introduction to resistivity logging. outline definitions and uses resistivity in rocks archie’s...
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![Page 1: Introduction to Resistivity Logging. Outline Definitions and Uses Resistivity in Rocks Archie’s Equations Invasion and Invasion Models Measuring Resistivity](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061609/56649ef25503460f94c042f4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction toResistivity Logging
Introduction toResistivity Logging
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OutlineOutline• Definitions and Uses
• Resistivity in Rocks
• Archie’s Equations
• Invasion and Invasion Models
• Measuring Resistivity (Rt and Rxo)• Basic ES Principles• Focused Devices• Micro Resistivity Devices
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Resistivity UsesResistivity Uses
• Locate Hydrocarbons
• Identify Water Type
• Correlation
• Identify Lithology of Formations
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ResistivityResistivity
• The opposition to flow of electrical current offered by a material of unit length and unit cross sectional area.
V
A
L
r
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Measuring ResistivityMeasuring Resistivity
V - Voltage in Volts R - Resistance in Ohms
I - Current in Amperes A - Area in Square Meters
L - Length in Meters
R
V
A
L
R = r L/ A
rV/ I x A/ L
r
k = A/ L
V = R x I
V = rL/ A x I
rV/ I x k
V = I R
V = r L / A I
r = V / I k
R = r L / A
r = V/ I A / L
( k = A / L )
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Archie PorosityArchie Porosity
Matrix
Oil
Water
SW = 60%
Eff. = 30%
eff
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Water Wet Porosity - RoWater Wet Porosity - Ro
SW = 100%EFF = 30%
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Oil And WaterOil And Water
SW = 60%EFF = 30%
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Water ResistivityWater Resistivity
RW
Cube filled withSalt Water (Resistivity Rw)
Rt = RwPorosity () = 100%
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Rock Matrix ResistivityRock Matrix Resistivity
Rock Cube, Rt = Porosity () = 0%
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Hydrocarbon ResistivityHydrocarbon Resistivity
Oil Cube, Rt = Porosity () = 100%
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Fresh-Water Filled PorosityFresh-Water Filled Porosity
Archie Cube, Rt =Porosity () = 30%
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Salt-Water Filled PorositySalt-Water Filled Porosity
Resistvity 1/
Resistvity RwArchie Cube, Rt > Rw
Porosity () = 30%Rt = Ro
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Salt Water & OilSalt Water & Oil
Resistvity 1/SWArchie Cube, Rt >> Rw
Porosity () = 30%
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ResistivityResistivity
Which of these “Archie Blocks” has the largest resistivity
Rt = RoRt = Ro Rt > Ro
= 20%Sw = 100%
= 30%Sw = 66%
= 10%Sw = 100%
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ResistivityResistivity
Which of these “Archie Blocks” has the largest resistivity
Rt = RoRt = Ro Rt > Ro
= 20%Sw = 100%
= 30%Sw = 66%
= 10%Sw = 100%
> =
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True ResistivityTrue Resistivity
Rt =Rwn
Swm
a
ma
- Relates Porosity to Resistivity
m is related to the degree and type of cementation
nSw
- n usually equal to 2
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Resistivity FactorsResistivity Factors
• The Formation Resistivity is effected by:
• Volume of Water - (Porosity & Sw)
• Resistivity of Water - (Rw)
• Current path through Water - “m” in Porosity equation
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ResistivityResistivity
Which of these “Archie Blocks” has the largest resistivity
Rt = RoRt = Ro Rt > Ro
= 20%Sw = 100%BVW = .02
= 30%Sw = 66%
BVW = .0199
= 10%Sw = 100%BVW = .01
> =
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Archie PorosityArchie Porosity
Matrix
Oil
Water
SW = 60%EFF = 30%
EFF
BVW = Sw x = 18%
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Idealized Log SetIdealized Log Set
A
B
C
D
E
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InvasionInvasion
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Mud Filtrate Invasion
Porosity = 30 %
Porosity = 10 %
Porosity = 20 %
mud filtrate
mud filtrate
mud filtrate
mud cake
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Zones About the Well-BoreZones About the Well-Bore
Rs
RtRw
Sw
Rxo
Rmf
Sxo
Di
Adjacent Bed
h VirginZone
InvadedZone
tmc - mud cake thickness
Rmc
Adjacent Bed Rm
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ShaleShale
No permeability,No Invasion
Res
istiv
ity
Depth of Investigation
Virgin
10 60 90
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Low InvasionLow Invasion
Water Zone
Res
istiv
ity
Depth of Investigation
Virgin
10 60 90
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Low Invasion - OilLow Invasion - Oil
Low Invasion (Step) - Oil
Res
istiv
ity
Depth of Investigation
10 60 90
Virgin
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Transition Zone - OilTransition Zone - OilR
esis
tivity
Depth of Investigation
10 60 90
VirginFlushed
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Transition Zone - WaterTransition Zone - WaterR
esis
tivity
Depth of Investigation
10 60 90
VirginFlushed
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Transition Zone - OilTransition Zone - Oil
Annulus Profile,Deep Invasion,
Oil
Res
istiv
ity
Depth of Investigation
10 60 90
VirginAnn.Flushed
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Basic Log ExampleGR0 150
11000
11100
SFL.2 20
ILM.2 20DPHI 0.50
NPHI.50 0
A
B
C
D
.30
BHT = 230 FTD = 14000 ft.Rmf = 1.41 ohm-m @ 75 F
ILD.2 20S P
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A
M
Electrical Survey Measurements
Unfocused SystemUnfocused System
VRa = Ik
EquipotentialSpheres
NormalDevice Lateral
Device
BN
B
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Non-focused vs Focused Systems
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Dual Laterolog
LLS
Ao Measure Current Electrode
M1 & M2 Monitoring Electrodes
A1 Bucking Current Emitting Electrode
A2 Bucking Current Return Electrode
LLD
Ao Measure Current Electrode
M1 & M2 Monitoring Electrodes
A1 Bucking Current Electrode
A2 Bucking Current Electrode
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Spherical Focused Log
Rsfl = k (Vb - Vc)Io
Io Return to Armor
Bucking CurrentMonitoring ElectrodesBuckimg CurrentReturn ElectrodeMonitoring Electrode
Current Electrode
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Proximity Log - MicrologAo Mo A1
M2
M1
Ao
AoMoA1M1M2
M2
M1
Ao
MicrologMicrolog