Introductory Entomology

Master Gardener TrainingFebruary 16, 2010

Linn and Benton Co., OR

Laurel Moulton --Graduate Student --

Oregon State University

The Menu for today:

• Basic Entomology• Identifying plant damage• Common insect orders• BREAK• Lab• Beneficial insects• Habitat

Goals for today

• Basic knowledge

• Questions to ask

• Resources

What is this ?

How do I fix it?

??

Small bodies, BIG impact

• waste management• nutrient cycling• crop protection• food webs• cultural value• plant propagation• entomophagy

• disease transmission• destroy commodities

Christian Grantham

from Gullen & Cranston, “The insects: and outline of entomology”

Basic anatomyHead: •Sensory •Intake•Communication

Thorax: • Wing attachment• leg attachment

Abdomen: •Digestion•Respiration •Reproduction

Arthropods: Insects= 6 legs

Non insect Arthropods:

What’s inside?

Sensory: Visual

• Ocelli• light vs. dark

• Compound eyes• Mosaic• Movement• UV detection

Bjorn Roslett

Photo credits: Univ. of Wisconsin Dept. of Entomology

Geoff Woodard

Chemosensory: Antennae

• “Smell”• Pheromones

Structure = function!

Chemosensory: Antennae

setacious

filiform

serate

clavate

aristate

flabellate

pectinate

• Legs/tarsi– Vibration– Taste

• Ovipositor– Suitable habitat– Egg laying preference

Stanislav Georb

Sensory: Other

Mouthparts

•Structure = Function • Variable• Modified

D.G. MacKeanFrom: A. Imms

chewingsiphoning

sponging

Piercing-sucking

Zweibel laboratory

Insect MetamorphosisSIMPLE

• nymph – adult• same habitat• same resources• “adult”

– winged– reproductive

COMPLETE

• egg – larva – pupa - adult• different habitats• often different diet• advantages ?• parasitism• adults may not feed

Invasive.org

What’s in a name?- Taxonomy -

• Organizational language• Family Genus species• Classification• Latin roots: “-ptera”,“hemi-”,“holo-”• Directional– dorsal, ventral– anterior, posterior– basal, apical

Insects & plants

Herbivory

• Plant experiences:– Tissue loss– Seed reduction– Reduced vitality/vigor– Pathogens

• Insect receives:– Nutrition– Growth– Habitat

Phytophagy = plant eater

Monophagous

• Most specific• Specialists• 1:1

Oligophagous

• More broad• Related genera• 1: a few

Polyphagous

• a.k.a Generalists• Unrelated families• 1: whatever’s in the fridge

Defoliation

• Chewing • Lepidoptera, Coleoptera• Symptoms– Holes– Skeletonizing– Defoliation

D G Mackean

Univ. of Kentucky

Ravenous plant munching can be a good thing… Biocontrol

Peter McEvoy

Peter McEvoy

Peter McEvoy

Ragwort fleabeetle

Cinnabar moth

Plant Mining

• Chewing • Larvae of – Diptera– Lepidoptera

• Symptoms– Trails, tunnels– Frass– Secondary infections

Univ. of Hawaii

USDA-APHIS

Sap Suckers

• Piercing-Sucking • Most life stages:– Homoptera– Heteroptera

• Symptoms– discoloration– reduced vigor – wilting, curling– spittle

• Disease transmission

D G Mackean

APSnet.org

Gall Formation

• Piercing-sucking• Plant response– salivary fluids– egg laying– not generally harmful

• Hymenoptera, Homoptera• Symptoms on– leaves– stems/twigs– flowers

Univ. Of Wisc.onsin

Ohio State Univ.

Oregon BLM

Common insect orders

James Young 2008

Coleoptera “sheath-wings”

• Beetle• BEETLES

• Chewing mouthparts• Complete metamorphosis• Elytra– hardened/leathery front wings

• Largest order if insects

Sam Houston 2009

Not all beetles have full elytra…

Coleoptera: Black vine weevil

James Young 2007

Cabbage seed weevilCucumber beetle

Potato flea beetle

Mark Fowler 2005

Mark Gray

•Wire worm•Seed weevil•Spotted cucumber beetle

Ground beetle larva

NOT wire worm

Black vine weevil

Chris Adam 2007

Black vine weevil

B. Anderson and M. Reding 2009

Heteroptera

•TRUE BUGS

•Piercing-Sucking mouthparts

•Simple metamorphosis

•Front wing is divided• thickened at base• membranous at tip

• Scutellum

“different-winged“

Box elder bug

Pest Alert:Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

James LaBonte

Peter Shear

Peter Shear

Identification:

Brown Marmorated Stink BugCan be confused with:

Rough Stink Bug

Identification:

Brown Marmorated Stink BugCan be confused with:

Rough Stink Bug

Pro thoraxPronotumShoulders

Azalea lace bug

Identifying character: lacy wings!

Damage: extensive leaf stippling

Photos: Robin Rosetta

Homoptera

• APHIDS, WHITEFLIES, SCALES, PLANT HOPPERS, CICADAS

•Piercing-Sucking mouthparts

- Vector disease

• Wings with uniform texture- Held tent-like over body

•Many plant pests

“same-winged“

Robin Rosetta

UC IPM

Eric Matthews

Cornicles = Aphid

Aphids!

Blueberry scorch virus

WSU Whatcom Co. Extension

Barley yellow dwarf virus

= disease vector!

WSU Whatcom Co. Extension

Diptera“two-wings”

• FLIES• Chewing, often modified– Sponging (cutting)– Piercing-sucking

• Complete metamorphosis• One pair of wings• Hind “wings” reduced: Halter

Canadian ministry of Ag.

A. Schattmann

Cal extension

Apple maggot•Red sphere trap+lure

NEW PEST ALERT…

Crane fly Beet leaf miner

W. Abrahamson and P. Heinrich

Debbie Roos NC extenstion

Fungus gnat

Goldenrod gall fly

Spotted winged drosophila

M. Hauser, CDFA

D. Bruck 2009

Mike Reitmajer 2009

Spotted Wing Drosophila

Drosophila suzukii locations in Oregon, 2011Confirmed locations from collected fruits or trapping by ODA, APHIS and OSU

Guidelines for Monitoring Adult SWD Presence• Clear container with lid, ~10 holes (3/16”) around

the side of container• 1.5-2 inches of solution

– Real apple cider vinegar + small drop of unscented liquid dish soap

– Service traps weekly• Hang from plant or stake in shade at fruiting level

in the canopy, out of wind• Place as many traps in your susceptible crops as

you can reasonably maintain– Pay particular attention to high risk areas

• Diverse field edges with ample shade

• Deploy traps just prior to fruit coloring• Count and record the number of male SWD

weekly– *Watch website for regional detections of SWD

Spotted Winged DrosophilaDrosophila suzukii, an invasive pest

of berry and stone fruits

Oregon Non-Commercial HomeownersBackyard Management Guide

BACKYARD GARDENER MONITORING

To share your information with OSU researchers, make sure to provide as much of the requested information as possible.

http://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu

• Report any findings of SWD adults and larvae in fruit to your nearest extension office

• Fill out the online excel record sheet and email to : SWD.OREGON@GMX.COM

Found on SWD website, For Gardeners

Orthoptera

• GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS

• Chewing

• Simple metamorphosis

•Characteristic legs - Hind leg= modified for jumping, - thickened femur - sound production

• Not much of a pest on west side…

“long-winged“

©Red Planet Inc.

Isoptera

© Lucas Raptis 2008

phot

o: K

evin

Hal

l 200

8

• TERMITES

•Chewing • Structural pests

•Beaded antennae •Social castes

- colonies - queen, workers

“similar-winged“

Bumblebee.org

Thysanoptera“fringe-wing”

• THRIPS

• Sucking or rasping-sucking

• Intermediate development – wings develop in 3rd larval stage– Go through pupal stage

• 4 wings fringed with hair

• Sample: yellow sticky card

TX A&M extension

• Feed on flowers, fruit, leaves, twigs, buds• Disease vectors

A.M Varela

Butterflies of Singapore Glen K. Peterson

Lepidoptera: Butterflies & moths “scale-wings”

• Long proboscus: siphoning

• Complete metamorphosis

• 2 pairs of wings– Butterfly wings upright at rest– Moth wings flat at rest

Cabbage Looper

Indian meal mothPeach tree borer

TX A&M extension

OSU IPPC

NM extension

Love Apple Farm 2008

Cabbage butterfly Cabbage looper

Cutworms: Black spotted cutworm

Photos: OSU IPPC Robin Rosetta

Other common cutworms…

Black cutworm

Glassy cutworm

NOT a cutworm: What is it? Why?

Other common cutworms…

Black cutworm

Glassy cutworm

NOT a cutworm: What is it? Why?

No legs!

Ruffly posterior

WSU extension

Coddling Moth

Doug Wilson USDA-ARS

Apple maggot

Be on the lookout for: Light brown apple moth

D. Williams

Class: Isopoda“same foot”

• PILL-BUGS, ROLY-POLYS, SOWBUGS

• “non-insect arthropod” •Habitat:• moist, damp, dark• soil macrofauna

•Scavengers =• plant tissue• detritus

Symphyla“”

Garden symphylans• Related to millipedes• 3-6mm long• Feed on fine roots and

germinating seeds• 7-8 per shovel= pest• Sampling with potato…

Arachnida“spider”

• spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions• Two body segments• 4 pairs of legs

Bio-bee.com

Mites

Ronald S. Kelly

Canadian ministry ofagriculture

UC Georgia

Jack DeAngeles

Spruce spider miteEuropean red mite

Spider mite Maple Gall mite

Hobo??

Giant house spider??D. Hagon

David Phillips

R. Vetter

D. Boe

NOT a Hobo

NOT a Hobo

Maybe a HoboNOT a Hobo

Black widow

• Most poisonous spider in Oregon

• Less than 1% of bites result in death

• Dark places: wood piles, basements, garages

• ID characteristic: red hourglass on females

• False black widow: no red markings

Break time!

Beneficial insects

Dave Ingram

Lee R. 2007

Predatory mites

Denis Crawford

Neuroptera“net-wing”

LACEWING

Mantodea

©2004 V.J.Hickey

• PRAYING MANTIS

• Predators!

• Simple metamorphosis - Ootheca – Nymph – Adult

• Raptorial foreleg

• Business of Bugs

Lance Cromwell

Jack Dykinga

Jack Dykinga

Pamela Martin

•Big eyed bug

•Minute pirate bug

•Crab spider

•Hover fly

Hymenoptera “membrane wing”

• WASPS, BEES, SAWFLIES, ANTS• Chewing, lapping• Complete metamorphosis• 4 membranous wings• Ovipositor often modified into stinger • Beneficial services:– Pollinators– Parasitoids– mutualism

Dan Perlman

©Red Planet Inc.

©Red Planet Inc.

What are these?

Parasitoid wasps

•What is the difference between a Parasite and parasitoid??• Parasite = host survives• Parasitoid = host is killed

•All life stages are targeted• Egg• Larvae• Pupae• Adult

•Hyperparasitoidism

© Dwight Kuhn©Red Planet Inc.

Pollinators: beyond honey bees

Pollination

• Diptera , Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera• Bats, birds…• Specificity– corolla structure– nectar timing– co-evolution?

• Cheating– Visit ≠ pollination– Nectar thieves

James Altland, OSU Yoshioka et al., 2005

Diptera

•Syrphid flies

•Adults• pollinate• feed on nectar• •Larvae• predacious• 1 can consume >100 aphids per month

Go to native bee slides…

Habitat: Conservation Biocontrol

• Be careful with pesticides• Provide alternative habitat– Shelter– Pollen– nectar– Alternative prey

Carrot family:

Angelica

Lomatium G.D. Car 2007

Cilantro/CorianderLovage

Cosmos Tom Adams 2005

Chamomile

Goldenrod

Oregon sunshine Native seed network

Habitat:

• Plant flowers… try some natives• Let some of your salad mix go to seed!– Flowers from mustards & cabbages beneficial

• Leave “beetle banks” in farm fields• Diverse structure– Water– Hiding places

Resources!

• Don’t forget the resource handout!