introduction to statistics chapter 1: important terms & concepts
TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
CHAPTER 1:IMPORTANT TERMS & CONCEPTS
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What is STATISTICS?Statistics is the science of
conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions from data.
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BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIALStatistics that are collected , organized, etc. using data that already exists.
Generalizes from samples to populations. Makes predictions.
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Identify each statistic as either descriptive or inferential.
1.Texting while driving can make you 23 times more likely to get in an accident.
2.In 2005, 50% of all paper products were recycled.
3.There are 50 to 70 confirmed shark attacks every year.
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Variables and types of Data
Variables
Quantitative Qualitative
Discrete Continuous
http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm
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VARIABLES AND DATA
Variable – A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.
Data – are the values or measures that the variable can assume.
Example: color – r, o, y, g, b, p Test - A, B, C, D, F
Variable Slide
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QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES Variables that are numerical in
nature and can be ordered or ranked.
Examples: age, weight, height, body temperatures, etc.
Variable Slide
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QUALITATIVE VARIABLES Variables that can be placed into
distinct categories.
Examples: colors, types of foods, seasons, brand names, etc.
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QUANTITATIVE OR QUALITATIVE?
• The median age in PA is 40.1 years.
• Among the state's occupied housing units, 69.6% were owned, compared with 30.4% that were rented.
Variable Slide
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DISCRETE VARIABLES Assume values that can be
counted. (usually whole numbers)
Examples: # of ______, shoe size, etc.
Variable Slide
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CONTINUOUS VARIABLES Can assume all values between any two
specific values. They are usually obtained by measuring.
Examples: temperature, weight, length, etc.
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DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?
• The median age in PA is 40.1 years.
• Among the state's occupied housing units, 69.6% were owned, compared with 30.4% that were rented.
Next Section
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MEASUREMENT SCALES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
1. Nominal: No order or ranking ex: zip codes, locker #’s, phone #’s,
etc.
2. Ordinal: Data can be ranked; however precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
ex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd; letter grades, etc.
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MEASUREMENTS CON’T
3. Interval: Ranks data; Precise differences between units of measure. No meaningful zero.
ex: temp., IQ, etc.
4. Ratio: Same as interval, but has a true zero
ex: weight, height, length, etc.
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SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Random: Samples selected by chance.
2. Systematic: Samples selected by numbering each subject and then selecting every kth number.
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SAMPLING CON’T3. Stratified: Divide a population
into groups according to a common characteristic, then sample from each group.
4. Cluster: Samples taken from already intact groups (usually locative) within a population.
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USES AND MISUSES