Introductory Biology: Cellular

Dr. Heather Townsend

Chapter 1

Biology…

What is it?? What branches does it encompass? What exactly is cellular biology? What will we cover in this class?

Biology: The Study of Living Things

Living vs. non-living things How similar? How different? How do you classify one or the other?

Characteristic of Life 1. Organized /Order 2. Regulation 3. Growth and development 4. Energy utilization 5. Response to environment 6. Reproduction 7. Evolution

1. Order

Complex, but ordered organization

Living cells are the basis for this organizational scheme

2. Living things are regulated Homeostasis – “staying the same”

Steady state“Relatively” constantPhysical and chemical conditions of the

environment inside the body are maintained

3. Living things grow and develop

Growth Increase in the size

and number of cells

Development All the changes that

occur between conception and death

Stages

4. Living things acquire materials and energy

Energy Capacity to do work

Our cells and tissues need energy

How do we acquire energy?

4. Energy

Where does energy come from?solar energy

captured “self-feeding” life forms producers Photosynthesis

Humans consumers

DecomposersFungi, bacteria

5. Living things respond to stimuli

Dependant on nervous and muscular systems

Plants track the passage of the sun Behavior

Movement of an organism in response to a stimuli

Directed toward minimizing injury, acquiring food, and reproducing

6. Living things reproduce

Life comes from life! All life can reproduce

make another organism like itselfAsexual reproduction

Bacteria, protists, and unicellular organisms split in two

Sexual reproduction Most multicellular organisms union of sperm and egg

7. Living things are adapted

AdaptationsModifications that make an organism suited to

life Ex: Hawk’s hollow bones

Come about through evolution The process by which a species changes through

time Group of similar organisms that interbreed

Leads to the diversity of organisms

Life at its many levels….

Atom Molecule Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

AtomsSmallest particle that is still an element

Composed of subatomic particles:ElectronsProtonsNeutrons

Atomic Nucleus

Chemical levelAtoms combine to make molecules4 macromolecules in the body

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

CellularCells can be eukaryotic or prokaryoticContain cellular organelles (molecules)

Structures within cells that perform dedicated functions (“small organs”)

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

TissueCollection of cells that work together to

perform a specialized function4 basic types of tissue in the human body:

Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

OrganMade up of tissue

Heart Brain Liver Pancreas, etc……

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organ system (11) Made up of a group of related organs that work

together Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

OrganismAn individual human, animal, plant, etc……Made up of organ systemsWork together to sustain life

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organization of the Biosphere

Population Each organism is part of a

population Community

Populations of different organisms that interact with one another

All species occupy that same area Ecosystem

Created by communities that interact with each other

Biosphere Refers to all parts of Earth’s water,

crust, and atmosphere

Classification of living things Taxonomy

Identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria

Each organism placed into a classification system

Provides clues into evolutionary trends

Taxonomy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

Domains

ArchaeProkaryotes

BacteriaProkaryotes

EukaryaEukaryotes

Kingdoms

4 main kingdoms:ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia

Scientific Names

Binomial (two name)Genus name, species name

Examples:

Homo sapiens Alligator mississippiensis Felis domesticus

The Process of Science

The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know” Science is a way of knowing

Discovery science Describing nature

Hypothesis-driven science Explaining nature

Science

Uses investigative methods to test hypotheses based on previous observations

Scientific method 1. Observe some aspect of the natural world and ask

questions about it 2. Hypothesis 3. Make predictions 4. Test the predictions 5. Repeat the tests or develop new ones 6. Analyze and report the test results and conclusions

The Scientific Method

Why this course?!?!?

Examine concepts of biologySpecifically how it relates to cellsOrganismal Biology

Further examine these concepts in lab