introduction to the irvine smart grid demonstration (isgd ... · pdf fileintroduction to the...

Introduction to the Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD “is good”) Project

Igniting Technology Event: Calit2

Jack Brouwer Ph DJack Brouwer, Ph.D.November 10, 2010

© Advanced Power and Energy Program, 2010 1/13

Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD)Project Team led by Southern California Edison (SCE):Project Team led by Southern California Edison (SCE):•• Boeing Company Boeing Company –– systems integration, secure networksystems integration, secure network•• GE GE –– advanced appliances, EMS, smart invertersadvanced appliances, EMS, smart inverters•• A123 Systems A123 Systems –– battery storagebattery storage•• SunPowerSunPower Corp. Corp. –– solar photovoltaic systemssolar photovoltaic systems•• ItronItron Inc. Inc. –– SmartConnectSmartConnect™ metering infrastructure ™ metering infrastructure •• EPRI EPRI –– analysis, simulation, data acquisitionanalysis, simulation, data acquisition•• UC Irvine UC Irvine ––energy conversion device testing, optimization energy conversion device testing, optimization

and benefits analysis faculty housing coordinationand benefits analysis faculty housing coordinationand benefits analysis, faculty housing coordinationand benefits analysis, faculty housing coordination•• USC USC –– DARPnetDARPnet security and interoperability protocolssecurity and interoperability protocols•• Cal Poly PomonaCal Poly Pomona –– curriculum developmentcurriculum development•• Cal Poly Pomona Cal Poly Pomona –– curriculum developmentcurriculum development


Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD)

Irvine

I. Energy Smart Customer Devices1. Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Homes2. PEV Charging at Work

II Y2020 Distribution SystemIrvineII. Y2020 Distribution System3. Distribution Circuit Constraint

Management Using Energy Storage4. Enhanced Volt/VAR Control

UCIMacArthur

4. Enhanced Volt/VAR Control5. Self Healing Distribution Circuits6. Deep Grid Situational Awareness

III. Secure Energy Internet (SENet)

2

23 4 5sub

Arnold 12kV

~30 Smart HomesUniversity Hills

7. End-to-End cyber security andinteroperability

1

3

3

4 45

5

56 7

Rommel 12kV

55

57

7 7

Rommel 12kV


Newport Beach

Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD)UCI Advanced Power and Energy Program roles:UCI Advanced Power and Energy Program roles:•• Task 1: Smart Grid Design Simulation and ModelingTask 1: Smart Grid Design Simulation and Modeling

• Subtask 1.1: Design simulation & analysis of smart circuit technology• Subtask 1.2: Coordination & support of SCE technology development

•• Task 2: Smart Grid Impacts and Performance AssessmentTask 2: Smart Grid Impacts and Performance AssessmentTask 2: Smart Grid Impacts and Performance Assessment Task 2: Smart Grid Impacts and Performance Assessment • Subtask 2.1: Deployed Smart Grid Circuit Model(s)• Subtask 2.2: Impedance, Current, Power (ZIP) Load Model Evaluation • Subtask 2.3: Greenhouse Gas and Energy Savings Analyses

•• Task 3: Smart Grid Technology ImplementationTask 3: Smart Grid Technology ImplementationS bt k 3 1 C it S t G id T h l I l t ti• Subtask 3.1: Community Smart Grid Technology Implementation

• Subtask 3.2: Support UCI Campus Energy Storage Implementation• Subtask 3.3: Support UCI Campus “CarShade” Installationpp p• Subtask 3.4: Support Acquisition of Electric Vehicles• Subtask 3.5: Purchase, Own and Manage PV Installation


Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD)•• Evolution of Energy Efficiency Technologies in ISGDEvolution of Energy Efficiency Technologies in ISGD

Test EnergyEffi i

Home A PV EVSE

PEV (non- Home PEV ( # ofTest

Case Efficiency Level*

Area Network†

PV EVSE commun-icating)

Home Storage (commun-

icating)

# of Homes

Control - - - - - - - ~10

2012 35% Yes Yes - - - - ~10

2015 55% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - ~10

2020- 65% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ~102020ZNE

65% Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10

* above 2005 Title 24 level† includes in-home displays, programmable, controllable thermostats, energy managementp y p g gy g

systems, smart appliances, Edison SmartConnectTM metersEVSE – electric vehicle supply equipmentPEV – plug-in electric vehiclePV h t lt iPV – photo-voltaic


Previous APEP Related Research

Substation:Substation:( C) f( C) f

APEP Circuit Analyses/Simulation APEP Circuit Analyses/Simulation -- Existing Voltage RegulatorsExisting Voltage Regulators

•• Load tap changing (LTC) autotransformer: Load tap changing (LTC) autotransformer: • Sets substation voltage

•• Load drop compensation (LDC):Load drop compensation (LDC): 1.04

1.05

1.06Light LoadHeavy Load

p p ( )p p ( )• Estimates voltage drop in circuit• Actively changes substation voltage

setpoint with load intensity 1.01

1.02

1.03

Vol

tage

(p.u

.)

p y

Along Distribution Circuit:Along Distribution Circuit:•• C it b kC it b k 0 2 4 6 8

0.98

0.99

1

V

•• Capacitor banksCapacitor banks• Provide reactive power near to loads• Typically switched on/off

Distance (mi)

Substation voltage changes due to load drop compensation

•• Step voltage regulatorStep voltage regulator• Autotransformer located midway on circuit• Can raise/lower voltage with LDC


g

Previous APEP Related ResearchAPEP Circuit Analyses: Calculating Voltage RegulationAPEP Circuit Analyses: Calculating Voltage Regulation•• No Distributed Generation (DG) Case:No Distributed Generation (DG) Case:

1 131 13• 10% DG Penetration:

1 03

1.04

1.05

1.06

u.)

Light LoadHeavy Load Vmax

1 051.071.091.111.13

(p.u

.)

1 051.071.091.111.13

(p.u

.)

1 03

1.04

1.05

1.06

u.)

Vmax

1

1.01

1.02

1.03

Vol

tage

(p.u

V 0 970.991.011.031.05

Volta

ge

MaxMin

0 970.991.011.031.05

Volta

ge

1

1.01

1.02

1.03

Vol

tage

(p.u

V

0 2 4 6 80.98

0.99

Distance (mi)

Vmin 0.950.97

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Penetration Factor

0.950.97

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Penetration Factor0 2 4 6 8

0.98

0.99

1

Distance (mi)

Light LoadHeavy Load

Vmin

•• Penetration Factor = DG capacity / Circuit basePenetration Factor = DG capacity / Circuit base•• i.e., 7 MW base circuit:i.e., 7 MW base circuit:

• 0 1 t ti 700 kW f DG• 0.1 penetration = 700 kW of DG• 1.0 penetration = 7 MW of DG


Previous APEP Related ResearchAPEP Power Electronics ResearchAPEP Power Electronics Research•• Essential to enable “smart grid” Essential to enable “smart grid” •• Integrate sensing, actuation, communication Integrate sensing, actuation, communication

and interface in one “box”and interface in one “box”•• N l i ith li it d h dN l i ith li it d h d

Communications & Logic most

likely•• New logic with limited new hardwareNew logic with limited new hardware likely incorporated into

Smart Inverter


Previous APEP Related ResearchAPEP Baseline interconnection case:APEP Baseline interconnection case:•• Examine inverterExamine inverter--load relationshipload relationship•• Ideal loadIdeal load--following DGfollowing DG•• InverterInverter--onlyonly•• Follow real nonFollow real non linear loadlinear load•• Follow real nonFollow real non--linear loadlinear load

(building demand)(building demand)•• Assume Assume PgridPgrid = 10kW= 10kWgg

InverterInverter--only design is insufficient to only design is insufficient to


y gy gcompensate harmonicscompensate harmonics

Previous APEP Related ResearchAPEP Inverter/APF interconnection case:APEP Inverter/APF interconnection case:•• Infinite loadInfinite load--followingfollowing•• Add active power filter (APF)Add active power filter (APF)•• APF provides compensation APF provides compensation

currentcurrent

+ -+ -

+ -

Addition of APF reduces undesirable Addition of APF reduces undesirable


line current harmonicsline current harmonics

Previous APEP Related Research•• Energy Deployment Model Results Energy Deployment Model Results -- 33% Wind Penetration33% Wind Penetration

With “Deep Grid Situational Awareness” we canpautomatically and instantaneously dispatch localgeneration, energy storage, demand response, …


Previous APEP Related ResearchAPEP ZEVAPEP ZEV••NET and PHEV ProgramsNET and PHEV Programs


Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD)Approach to Zero Net Energy (ZNE)Approach to Zero Net Energy (ZNE)•• Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

•• Lighting Lighting –– highly efficient lamps, controls, and solid state lightinghighly efficient lamps, controls, and solid state lighting•• HVACHVAC –– improved efficiency through optimizing for climate and improved efficiency through optimizing for climate and

rightright--sizing units to meet loadsizing units to meet loadrightright--sizing units to meet loadsizing units to meet load•• Building envelope Building envelope –– increased insulation, cool roof materials, better increased insulation, cool roof materials, better

glazing systems, selective films to reduce heating & cooling loadsglazing systems, selective films to reduce heating & cooling loadsS i i lS i i l hi h ffi i i bl d lhi h ffi i i bl d l•• Swimming pools Swimming pools –– high efficiency, variable speed pool pumpshigh efficiency, variable speed pool pumps

•• Local Green Power GenerationLocal Green Power Generation•• Photovoltaic systemsPhotovoltaic systems –– roof neighborhoodroof neighborhoodPhotovoltaic systems Photovoltaic systems –– roof, neighborhoodroof, neighborhood•• Energy Storage Energy Storage –– automotive derivative lithiumautomotive derivative lithium--ion batteries, store ion batteries, store

both renewable and offboth renewable and off--peak grid energy for use during onpeak grid energy for use during on--peak peak demand periods also an uninterruptible power supplydemand periods also an uninterruptible power supplydemand periods, also an uninterruptible power supplydemand periods, also an uninterruptible power supply

•• Intelligent invertersIntelligent inverters-- ability to provide full four quadrant power ability to provide full four quadrant power deliverydelivery


Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD)Approach to Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Approach to Zero Net Energy (ZNE) –– cont’dcont’d•• Automation, Dispatch, Grid ConnectivityAutomation, Dispatch, Grid Connectivity

•• Edison Edison SmartConnectSmartConnect™ meter ™ meter –– twotwo--way communication from backway communication from back--office to home, enables the Home Area Network (HAN)office to home, enables the Home Area Network (HAN)

•• InIn--Home Displays (IHD) Home Displays (IHD) –– provide information to make intelligent provide information to make intelligent p y ( )p y ( ) p gp genergy choices, investigate 3energy choices, investigate 3rdrd party Internet access to dataparty Internet access to data

•• Programmable Communicating Thermostat (PCT) Programmable Communicating Thermostat (PCT) –– utility & consumer utility & consumer energy savings, messaging, data to validate demand responseenergy savings, messaging, data to validate demand responseenergy savings, messaging, data to validate demand responseenergy savings, messaging, data to validate demand response

•• Home Energy Management System (EMS) Home Energy Management System (EMS) –– central control of whole central control of whole house energy consumption, communication with all HAN deviceshouse energy consumption, communication with all HAN devices

•• S t A liS t A li C i & d d lid tiC i & d d lid ti•• Smart Appliances Smart Appliances –– Consumer savings & demand response validationConsumer savings & demand response validation•• Smart Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Smart Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) –– vehicle battery vehicle battery

charging, meter communication, protection, respond to price signals charging, meter communication, protection, respond to price signals & EMS directions& EMS directions


Previous APEP Related ResearchWind PowerWind Power –– Example of NonExample of Non--Coincidence with Peak Coincidence with Peak

DemandDemand


CAISO, 2007

DER and the Distribution SystemExisting distribution system:Existing distribution system:•• Major investmentMajor investment

C iti l dC iti l d•• Critical needCritical need•• Inflexible, aging infrastructureInflexible, aging infrastructure•• Assumptions on power flowAssumptions on power flowp pp p

• Uni-directional, decreasing• Predictable diurnal load change• Predictable spatial load distributionPredictable spatial load distribution

Distributed energy resources (DER):Distributed energy resources (DER):•• D i d fD i d f•• Designed for userDesigned for user•• Invalidates existing assumptionsInvalidates existing assumptions

• Bi-directional• New diurnal patterns• New spatial load location• Intermittent DG behavior


Utility must still provide reliable, safe service to all customers

Typical Distribution SystemTypical distribution system:• Line

Nominal 12 47 kV (L L) 3ph Y/Δ- Nominal 12.47 kV (L-L) 3ph-Y/Δ

• Load tap change (LTC) autotransformer- Located at substation

Main setting for system voltage- Main setting for system voltage- (opt.) Utilizes load drop compensation (LDC)

• (opt.) Step voltage regulator (SVR)LTC located midway on circuit- LTC located midway on circuit

• Shunt capacitor bank- Mechanically switched- Support voltage control- Support voltage control

• Communications- Radio network (slow)- AMI network (new)AMI network (new)

• Distribution transformer- Acceptable service entrance voltage: 0.95-

1.05 p.u.


p

Complementary Sustainable TechnologiesAPEP Dynamic Generator ModelingAPEP Dynamic Generator Modeling

Siemens Integrated SOFC S tSi l C ll MCFC Siemens/SCE 220 kW

0.65Experiment

SOFC SystemSingle Cell MCFC Test Stand

20.5

Siemens/SCE 220 kW SOFC/GT Hybrid

0.63

0.64

olta

ge [V

]

Model

19 5

20

ower

(kW

)

0 6

0.61

0.62

FC V

o

19

19.5

Mod

ule

Po


0 50000 100000 150000 20000.6

Time [sec]0 1 2 3 4 5 618.5

Time (Hr)

Complementary Sustainable Technologies

Air

APEP Integrated System Control APEP Integrated System Control -- 25 to 70 amp current 25 to 70 amp current increase with PEN temperature feedbackincrease with PEN temperature feedbackFuel Cell systems can be

AirMotor

BlowerH t H t m

p (K

)

designed and controlled to provide clean, high

efficiency and highly dynamic dispatchable power

SOFCOxid-izerOxid-izer

Refor-mer

Heat

Exch.

Fuel + H2O

Exit

Heat

Exch.Steam

Prep.

PEN

Te

mK

)

Time (s)

dynamic dispatchable power to complement renewable

intermittencySOFC izerizer

Ref

orm

er

Tem

p (K

Initial 0-s Peak 874s Final 50ksTransition 1050s

PEN

Tem

p (K

)

Time (s)

Cur

rent

(A)


C

Introduction to the Smart GridSmart Grid ComponentsSmart Grid Components•• T&D AutomationT&D Automation•• System CoordinationSystem Coordination

Situation AssessmentSituation Assessment•• OperationsOperations•• Renewable IntegrationRenewable Integration

D d C t lD d C t l•• Demand ControlDemand Control•• Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency•• Smart AppliancesSmart Appliances•• Smart AppliancesSmart Appliances•• Smart Electric VehiclesSmart Electric Vehicles

and Chargersand Chargersand Chargersand Chargers•• Distributed EnergyDistributed Energy

ResourcesResources


http://www.oe.doe.govSmart Grid R&D: 2010-2014 MYPP

Energy Storage Technology IntroductionLithium Ion BatteryLithium Ion Battery•• A123 Corporation A123 Corporation -- NanophosphateNanophosphate™ high power lithium ion ™ high power lithium ion

technologytechnology• Power: Higher rate capability ⇒ fewer cells in a pack ⇒ right sized

systemssystems• Safety: Nanophosphate™ less likely to release oxygen ⇒ higher

abuse toleranceLif Mi i l i d• Life: Minimal impedance growth ⇒ minimal power d d tidegradation ⇒ High Cycle Life

•• HH--APU (ancillary powerAPU (ancillary power( y p( y punit) Battery Productunit) Battery Product• reserve capacity

l ti i


• regulation servicesVartanian, A123, 2008

Communication and Control TechnologiesAdvanced Sensing and Measurement Advanced Sensing and Measurement •• Smart meters Smart meters –– Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)•• CostCost--effective sensing and energy measurement for home effective sensing and energy measurement for home

automation and smart appliancesautomation and smart appliances•• Distribution network sensingDistribution network sensing

• Monitor voltage, frequency, angle, component temperature, weather conditions such as irradiance, wind velocity, and ambient temperatureconditions such as irradiance, wind velocity, and ambient temperature

•• Transmission system sensing Transmission system sensing –– phasorsphasors//synchrophasorssynchrophasors


( )22 1CLRZ ωω −+= www.reverseenergy.com

Communication and Control TechnologiesAPEP Power Electronics, Inverter & Converter ResearchAPEP Power Electronics, Inverter & Converter Research•• Most distributed generators produce DC powerMost distributed generators produce DC power

• Micro-turbine generators (variable, high frequency AC-rectified-DC)• Fuel cells (DC electricity)• Solar photovoltaic (DC electricity)Solar photovoltaic (DC electricity)

•• Power electronics & converters required for grid connectionPower electronics & converters required for grid connection• DC/AC conversion: inverter• AC/DC conversion: rectifier• DC/DC conversion

•• DC i t lt VDC i t lt V•• DC input voltage, VgDC input voltage, Vg

•• Switching mode “chopping”Switching mode “chopping”•• Switching mode “chopping”Switching mode “chopping”

•• Output filter “smoothing”Output filter “smoothing” AC powerAC power


•• Output filter smoothing Output filter smoothing –– AC powerAC power

Integration of Integration of RenewablesRenewablesTehachapi, CA wind generation for April, 2005Tehachapi, CA wind generation for April, 2005


Hawkins, CAISO, 2007

Some Smart Grid ChallengesSolar Power ~coincident with peak Solar Power ~coincident with peak –– but clouds cause problembut clouds cause problem

© Advanced Power and Energy Program, 2010 26/13SunPower, Inc., 2008

Some Smart Grid ChallengesSolar Power ~coincident with peak Solar Power ~coincident with peak –– but clouds cause problembut clouds cause problem

Output from Nevada 70 KW array

© Advanced Power and Energy Program, 2010 27/13SunPower, Inc., 2008

Communication and Control TechnologiesArchitecture for Smart Grid Information Technology:Architecture for Smart Grid Information Technology:•• Software architectures to enable decentralized communities Software architectures to enable decentralized communities

t i t t i d i f t l t i id ith hi ht i t t i d i f t l t i id ith hi hto interact in a dynamic future electric grid with high to interact in a dynamic future electric grid with high efficiency, adaptability, reliability, security, and sustainabilityefficiency, adaptability, reliability, security, and sustainability• New and diverse energy resources (generation, storage, transmission)New and diverse energy resources (generation, storage, transmission)

with idiosyncratic properties– Instantaneous capacity/production/consumption, intermittency, variability

due to weather or other exogenous forcesdue to weather or other exogenous forces• Decentralized framework with various authority regimes

– Autonomous local behaviorU il t l d i i d t i t l t th id t b d t d– Unilateral decisions detrimental to the grid must be accommodated

– Marketplace must handle a myriad of individual, decentralized participants in the network that is sufficiently coordinated to produce overall featuresUbi it & t * ith ti i i l it d– Ubiquitous & autonomous* with operating principles, security, and processing that produces stability & reliability.

*NOTE: Modern two*NOTE: Modern two--way communications not fast enough to avert way communications not fast enough to avert id d di ti d t l l (i t ti l id t l) b d tiid d di ti d t l l (i t ti l id t l) b d ti


widespread disruption due to local (intentional or accidental) bad action widespread disruption due to local (intentional or accidental) bad action

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