INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Dr. Smith

Psmith@nutleyschools.org

Anatomy/Physiology

Anatomy - study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts

Physiology – study of how the body parts work together

FORM FITS FUNCTION To view – dissect individual parts of body

Organization of the Body Organisms are made up of trillions of atoms Atoms combine to form complicated molecules Molecules combine to form organelles – components

of cells that do a specific function for a cell Organelles combine to form cells (smallest living unit) Cells that work together combine to form tissues Tissues that work together to form an organs Organs that work together form an organ system Organ Systems that work together form an organism

Biological Organization

Anatomical Position Reference position where we can

discuss the relationship of one body part to another

Standing Posture, Palms forwards, head and feet forward

Supine refers to body lying face up

Prone refers to body lying face down

Anatomical Directions

When the body is in anatomical position we can use these terms

Superior/Inferior- towards the head/towards the feet Anterior (Ventral)/Posterior(Dorsal) – towards the

front/towards the back Medial/Lateral – towards the midline/away from the midline Proximal/Distal – towards the trunk of the body/away from

the trunk of the body Superficial/Deep – near the surface/away from the surface

Body Planes

Used to “cut” a body into smaller segments

Sagittal Plane – cut lengthwise from head to toe – mid-sagittal – two equal halves

Frontal Plane (also called coronal plane) – divides into anterior and posterior

Transverse Plane – horizontal plane – divides into superior and inferior portions

BODY CAVITIES Body Cavity - open spaces in body where organs are kept -

Cranial cavity (dorsal) – houses brain

Spinal cavity (dorsal – houses spinal column

Thoracic cavity (ventral) – houses lungs and heart – divisions – mediastinum – middle - pleural (lungs) sides

Abdominopelvic Cavity – separated from thoracic by diaphragm

Abdominopelvic Regions

Picture of unidentified student when she found out how much work this class entails

YIKES!!YIKES!!!!!!!!

Body Regions Axial Region – centralized

body trunk – consists of head, neck, and torso

Appendicular – upper and lower extremities

Balance of Body Functions

Homeostasis – regulation of the living environment – Biological balance

Homeostasis is controlled by feedback loops - Sensor – senses a change in the environment Control center – processes the change Effector - effects the controlled condition

Negative Feedback Loop Negate or oppose a change in a condition

– return to normal

Positive Feedback Loop

Not common – amplify or reinforce a change that is occurring

Uterine contractions in the birthing process and the introduction of platelets to cuts