introduction to protists. first eukaryotic organism thought to have evolved about 1.5 billion years...
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Introduction to Protists
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• First eukaryotic organism thought to have evolved about 1.5 billion years ago
• Protozoans possible evolved from the 1st eukaryotes by Endosymbiosis
• Endosymbiosis – process where one prokaryote lives inside another becoming dependent upon each other
Origin of Eukaryotes
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• Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
• Chromosomes consist of DNA and histone proteins and occur in pairs.
• Protists, fungi, plants & animals are composed of eukaryotic cells.
Origin of EukaryotesEukaryotic cell more complex than prokaryotic cell:
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Typical Animal Cell
Eukaryotic Animal Cell
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Typical Plant Cell
Eukaryotic Plant Cell
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Animal
Plant
mitochondria
chloroplasts
vacuole
Vacuole Functions• Storage• Support• Water Regulation
Both cell types havemembrane-bounded organelles
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Infolding of membrane system forming nucleus and ER
Origin of Eukaryotes
Endomembrane infolding
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Origin of Eukaryotes
Evolution of eukaryotic cell- Endosymbiosis
• Theory proposed by Mereschkovsky and refines by Margulis- serial endosymbiosis• Mitochondria and plastids were
prokaryotes that invaded larger cells• Endosymbiont, ancestral
mitochondria:Aerobic, heterotrophic &
prokaryotic
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Origin of Eukaryotes
• Ancestral chloroplasts were photosynthetic, prokaryotes that became endosymbionts
• Relationship began as parasitic or undigested prey
• Assumed here that endomembrane infolding evolved first, i.e., cell already evolved nucleus, ER, …
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Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
A
A prokaryote ingested some aerobic bacteria. The aerobes were protected and produced energy for the prokaryote
ChloroplastsAerobic bacteria MitochondriaCyanobacteria
Prokaryote
Animal Cell
Plant cell
B C D
A
N
NN
N
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Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
B Over a long period of time the aerobes became mitochondria, no longer able to live on their own
A B C D
ChloroplastsAerobic bacteria MitochondriaCyanobacteria
Prokaryote
Animal Cell
Plant cellN
NN
N
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Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
C Some primitive prokaryotes also ingested cyanobacteria, which contain photosynthetic pigments
A B C D
ChloroplastsAerobic bacteria MitochondriaCyanobacteria
Prokaryote
Animal Cell
Plant cellN
NN
N
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Endosymbiosis HypothesisD Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts,
unable to live on their own
A B C D
ChloroplastsAerobic bacteria MitochondriaCyanobacteria
Prokaryote
Animal Cell
Plant cellN
NN
N
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Secondary Endosymbiosis and Origin of Algal Diversity
Algae AB
Heterotroph C
N
N
Secondary endosymbiosis
N
Many membrane layers
Algae ABC
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Fig. 28-02-2
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Over the courseof evolution,this membranewas lost.
Red alga
Green alga
Primaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Stramenopiles
Plastid
Euglenids
Chlorarachniophytes
Secondary Endosymbiosis
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LUCA model places the archaea as more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to prokaryotes.
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• All three domains seem to have genomes that are chimeric mixes of DNA that was transferred across the boundaries of the domains.
Common ancestral community of primitive cells model
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 28.8
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Excavata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
Five Supergroups
Red and green algae
Slime molds
Forams and radiolarians
Dinoflagellates, diatoms, golden and brown algae
Euglenoids
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Kingdom Protista
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Moneraprokaryoticprokaryotic
eukaryoticeukaryotic
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Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotic
• Mostly unicellular
• A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms
• 11 phyla
• Lots of disagreements
• Whittaker = “leftovers”
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• binary fission splits into two asexually
• multiple fission producing more than two individuals
• sexually by conjugation (opposite mating strains join & exchange genetic material)
Reproduction:
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3 informal groups
Animal-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Plant-like (algal) protists
Misleading: some change
Kingdom Protista
~ 45,000 species
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Ciliophora
Kingdom Animalia
Sarcomastigophora
Apicomplexa
Mastigophora
Euglenophyta
Kingdom Plantae
Chrysophyta
Pyrrophyta
Myxomycota
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protista
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta
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Amoeba
Cilliates
Flagellates
Animal-like Protists
13,000 species
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• Classified by the way they move
Animal-like Protists
cilia flagella pseudopodia
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• Heterotrophs ingest small food particles & digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes
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Animal-like protists
• Sarcomastigophora (amoebas, forams, radiolarian)
• Ciliophora (paramecium)
• Zoomastigophora (trypansoma)
• Apicocomplexa (Sporozoa)
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Phylum Sarcomastigophora
“Amoeba”
Shell-like glass or calcium carbonate structures
Radiating projections
Animal-like Protists
13,000 species
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Note: glass projections
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Foraminifera
Tropics = beaches
Most have symbiotic algae
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Foramenifera:Globigerina ooze
Covers about 36%of the ocean floorCovers about 36%of the ocean floor
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Phylum Ciliophora (“ciliates”)
Largest, most homogeneous
Share few characteristicswith others
Movement coordinated
Sex: 8 mating types
Animal-like Protists
8,000 species
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Paramecium
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Plant-like Protists
• Dinoflagellates• Diatoms• Euglena• Cocolithophore• Green algae• Brown Algae• Red algae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Radiolarian
Cocolithophore
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Plant-like Protists
Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”)
1,100 species
Cause “red tide”
Some live in corals
Marine and Freshwater
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Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp
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Pyrocystis fusiformis
Bioluminescence
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Plant-like ProtistsPhylum Chrysophyta (“diatoms &
golden algae”)
Link to green algae
13,000 species
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Phylum Euglenophyta (“euglenoids”)
Plant-like Protists
800 species
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Division Chlorophyta
“Green algae”
Most freshwater or terrestrial
Some marine
7,000 species
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Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium edule
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Division Phaeophyta
“Brown algae”
Marine habitats
Example: giant kelp forests
1,500 species
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Example of complex morphology: Macrocystis
a. holdfast - attaches to substrate
b. stipe
c. blade - main organ of photosynthesis
d. bladder - keeps blades near the surface
Blade
Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast
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Laminaria Life Cycle
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Sargassum polyphyllumSargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus
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Division Rhodophyta
“Red algae”
Most in marine habitats
4,000 species
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Hypnea chordacea
Asparagopsis taxiformis
Galaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae
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Halimeda opuntia
Acanthophora
Avrainvillae
Eucheuma
Gracilaria Hypnea
Kappaphycus
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Super Sucker
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Inquiry
1. Identify 2 organisms that have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with an other organism.
2. Read pages 510 – 514 Chpt 20
3. Alternation of Generations ( two examples)