introduction to western european music and music manuscripts a presentation by k. christian mcguire
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Western European Music and Music
ManuscriptsA Presentation by K. Christian McGuirehttp://www.grianeala.com
Overview of Presentation
I. General View of Music in Ancient Greek and Medieval Thought
II. Liturgy: Divine Office and Mass
III. Examples: Liturgy, Theory, Miscellany
Common views on music Not academic – music for the sake of music. Frivolous – valued only as entertainment
suitable for: Concert Halls Pop concerts iPod sales
Major chords are “happy”; minor chords are “sad”
These prejudices obscure our understanding of music in ancient and medieval cultures
Getting Medieval on Music Clear your mind of everything you know
and appreciate about music. Western Music since 1600 is structured
around the polarity between 2 voices: Soprano (melody = i.e. the “tune”) Bass (harmonic foundation)
Unique development in Western culture: some examples: Scarlatti, JS Bach, Mozart, Beethoven,
Faure, S. Joplin, R. Rodgers, Bill Monroe, Quincy Jones, Bob Dylan, Beatles, Queen, Prince, Iron Maiden, etc…
Aspects of Greek musical thought Pythagoreans
quality of music judged by mathematical measure. Harmony of the Spheres – Pythagoras could hear
the motion of the heavens. Pythagoras cured a frenzied boy by singing an
appropriately soothing melody.
Aristoxenus – quality of music judged by the ear.
Plato Doctrine of Ethos: Music affects character
Boys should be taught strong and simple music, not frivolous effeminate music.
Music as Liberal Art Trivium
Grammar Logic Rhetoric
Quadrivium Arithmetic – study of number
Geometry – study of number in space
Music (or Harmony) – study of number through time
Astronomy – study of number in time & space
Boethius (ca.480 – 526 CE)
“…of the four mathematical disciplines, the others are concerned with the pursuit of truth, but music is related not only to speculation but to morality as well.”
“The Pythagoreans used to free themselves from the cares of the day by certain melodies…knowing that the whole structure of soul and body is united by musical harmony
Book I De Institutione Musica. Trans. William Strunk, Jr. and Oliver Strunk.
Cassiodorus (490 – 583 CE)“Music is closely bound up with religion itself. Witness the decachord of the Ten Commandments (Ps. 32:2) the tinkling of cithara and tympanum, the melody of the organ, the sound of cymbals. The very Psalter is without doubt named after a musical instrument because the exceedingly sweet and pleasing melody of the celestial virtues is contained within it.”
Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum.De Musica. Trans. William Strunk, Jr. and Oliver Strunk. Munchen St.B.Cod.lat. 2599, f. 106
Useful Terms in Describing Plainchant Monophonic – one melodic line
Syllabic (1 note per syllable of text) Melismatic (many notes per syllable) Neumatic (somewhere in between)
Through Composed vs Strophic/Formal Modal
8 diatonic musical modes
Importance of Plainchant to History Development of Western musical
notation Cultural basis of shared musical
knowledge Catholic music and composers: Machaut,
Mozart, Berlioz Becomes foundation for first polyphonic
musical genres (i.e. music is built around the voice (the Tenor) with “holds” the fragment of chant melody.
Early Liturgical Practice to 6th century
Psalmody
Helena mother of Constantine encouraged worship in Jerusalem. Late 4th c. Egeria mentions the singing of antiphons, hymns and
psalms during her pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Newly composed hymns Ambrose of Milan
Few fragments including Oxyrhynchus Papyrus
Chants and continued to develop orally throughout Christendomcommemorating regional Saints and liturgies
Early Developments in Chant by 900 CE Two main branches of Chant
Byzantine*
Western Gallican Old Italian
Ambrosian (Milanese) Old Roman Beneventan
Old Spanish (Mozarabic)
Chant Melodies still transmitted orally by memory
Gregorian Chant – Traditional HistoryNamed for Pope
Gregory I (590-604) who was inspired by the Holy Spirit (in the form of a dove) and dictated chant.
Antiphonary of Hartker of Sankt-Gallen
(Cod. Sang. 390, 13r, 10th century)
Gregorian Chant
752 - Pepin the short begins policy of replacing Gallican Chant with Roman Chant after visit by Pope Stephen II.
768-814 – Charlemagne continues this policy, instituting “Gregorian” chant throughout the empire.Melodic differences in the few extant sources of Old Roman and Gregorian chant suggest that the Franks may have only borrowed the texts but retainedGallican melodies.
Rule of St. Benedict (535 CE)
Divine Office
Matins
Lauds
Little Hours Prime
Terce
Sext
Nones
Vespers
Compline
Matins – most musically elaborate
All 150 Psalms chanted each week along with antiphons, responsories, hymns.
Approximately one quarter of the day is spent chanting in prayer.
Liturgical Books
Breviary Antiphoner (Antiphons and
Responsories) Psalter Hymnal Collectar (office prayers) Homilary, lectionary,
passionary (office lessons) Missals
Gradual (chants of the mass)
Sacramentary (prayers) Epistolary and evangeliary
(lessons of the mass)
Liturgical Calendar divided:
Temporale Feasts determined by
events in Christ’s life; ferias (ordinary days)
Saints’ feasts between December 24 and January 13
Sanctorale Celebration of Saints’ Feast
Days between January 14-December 23
Common Types of Chant
Divine Office Psalms Antiphons Responsories Hymns
Mass Chants Kyrie, Gloria, Credo,
Sanctus, Agnus Dei Graduals Alleluias Sequences
Sung after the Alleluia, all but 4 sequences were banned during the Council of Trent.
Notation - neumes
Richard Rastall, The Notation of Western Music. St. Martin’s Press, 1982
Clare sanctorum senatus apostolorum
London, British Library, Add. 19768, fol 16v
Hiley. Western Plainchant. OUP, 1995
Clare sanctorum senatus apostolorum
Clare sanctorum senatus apostolorum
(top) London, British Library, Add. 19768, fol 16v – mid 10th century, German neumes(bottom) London, British Library, printed book IB. 8668 fos. 113v-114r
Hiley. Western Plainchant. OUP, 1995
Cistercian Tonary (Ms.1412) late 12th cent
Nota Quadrata – 13th century on…
Dixon Gradual, Latrobe University
Other Mss. – Theory, Miscellany
Hucbald – 9th century theorist
Hiley. Western Plainchant. OUP, 1995
Guido D’Arezzo – 11th century Theorist
Hildegard von Bingen – Kyrie (late 12th c)
CANTUS PROJECT
http://publish.uwo.ca/~cantus/index.html