introduction to the plant kingdom. 2 plant characteristics multicellular autotrophic...

INTRODUCTION TO THE PLANT KINGDOM

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Plant Characteristics

• Multicellular• Autotrophic (photosynthesis)• Chlorophylls in thylakoid membranes• Surrounded by cell walls containing

cellulose (polysaccharide)• Store reserve food as amylose (starch)

copyright cmassengale

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Taxonomy

• Plants are divided into two groups

• Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials

• Called Vascular System

Vascular Bundles


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Vascular System

• Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots

• Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used

• Sap is the fluid carried inside the phloemcopyright cmassengale

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Nonvascular Plants

• Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials

• Called Bryophytes

• Require a constantly moist environment

Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes

Sporophyte stage

Gametophyte Stage


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Nonvascular Plants

• Plants can’t grow as tall• Cells must be in direct

contact with moisture• Materials move by

diffusion cell-to-cell• Sperm must swim to

egg through water droplets


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Divisions of Nonvascular Plants

• Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)

Liverworts Hornwortscopyright cmassengale

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Vascular Plants

• Also called Tracheophytes

• Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants

Club Mosscopyright cmassengale

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Seedless Vascular Plants

• Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)

Horsetails

Whisk fernsClub Moss

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Seed-Producing Vascular Plants

• Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

• Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones

• Angiosperms have flowers that produce fruits to attract pollinators and produce seeds copyright cmassengale

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Gymnosperms

• Coniferophyta are known as conifers

• Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir

• Cycadophyta – cycads

• Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgo

Cycad


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Gymnosperms

• Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine

• Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood copyright cmassengale

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Angiosperms• Flowering plants• Seeds are formed when

an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary

• Ovary is within a flower• Flower contains the male

(stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant

• Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) copyright cmassengale

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Angiosperms

• Division Anthophyta• Subdivided into two groups –

Monocots and Dicots• Monocots have a single seed

cotyledon• Dicots have two seed

cotyledons


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Monocots

• Parallel veins in leaves

• Flower parts in multiples of 3

• Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem


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Dicots

• Web veins in leaves

• Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

• Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem


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Why We Can’t do Without Plants!

• Produce oxygen for the atmosphere

• Produce lumber for building• Provide homes and food for

many organisms• Prevent erosion• Used for food


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More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants!

• Produce wood pulp for paper products

• Source of many medicines• Ornamental and shade for

yards• Fibers such as cotton for

fabric• Dyes

introduction to the plant kingdom. 2 plant characteristics multicellular autotrophic...

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