

• Women constitute what percentage of all psychologists holding doctoral degrees?

Question 74- Answer

• 48%

Question 75

• Student of Titchener at Cornell University

Question 75- Answer


Question 76

• Expanded Wundt’s ideas of introspection of to include thoughts as well as physical sensations

Question 76- Answer


Question 77

• Early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind

Question 77- Answer

• Structuralism

Question 78

• What percentage of new doctoral degrees in psychology are earned by women each year?

Question 78- Answer

• 66.9%

Question 79

• Psychology as a field is how many years old?

Question 79- Answer

• Around 125 years old.

Question 80

• Women earn what percentage of new master’s degrees in psychology each year?

Question 80- Answer

• 75.7%

Question 81


Question 81- Answer


Question 82

• Published The Animal Mind in 1908

Question 82- Answer


Question 83

• Developed a new theory of color vision

Question 83- Answer


Question 84

• The first woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology in 1894

Question 84- Answer


Question 85


Question 85- Answer

• Christine Ladd- Franklin

Question 86

• What did Titchener view as the four qualities of an introspection?

Question 86- Answer

• Quality, intensity, duration, clarity

Question 87

• The reason John Hopkins University did not give Christine Ladd-Franklin her Ph.D.

Question 87- Answer

• She was a woman and the university did not issue doctoral degrees to woman in 1882.

Question 88

• John Hopkins refused to grant her a Ph.D. in 1882 despite her having completed all of the requirements.

Question 88- Answer


Question 89

• Second female president of the American Psychological association

Question 89- Answer


Question 90

• Lived 1842-1910

Question 90- Answer

• William James

Question 91

• Established a psychology lab at Wellesley College

Question 91- Answer


Question 92

• Theory of psychology influenced by the theory of natural selection

Question 92- Answer

• functionalism

Question 93

• Research on learning, short term memory, and psychology of the self

Question 93- Answer


Question 94

• 1905 First female president of the American Psychological Assoication

Question 94- Answer


Question 95

• early perspective in psychology associated with William James in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.

Question 95- Answer

• functionalism

Question 96

• Despite having completed the work she was never awarded her Ph.D.

Question 96- Answer


Question 97

• The year Francis Cecil Sumner became the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology at Clark University

Question 97- Answer

• 1920

Question 98

• First African American with a Ph.D. to teach psychology in the U.S.

Question 98- Answer

• Gilbert Haven Jones

Question 99

• First Asian American president of the American Psychological Association (APA)

Question 99- Answer

• Richard Suinn

Question 100

• First psychologist to serve on U.S. Olympic sports medicine team in 1972

Question 100- Answer

• Richard Suinn

Question 101

• Father of African American Psychology

Question 102

• Researched racial disparity in intelligence testing and intellectual disabilities


• Albert Sidney Beckham

Question 103



• Mamie Clark

Question 104

• Had two children while completing a doctoral degree


• Mamie Clark

Question 105

• Research on formation of racial identity and self-esteem


• Mamie Clark

Question 106

• Opened the Northside Center for Child Development


• Mamie and Kenneth Clark

Question 107

• Specialized in Educational Psychology

Question 108

• Research on formation of racial identity and self-esteem


• Mamie Clark

Question 109


Question 110

• The first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology from Clark University

Question 111

• 1943 Second African American to earn a doctorate from Columbia


• Mamie Clark

Question 112

• Worked with his wife to show the negative effects of segregation on school children


• Kenneth Clark

Question 113

• The first African American to publish research findings in a U.S. psychology journal in 1920


• J. Henry Alston

Question 114

• One of the first members of the APA Committee on Ethnic Minority Affairs


• Richard Suinn

Question 115


Question 116

• Researched in sport psychology and also ethnic minority issues


• Richard Suinn

Question 117

• 1971 First African American president of the American Psychological Association


• Kenneth Clark

Question 118

• J. Henry Alston’s research


• The perception of warmth and cold

Question 119

• In 1909 Received a doctorate in psychology from a university in Germany

Question 120

• Lived 1914-2005


• Kenneth Clark

Question 121

• What is the early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures


• Gestalt psychology

Question 122

• Lived 1856-1939


• Sigmund Freud

Question 123

• What did Freud believe was the cause of the nervous disorders of his patients


• The unconscious

Question 124

• What are the two competing theories as to why most of Freud’s clients were women


• 1) during the Victorian Age sex was repressed. The men had cultural permission to have mistresses and so they did not experience symptoms associated with repression like the women did.

• 2)Only wealthy Victorian women had the time or resources to undergo daily psychoanalysis.

Question 125

• Why did Freud stress the importance of the childhood?


• He believed childhood, specifically the first six years, were the source of the personality and of all problems of the unconscious.

Question 126

• What forms can Freud’s psychoanalysis be found in today?


• It is the source of the modern day therapy model

• Psychoanalysis is still practiced today in a modified form

Question 127

• Lived 1878-1958


• John B. Watson

Question 128

• Why could Watson’s experiment not be repeated today


• It would be considered to be unethical

Question 129

• Lived 1897-1987


• Mary Cover Jones

Question 130

• Major figure in Gestalt psychology


• Max Wertheimer

Question 131

• Tabla Rasa


• Belief we are all born a blank slate

Question 132

• Slogan of gestalt psychology


• The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts

Question 133

• Primarily concerned with sensation and perception but also focuses on perception, learning, memory, thought process, and problem solving today.


• Gestalt psychology

Question 134

• Gestalt means


• Good form or good figure

Question 135

• Mary Cover Jones trained him to become afraid of a white rabbit


• Little Peter

Question 136

• Two current areas of psychology based somewhat from Gestalt psychology


• Cognitive psychology• Gestalt therapy

Question 137

• Who hold a belief that people naturally seek out patterns


• Gestalt psychologists

Question 138

• Lived 1849-1936


• Ivan Pavlov

Question 139

• According to psychoanalysis phobias are caused by


• Unconscious repressed conflicts

Question 140

• Psychological theory created during the Victorian Age


• psychoanalysis

Question 141

• Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell


• Ivan Pavlov

Question 142

• Decided to ignore consciousness and focus on observable behavior


• John B. Watson and Behaviorists

Question 143

• Watson trained him to become afraid of a white rat by pairing the presence of the rat with a loud noise


• Little Albert

Question 144

• According to behaviorists phobias are caused by


• Learned fear response

Question 145

• The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only


• Behaviorism

Question 146

• Started the first educational television course in child development in 1952

Question 147

• Counterconditioning


• Further conditioning to remove a previously conditioned response

Question 148

• A mother and her 2 year old son are in the grocery store. The boy begins to cry and scream when they go by the candy isle because he wants candy. The mother, who does not want to bother other shoppers in the store, gives her son a piece of candy to quiet him down. According to the theory of operant conditioning what is likely to happen in the future.


• The child will cry and scream more often as he now associates crying and screaming with getting candy.

Question 149

• Human behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body


• Biopyschological perspective

Question 150

• Hormones, brain chemicals, tumors, and diseases are the causes of disordered behavior and mental illness


• Biopsychological perspective

Question 151

• A theory that conditioned behaviors that are followed by pleasurable consequences will be reinforced


• Operant conditioning

Question 152

• The perspective that focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information


• Cognitive perspective

Question 153

• Developed operant conditioning


• B.F. Skinner

Question 154

• Replaced Watson as the forerunner of the behavioral perspective


• B. F. Skinner

Question 155

• Lived 1904-1990


• B.F. Skinner

Question 156

• Watson’s second career


• Advertising

Question 157

• Conducted the Oakland Growth Study

Question 158

• Modern psychological perspective based on Freud’s theory


• Psychodynamic perspective

Question 159

• What did Mary Cover Jones use to countercondition Little Peter so he was not afraid of rabbits any longer


• His favorite food

Question 160

• Decided to pursue graduate education after attending one of Watson’s weekend lectures

Question 161

• The third force in psychology


• Humanistic perspective

Question 162

• What perspective focuses on the person’s ability to direct their own lives


• Humanistic perspective

Question 163

• The humanistic perspective was a reaction against


• Both the psychodynamic theory and behaviorism

Question 164

• Humanists believed that people were striving to achieve their full potential called


• Self-actualization

Question 165

• How do modern therapists utilize the humanistic perspective


• In the building of the therapeutic relationship

Question 166

• Viewed humans as being at the whim of the environment


• behaviorism

Question 167

• Self-actualization is


• The ability to achieve one’s full potential

Question 168

• The humanistic perspective is more closely rooted in ____________ rather than medicine and physiology


• philosophy

Question 169

• Viewed humans as being at the whim of unconscious drives


• psychoanalysis

Question 170

• Became a psychological force in the psychology field in the 1960s

Question 171

• Influenced by Gestalt psychology, the development of computers, the work of Piaget, and discoveries in the biological psychology

Question 172

• Study of cultural norms, values, and expectations


• Cultural psychology

Question 173

• The study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions, and relationships


• Social psychology

Question 174

• Master’s degree• Licensure beyond degree (L.C.S.W. or L.P.C. or

M.F.T.)• focus more on environmental conditions that

can impact mental disorders such as• poverty, overcrowding, stress, drug abuse• work in clinics, hospitals, private practice,

social service organizations


• Psychiatric social worker

Question 175

• The effect that states that the more bystanders available the less likely any one of them will actually help an injured person


• Bystander effect

Question 176

• Has a medical doctorate degree• Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of

psychological disorders• Can prescribe medication• Usually works in private setting or hospital

setting


• psychiatrist

Question 177

• either a medical doctorate degree or a psychologist with a Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.)

• specialized training in theories of Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis

• usually work in private setting or hospital setting


• psychoanalyst

Question 178

• Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture


• Sociocultural perspective

Question 179

• This perspective offers an explanation for forgiveness in relation to emotional and physical affairs


• Evolutionary perspective

Question 180

• Kitty Genovese


• Woman who was attacked and given no help despite having at least 38 bystanders who witnessed the attack.

Question 181

• Some community individuals carried a gene that caused them to deny hunger, have unlimited energy, and a strong urge to move elsewhere when the community is faced with famine.


• Evolutionary perspective of anorexia

Question 182

• Occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility


• Diffusion of responsibility

Question 183

• Study where individuals continued to give electric shocks to other individuals despite being aware of the individuals being in pain because a “scientist” told them to continue


• Milgram Experiment

Question 184

• The perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

Question 185

• Views the mind as an information processing machine designed by natural selection

Question 186

• usually have a doctorate degree (Ph.D, Psy.D. or Ed.D)

• intense academic training• learning about many different areas of

psychology• some can prescribe medications with

specialized training


• psychologist

Question 187

• The five steps to the scientific method are


• 1) perceiving the question• 2) forming a hypothesis• 3) testing the hypothesis• 4) drawing conclusions• 5) report your results

Question 188

• A tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations


• hypothesis

Question 189

• The bias where an individual only notices examples that agree with their world view


• Confirmation bias

Question 190

• The methods for testing a hypothesis must match this


• The question asked

Question 191

• When are results reported


• When they are supported or rejected

Question 192

• Why are studies reported


• So they can be replicated

Question 193

• What is an empirical question


• A question that can be tested through the scientific method

Question 194

• What are the four descriptive methods?


• Naturalistic observation• Laboratory observation• Case studies• surveys

Question 195

• A disadvantage of this descriptive method is that people or animals may behave in an artificial manner


• Laboratory observation

Question 196

• An advantage of this descriptive method is that it provides a lot of environmental control


• Laboratory observation

Question 197

• The study of one individual in great detail


• Case study

Question 198

• Sigmund Freud based his entire theory of psychoanalysis on these


• Case studies

Question 199

• Two methods that allow researchers to know more about a topic than simple description


• Correlation• Experiments

Question 200

• Advantages of this descriptive method include that they provide incredible detail and are sometimes the only way to get certain information


• Case studies

Question 201

• This descriptive method consists of a series of questions asked in person, in interviews, on the telephone, on the internet or with a questionnaire


• surveys

Question 202

• A disadvantage of these descriptive methods was that information was not easily generalized.


• Naturalistic observation• Case study• Laboratory observation

Question 203

• Tendency of observers to see what they tend to expect to see

• A special kind of confirmation bias


• Observer bias

Question 204

• Advantages of this descriptive method include that they are useful for acquiring information about personal topics like sexual relationships and can gain a lot of data from large groups of people


• surveys

Question 205

• A disadvantage of surveys include


• Researchers must make sure they have a representative sample from the population

Question 206

• Representative sample


• Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects

Question 207

• Watching people or animals behave in their normal environment


• Naturalistic observation

Question 208

• Observer bias is a disadvantage of this descriptive method

Question 209

• Disadvantages of this descriptive method include that researchers have to make sure they have a representative sample, courtesy bias, and bias caused by the wording of questions


• survey

Question 210

• The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested


• population

Question 211

• A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant of the group being observed


• Participant observation

Question 212

• This person does observations but has no knowledge of the hypothesis of the study


• Blind observer

Question 213

• Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed


• Observer effect

Question 214

• Participants give answers to questions that they believe are socially acceptable or desirable


• Courtesy bias

Question 215

• Witnessing natural and non-contrived behavior is an advantage of ___________

Question 216

• How can the wording of questions in surveys influence the results


• The wording of the questions could confuse participants leading to incorrect data. They can lead participants to give a desired answer and lead to incorrect data. The order of questions can influence the answers given.

Question 217

• Lived 1823-1860


• Phineas Gage

Question 218

• Case Study that helped establish the frontal lobe as the location of personality and impulse control in the brain


• Phineas Gage

Question 219

• A measure of the relationship between two variables


• correlation

Question 220

• A number between -1.0 and +1.0 that shows how closely related two variables are and in what direction


• Correlation coefficient

Question 221

• Is -0.89 or +0.75 a stronger correlation


• -0.89

Question 222

• variables that interferes with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest


• Confounding variable

Question 223

• What two things are important in sample selection?


• A clearly defined population of study• The sample must be randomly selected from

the defined population

Question 224

• Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured


• Operational definition

Question 225

• Experienced significant personality changes following an accident where a railroad spike went through the frontal lobe of his brain.


• Phineas Gage

Question 226

• A measurable characteristic whose change is observed or manipulated in research


• variable

Question 227

• What does correlation does not prove causation mean?


• That simply because two variables change in a predictable pattern with one another, it does not mean that one variable causes the other.

Question 228

• the only research method that will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior


• experiment

Question 229

• A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships


• Experiment (definition of)

Question 230

• Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter


• Independent variable

Question 231

• Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable


• Experimental group

Question 232

• Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group


• Random assignment

Question 224

• Tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study


• Experimenter effect

Question 225

• What is the purpose of random assignment of participants to the experimental or control groups


• To prevent extraneous variables from interfering with the experiment

Question 226

• Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response of behavior of the subjects in the experiment


• Dependent variable

Question 227

• Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment


• Control group

Question 228

• Any variables not directly related to the independent variable or dependent variable


• Extraneous variables

Question 229

• The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in the study can influence their behavior


• Placebo effect

Question 230

• Study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group


• Single-blind study

Question 231

• Study where teachers were told students had either high potential or low potential and the response of the teachers to these students actually started to impact the students grades.


• Pygmalian in the classroom

Question 232

• An alternative research designed used with participants can’t be randomly assigned


• Quasi-experimental design

Question 233

Question 234

Question 235

Question 236

Question 237

Question 238

Question 239

Question 240

• Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects knows if the subjects are in the experimental or control group


• Double blind study

Question 241

• Researchers of Pygmalian in the classroom


• Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson

introductory psychology

Documents

soul question

desirable behavior question

undesirable behavior

answerthe soul

goals of psychology

goal of predictionquestion

goal of descriptionquestion

particular nerve fibers