introduction to qualitative and mixed methods research
DESCRIPTION
An introductory presentation on qualitative & mixed-methods research given in a quantiative research workshop!TRANSCRIPT
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Qualitative & Mixed-Methods
ResearchSohail Bajammal, MBChB, MSc, FRCS(C), PhD(c)
Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics, Faculty of MedicineVice Dean, Academic Development, Faculty of Dentistry
Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi [email protected]
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Quantitative Qualitative
Mixed-Methods
Numbers WordsActions
Reactions
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Not everything that can be counted counts,
and not everything that counts
can be counted.
Albert Einstein
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EBM
Clinical Context
Research Evidence
Patients’ Preferences
Clinical Expertise
Haynes et al. BMJ 2002;324:1350
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Everyday• New Patient–QUALITATIVE quantitative
• Follow-up Patient–QUANTITATIVE qualitative
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Questions• How do trauma patients with
quadriplegia in the Western region – Saudi Arabia rehabilitate?
• What are the important aspects of quality of life for Saudi patients?
• What are the barriers to conduct RCTs in Saudi Arabia?
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Learning Outcomes
By the end of the lecture, you will be able to:
• Identify:– What is qualitative research? characteristics?– When to use it?
• Identify:– What is mixed-methods research? types?– When to use it?
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Qualitative Research
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Types of Research Questions• Quantitative: (cause, determine, relate, influence)– Does A cause/correlate with B?– Which is better A or B in terms of diagnosis,
treatment, or prognosis?
• Qualitative: (discover, understand, explore, describe)– What?– How?– Why?
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Quantitative Qualitative
Research Methods
Closed-ended questionsPre-defined approachesNumeric data
Open-ended questionsEmerging approachesText or image data
Features
• Test theories• Variables to study• Use standards of
reliability & validity• Unbiased approaches• Statistical procedures
• Generate theories• Collect participants meanings• Study the context• Bring personal values• Validate accuracy of data• Create an agenda for reform
Creswell J. Research Design. 2009
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Characteristics of Qualitative
• Natural settings• Researcher as key instrument• Multiple sources of data: interviews, observations,
documents• Inductive data analysis• Participants’ meanings• Emergent design• Theoretical lens: sampling, saturation, integrating• Interpretive• Holistic account
Creswell J. Research Design. 2009
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When to use qualitative?
1. Investigate complex phenomena that are difficult to measure quantitatively
2. Generate data necessary for a comprehensive understanding of a problem
3. Gain insights into potential causal mechanisms
4. Develop quantitative measurement instruments
5. Study special populations (those traditionally underrepresented in research, low literacy)
Curry et al, Circulation 2009
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Investigate complex phenomena that are difficult to measure quantitatively
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Generate data necessary for a comprehensive understanding of a problem
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Common Strategies (Approaches) of Qualitative Research
• Ethnography• Phenomenology• Narrative research• Case studies• Grounded theory
Culture-sharing behavior of groups
Individuals
Explore processes, activities, events
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Data Collection Methods• Observation field notes
• Interviews transcripts–One-on-one: in-depth, open-ended– Focus group
• Documents content analysis
• Audio-visual materials analysis
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Qualitative Data Analysis
Data Collection
Data Analysis
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Qualitative Data AnalysisRaw Data (transcripts, field notes, images)
Organizing data for analysis
Reading through all data
Coding the data Themes
Integrating themes, diagramming Interpreting
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Data
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Computer-Aided Qualitative Analysis
• ATLAS.ti• NVivo• MAXqda
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NVivo
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NVivo
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www.researchsupport.com.au
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“Validity” Strategies
• Rationale for choosing an approach• Triangulation of methods• Interviewers training• Member checking• Rich, thick description• Reflectivity• Peer debriefing Cross-coding• Documentation External auditor
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Mixed-Methods
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What is mixed-methods research?
Combining qualitative & quantitative research
1960s
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Aspects in Mixed-Methods
• Timing: sequentially or concurrently
• Emphasis: qualitative, quantitative, or both
• Mixing: integrating, connecting, or embedding
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1. Sequential Explanatory
QUAN qual
Creswell J. Research Design. 2009
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2. Sequential Exploratory
QUAL quan
Creswell J. Research Design. 2009
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3. Concurrent Triangulation
QUANData Collection
QUANData Analysis
QUALData Collection
QUALData Analysis
Data Results Compared
QUALQUAN
Creswell J. Research Design. 2009
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4. Concurrent Embedded
QUAN
qual
Creswell J. Research Design. 2009
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Lewin et al, BMJ 2009
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Publishing
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Resources
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Books• Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative,
and Mixed Methods Approaches. John Creswell. 3rd Edition. 2009. SAGE Publications.
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Articles
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People• Look around in your university:–Nursing–Medical Educationalist–Psychology–Sociology–Medical Geography
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Questions• How do Saudi patients with quadriplegia
in the Western region rehabilitate?
• What are the important aspects of quality of life for Saudi patients?
• What are the barriers to conduct RCTs in Saudi Arabia?
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Summary• Patients talk, act & react not numbers
• Qualitative is helpful when nothing or little is known about a condition or environment
• GOOD qualitative research needs lots of work
• Be pragmatic