introduction to the physical oceanography of the baltic ... · introduction to the physical...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to the Physical
Oceanography of the Baltic Sea
Environment
Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18,
2011
Klaipeda University, LITHUANIA
Kai Myrberg
Finnish Environment Institute
Marine Research Centre
Helsinki, FINLAND
![Page 2: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Content
1. Basic physical features
2. Climate Change
3. Environmental problems –the state of
the sea
• Future of the Baltic
Sea?
![Page 3: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Physics
![Page 4: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Baltic Sea climate and water exchange with the
North Sea is governed by Global Climate and its
variability - North Atlantic climate is described by
NAO-index (North Atlantic Oscillation)
NAO+ high westerly winds, mild
winters, lot of precipitation
NAO- dry,cold winters, northerly
wind
![Page 5: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Baltic Basin
Mean depth 54m.
(Oceans 3500 m.)
Åland Deep 301m.
Salpausselkä Sill!
Landsort Deep 459m, BS
max depth
Gotland Deep 239m.
Straits: Öresund and
Belts
Baltic Basin IOW
![Page 6: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Baltic Sea basins
![Page 7: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Baltic Sea basins
![Page 8: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Drainage Basin
•Much larger than the
area of the BS
•1 721233 km2
A=392.978 km2
V=21.205 km2
•85 milj. People
•14 Countries (9 coastal)
•Lot of industry,
agriculture, cities....
![Page 9: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Baltic Sea temperature (yellow), salinity (blue),
oxygen (red). Left: Bothnian Sea, Right: Gotland
Deep (Furman et al.)
![Page 10: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Salinity cross-section: Southern Baltic-Gotland
Deep-Gulf of Finland (winter 2010)
![Page 11: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Salinity cross-section: Southern Baltic-Gotland
Deep-Gulf of Bothnia (winter 2010)
![Page 12: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Saline and oxygen-rich
water through pulses....
![Page 13: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
•1993 Major Baltic inflow (A. Lehmann)
![Page 14: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Energy balance
• Qn = Qs – Qr + QLa – QLo + Qc + Qe + QP,
where Qn is net heat flux.
The sum
QR = Qs – Qr + QLa – QLo is
The radiation balance at sea-surface
Qc + Qe is
Turbulent heat
![Page 15: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Energy balance
![Page 16: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Baltic Sea water balance
21,205 km3
440 km3/a
215 km2/a
175 km3/a 1660 km3/a
1180 km3/a
![Page 17: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Fresh water balance
![Page 18: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water balance
- Precipitation P 50 % of River runoff (445
km3/y
-Annual inflow to BS from Kattegat 1.200
km3 (1000-1.500 km3)about 3 times R which equals to 3.2 m
thick water layer at the BS surface
-monthly water storage max-min 500km3
(1.25m, like R)
![Page 19: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Main equations
![Page 20: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Baltic Sea mean surface circulation
![Page 21: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mean current
animation.
Depth 5m
Mean current
animation.
Depth 5m.
![Page 22: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Inertial oscillations
![Page 23: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Water circulation
Ekman-
spiral:
![Page 24: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Upwelling
![Page 25: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Upwelling in the Baltic Sea
Upwelling principles
![Page 26: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Upwelling in the Baltic Sea
Upwelling in relation to wind
27.08.-02.09.2003
NOAA-AVHRRSST °C
H L
![Page 27: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ice conditions in the Baltic Sea
Probability of
freezing
![Page 28: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Baltic ice winter
![Page 29: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Can the Climate Change be
deceted in the Baltic Sea?
![Page 30: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
How the Climate Change is now recognized
in the BS?
-The sea-surface
temperature has
increased 0.5-0.8
degrees in 50 years,
-The surface salinity
has decreased by 0.2
per milles (mean salinity
7 per milles)
-Mild or normal ice
winters since 1987 until
2010
-New sea-level maxima
(increasing frequency of
high winds)
![Page 32: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What will happen in the Future until 2100?
Precipitation: Decreases in summer (even 45%),
increases in winter (even 25-75%)
River runoff decreases in summer,
increases in winter even up to 50 %
BS will NOT be a lake, salinity stratification will remain
Winter floodings will prevent major BS inflows?
Kyllikki Rooväli, Postimees, Pärnu, 2005
![Page 33: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Qualitative changes in ice conditions (J. Haapala)
Control ScenarioPre-industrial time Year 2100
Haapala et al, 2001
Q : Is there ice in the BS in 2100?
A : Yes, but much less than at present. In the future only the
easternmost Gulf of Finland the northernmost Bay of Bothnia will
be ice-covered during mild winters.
![Page 34: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Oil accident
![Page 35: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
7.9
.20
11
Traffic in the GOF during ole typical Wednesday (28th of Feb 2007)
in ice conditions
Source: HELCOM AIS Database
Visualized by http://www.smhi.se/seatrack
SYKE/YVY/MH 28th Feb 2007
Oil transport routes and oil terminals – red
Kilpilahti
Vyborg
Vysotsk
Primorsk
St. Petersburg
Sillamäe
Helsinki
Miiduranna
Paldiski
Muuga
Venebalti
Inkoo
Ust-Luga (summer))
Kotka
Hamina
PaljassaareOld City Harbour
In statistic Tallinn = Old City Harbour + Paljassaare + Paldiski + Muuga
![Page 36: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1987 1997 2001 2002 2003 2004 2010
Total
Helsinki
Sköldvik
Inkoo
Kotka
Hamina
Vistino
Gorki
Vysotsk
Primorsk
St Petersburg
Batareinaya
Ust-Luga
Lomonosov
Sillamäe
Aseri
Kunda
Vene-Balti
Miiduranna
Tallinn
1987 1997 2001 2002 2003 2004 2010
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Oil Transportation in the Gulf of
Finland
![Page 37: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
7.9.2011
New oil rescue vessel in the Gulf of Finland—
but when?
![Page 38: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The state of the Baltic Sea
![Page 40: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
© National Land Survey of Finland144/MYY/07
Finnish Environment InstituteSYKE, FINLAND 2011
Data source: Helsinki Commission
DE490 t/a
FI3 490 t/a
PL10 230 t/a
LT1 240 t/a
LV2 800 t/a
EE790 t/a
RU4070 t/a
P Natural background loadtotal
P Point sourcetotal
P Diffuse loadtotal
P Transboundary loadtotal
P Unspecified riverine loadtotal
© National Land Survey of Finland144/MYY/07
Finnish Environment InstituteSYKE, FINLAND 2011
Data source: Helsinki Commission
N Natural background loadtotal
N Point sourcetotal
N Diffuse loadtotal
N Transboundary loadtotal
N Unspecified riverine loadtotal
DK52 980 t/a
DE16 900 t/a
FI78 900 t/a
PL152 600 t/a
LT28 000 t/a
LV59 500 t/a
EE20 400 t/a
RU107600 t/a
Total phosphorus and nitrogen
loads into the Baltic Sea in 2006
HELCOM PLC-5 Core Group,
Seppo Knuuttila 8.3.2011
![Page 41: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in northern Baltic
Proper
P N
Source: Fleming-Lehtinen, SYKE
![Page 42: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Algae blooms
![Page 43: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
State of the BS• Secchi--depth (Fleming-Lehtinen)
![Page 44: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
07/09/2011
Load reduction
recommendation
per country
(tons/Year)
P 291 (34%)
N 20 780 (29%) P 222 (18%)
N 896 (5%)
P 881 (66%)
N 11 746 (26%)
P 300 (19%)
N 2561 (25%)
P 242 (45%)
N 5621 (27%)
P 16 (31%)
N 17 207 (30%)
P 146 (25%)
N 1199 (8%)
Bothnian Bay
Bothnian Sea
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Riga
Baltic Proper
Danish Straits
Kattegat
P 2500 (37%)
N 6967 (8%)
P 8755 (64%)
N 62 395 (29%)
![Page 45: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nutrient loads in St.Petersburg by Vodokanal
Photo: The John Nurminen Foundation
![Page 46: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Phosporus load from
St.Petersburg (tons/year)
Lähde: Vodokanal Pietari, SeppoKnuuttila/SYKE
![Page 47: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Near-bottom oxygen conditions in winter 1994
![Page 48: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Near-bottom oxygen conditions in winter 2010
![Page 49: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
This is the Baltic Sea Future—
No Thanks!
![Page 50: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Baltic Sea Future
-The worsening of the State of the valuable
BS is a big problem for our societya
binding protection agreement is needed,
good adiministration is required
-The inheritance of socialism makes the
protection very complicated
-Loadings and risks of marine transport
should be taken care off
- Climate Change requires quick response
- Activity of the Citizens should be
supported
![Page 51: Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic ... · Introduction to the Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea Environment Baltic Way Summer School, Sept.18, 2011 Klaipeda](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5f10c3527e708231d44ab2ce/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Thanks,
for your
Attention
Kuvateksti Arial 16 pt.