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    15

    10

    5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20short stockshort callcombined position

    written call

    short stock

    short stock + short call

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    0.5

    1

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    2

    2.5

    3

    3.5long putlong callput + call

    0 2 4 6 8 10 126

    4

    2

    0

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    4

    6long put+short callshort put + long callcombined position

    K1 K

    2

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    10short stockshort callcombined positionshort stock

    written call

    short stock + short call

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    3

    3.5

    4long putlong callput + call

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    6long put+short callshort put+long callcombined position

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    St

    St+d

    St+u

    St+2uu

    St+2ud

    St+2du

    St+2dd

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    Binomial Density, n=4

    0.0625

    0.25

    0.375

    0.25

    0.0625

    00.05

    0.10.15

    0.20.25

    0.30.35

    0.4

    0 1 2 3 4

    Number of Successes

    Probability

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    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10.8

    0.6

    0.4

    0.2

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    Time

    Brownian Motion Path

    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10.85

    0.9

    0.95

    1

    1.05

    1.1

    Time

    Stock Price Path

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    0.6

    0.4

    0.2

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    Time

    Brownian Motion Path

    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10.85

    0.9

    0.95

    1

    1.05

    1.1

    Time

    Stock Price Path

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    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 31

    1.1

    1.2

    1.3

    Stock Price Path, Delta = 1

    Stoc

    kPrice

    Time

    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30.95

    1

    1.05

    1.1

    1.15

    1.2Stock Price Path, Delta = .5

    Stoc

    kPrice

    Time

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    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

    0.9

    0.95

    1

    1.05

    1.1

    1.15Path of Stock Price, Delta = .01, sigma=.1

    Time

    Stoc

    kPrice

    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30.8

    0.9

    1

    1.1

    1.2

    1.3Path of Stock Price, Delta = .01, sigma=.1*sqrt(3)

    Time

    Stoc

    kPrice

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    Time

    x variable

    0

    .25

    .50

    .75

    1.0

    $0 $3 $6 $9 $12

    0 0 0 3 6

    0

    0

    0

    0

    6

    6

    6

    6

    0 .4167 3

    .0579 .7176 3.0579

    .1415 .9510 3.1415

    .2342 1.1428 3.2342

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    0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    Rr

    f

    (R,r

    )

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    0

    0.1

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    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    Rr

    f(R

    ,r)

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    18

    x 103 Caplet Payoff for each $1 of Notional Amount

    (Lt3

    mon

    ths

    6

    .75%

    )*3/12

    3 month Libor at start of 3 month period

    payoff

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    0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

    80

    60

    40

    20

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    Forward Contract Payoff with Forward Price = $89.5

    Price, in 3 months, of a defaultfree discount bond maturing in 18 months

    Bon

    dprice

    in3mon

    ths8

    9.5

    payoff

    0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.160.08

    0.06

    0.04

    0.02

    0

    0.02

    0.04

    0.06

    0.08Payoff of a Single FRA on 3month Libor with F equal to 7.5%

    Libor at the end of each threemonth period

    Payo

    ff(same

    fora

    lls

    ixagreemen

    ts)

    payoff

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    0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.140.04

    0.03

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    0.01

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    0.04Fixed Payer Interest Rate Swap at 6, 12, 18, and 24 Months per $1 Notional

    6 month Libor at the start of the 6 month period

    (Lt1

    /27

    .5%)*6/12

    payoff

    0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.120

    0.01

    0.02

    0.03

    0.04

    0.05

    0.06Payoff of Swaption with 6% Swap Rate

    current swap rates

    max

    (curren

    tswapra

    te6

    %,0

    )

    payoff

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    Time

    Va

    lue

    Func

    tion

    Value Function over Time