introduction to psychology psychological disorders

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Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

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Page 1: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Introduction to Psychology

Psychological Disorders

Page 2: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

The Question of Normality

What does it mean to be “normal”?

Who decides what is “normal”?

Page 3: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Psychopathology

The scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral problems

1 out of 100 people will require psychiatric hospitalization during their lifetime

Page 4: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Psychopathology

Subjective discomfort- may or may not be present

Statistical abnormality- deviating from the norm

Page 5: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

What makes behavior abnormal?

Core features of abnormality: The behavior is maladaptive

There is a loss of control

Page 6: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Abnormal Behavior:Other Considerations

Violation of social norms

Behavior is abnormal based on situational, societal, and cultural contexts

Page 7: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Social Construction of Mental Illness

Labels: inventions/artifacts of particular cultures

Dominant discourses on mental illness

Page 8: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Rosenhan Study

Participants posed as persons with mental illnesses

Normal behavior was perceived as pathological

Page 9: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Thomas Szaz

“Myth of Mental Illness”

Against the disease model of mental illness

Deviations from the norm

Page 10: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Mental Disorders Diagnosed with the DSM-IV

For communication between professionals

To classify/understand behaviors

For HMOs

Page 11: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

The Stigma of Labels

Stigma and discrimination May be denied housing, jobs, may

lose friends, etc.

Self-fulfilling prophesy

Page 12: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Mental Disorders Substance abuse

disorders

Mood disorders

Anxiety disorders

Somatoform disorders

Psychotic disorders

Dissociative disorders

Personality disorders

Sexual/gender identity disorders

Page 13: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Apprehension, fear, dread

Out of proportion to the situation

Page 14: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Excessively anxious/worried

Free floating anxiety

Anxiety triggered in many situations

Page 15: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

OCD

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Disturbing, anxiety-provoking thoughts

Compulsive behavior to keep anxiety under control

Page 16: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Panic Disorder

Sudden, intense, unexpected panic attacks

Racing heart, chest pains, fear of dying

Fear of losing control

Page 17: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Specific Phobia

Fear/anxiety toward a specific situation

11% have a phobia during their lifetime

Page 18: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Mood Disorders Depression:

Intense, prolonged sadness

Hopelessness, lack of energy, negative self-image

Dysthymic Disorder

Low grade depression

Fairly consistent for 2 years or more

Page 19: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Bipolar Disorder

Extreme moods

Depression and mania

Mania: elated, hyperactive, filled with energy, lack of sleep, risk taking, grandiosity

Page 20: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Eating Disorders

Anorexia-nervosa: self-starvation; underweight; issues of control

Bulimia: binge-purge cycles; typically normal to overweight

Page 21: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Personality Disorders

Maladaptive personality patterns

Often start in childhood/adolescence; officially diagnosed at age 18

Page 22: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Lacks conscience

Impulsive/selfish

Aggressive/violent

Lack of remorse

Criminality

Page 23: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Many were abused/deprived in childhood

Subtle neurological problems Under-arousal when viewing

disturbing material

Difficult to treat

Page 24: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Borderline Personality Disorder Impulsivity/erratic behavior

Instability in relationships

Highly manipulative

Self-mutilating: high risk of suicide

Often co-morbid with mood disorders

Page 25: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Psychotic Disorders

Retreat from reality

Schizophrenia and delusional disorders

Page 26: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Schizophrenia Delusions and hallucinations

(bizarre)

Delusions: deeply held false beliefs Hallucinations: seeing/hearing

something that isn’t present

Disordered thinking Flat or inappropriate affect

Page 27: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Schizophrenia

Process: develops slowly, over the lifespan

Reactive: develops in response to an event

Page 28: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Schizophrenia:Types

Paranoid

Disorganized

Catatonic

Undifferentiated

Page 29: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Schizophrenia:Causes Biological: dopamine hypothesis; brain

abnormalities; genetic link Identical twins: 50%

Exposure to the disease in the womb/complications during birth

Childhood trauma, dysfunctional family environments

Page 30: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Delusional Disorders

Deeply held false beliefs w/o hallucinations (non-bizarre)

Insist these beliefs are true, even in the face of contrary evidence

Page 31: Introduction to Psychology Psychological Disorders

Risk Factors for Mental Illness Social: poverty, stress, homelessness

Family: disturbed parents, criminality, abuse

Psychological: stress, low IQ, lack of control/mastery

Biological: genetic defects, poor prenatal care, low birth weight, born with addictions