introduction to proteins. what do proteins do? 1) structural proteins function: support ...
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Introduction to Introduction to ProteinsProteins
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What do proteins do?What do proteins do?
1)1) Structural proteinsStructural proteins Function: Function: SupportSupport Example:Example:
Collagen and Collagen and elastin provide a elastin provide a fibrous framework fibrous framework in animal in animal connective tissues connective tissues such as tendons such as tendons and ligamentsand ligaments► Keratin is the protein Keratin is the protein
of hair, horns, quills, of hair, horns, quills, Collagen injection
Keratin
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What do proteins do?What do proteins do?
2) Storage Proteins2) Storage Proteins Function: Function: Storage Storage
of amino acidsof amino acids Example:Example:
Ovalbumin is the Ovalbumin is the protein of egg whitesprotein of egg whites►Casein is the protein Casein is the protein
is mammal milkis mammal milk
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What do proteins do?What do proteins do?
3)3) Transport ProteinsTransport Proteins Function: Function:
transport other transport other substancessubstances
Example:Example:hemoglobin hemoglobin transports oxygen transports oxygen from the lungs to from the lungs to the other parts of the other parts of the bodythe body► Other proteins Other proteins
transport molecules transport molecules across cellular across cellular membranesmembranes
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What do proteins do?What do proteins do?
4) Hormonal Proteins4) Hormonal Proteins Function: Function:
coordination of coordination of bodily activitiesbodily activities
Example:Example: Insulin Insulin helps control the helps control the concentration of concentration of sugar in bloodsugar in blood
Insulin
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What do proteins do?What do proteins do?
5)5) Receptor ProteinsReceptor Proteins Function: Function:
response of cell to response of cell to chemical stimulichemical stimuli
Example:Example: neuron neuron receptors respond receptors respond to chemicals to chemicals released by other released by other nerve cellsnerve cells
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What do proteins do?What do proteins do?
6)6) Contractile Contractile proteinsproteins
Function: Function: MovementMovement
Example: Actin Example: Actin and myosin are and myosin are the proteins the proteins responsible for responsible for muscle movementmuscle movement
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What do proteins do?What do proteins do?
7)7) Defensive ProteinsDefensive Proteins
Function: Function: Protection against Protection against diseasedisease
Example: Example: Antibodies combat Antibodies combat bacteria and bacteria and virusesviruses
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The Immune SystemThe Immune System
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What do proteins do?What do proteins do?
8)8) Enzymatic ProteinsEnzymatic Proteins
Function: Speed Function: Speed up chemical up chemical reactionsreactions
Example: amylase Example: amylase hydrolyzes sugar hydrolyzes sugar polymers in food.polymers in food.
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What is a protein?What is a protein?
► A protein is a linear chain of amino acidsA protein is a linear chain of amino acids► 20 species of amino acid, properties 20 species of amino acid, properties
dictated by side chain (R)dictated by side chain (R) Polar (hydrophillic): contain O and NPolar (hydrophillic): contain O and N Nonpolar (hydrophobic)Nonpolar (hydrophobic) Acidic: negative chargeAcidic: negative charge Basic: positive chargeBasic: positive charge
C
R
NH3+ COO-
H
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AminAmino o AcidsAcids
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How Complex are Proteins?How Complex are Proteins?
► Example: Average Example: Average E. Coli E. Coli protein:protein:
300 a.a. long300 a.a. long
20 possible a.a. at each position20 possible a.a. at each position
=20=20300300 possible sequences! possible sequences!
DNA: structure is independent of DNA: structure is independent of sequencesequence
Protein: structure change with sequence Protein: structure change with sequence changechange
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Polypeptide ChainsPolypeptide Chains
►Enzymes join the carboxyl of one amino Enzymes join the carboxyl of one amino acid to the amino group of another acid to the amino group of another amino acid amino acid
►Amino acids are joined in a Amino acids are joined in a condensation reaction to form a condensation reaction to form a peptide linkagepeptide linkage
►Polypeptides range in length from a few Polypeptides range in length from a few monomers to thousands of amino acids monomers to thousands of amino acids longlong
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Peptide linkagePeptide linkage
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Protein CompositionProtein Composition
►Proteins are composed of amino acids Proteins are composed of amino acids covalently linked via polypeptide covalently linked via polypeptide bondsbonds
O
C
C
NH
R
NH C
R
C
O
C
NH
R
C
O
C
R
NH
Peptide Bond Amino Acid Subunit
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Protein Have Multiple Levels of Protein Have Multiple Levels of StructureStructure
►PrimaryPrimary
►Secondary Secondary
►TertiaryTertiary
►QuaternaryQuaternary
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Protein Have Multiple Levels of Protein Have Multiple Levels of StructureStructure
►PrimaryPrimary Unique sequence of amino acidsUnique sequence of amino acids Even a slight change can affect the Even a slight change can affect the
proteins ability to functionproteins ability to function For example: The disease sickle cell For example: The disease sickle cell
anemia is caused by glutamic acid anemia is caused by glutamic acid changing to valine at position 6changing to valine at position 6
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Sickle CellSickle Cell
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Proteins Have Multiple Levels of Proteins Have Multiple Levels of StructureStructure
► Secondary Secondary -helices, -helices, -sheets, turns, and random coils -sheets, turns, and random coils Controlled by hydrogen bonding networkControlled by hydrogen bonding network
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Protein Have Multiple Levels of Protein Have Multiple Levels of StructureStructure
► TertiaryTertiary Interaction of pieces of Interaction of pieces of
secondary structuresecondary structure Controlled by side chain Controlled by side chain
interactions and include interactions and include hydrogen bonds, ionic hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and interactions, and covalent bonds in the covalent bonds in the form of disulfide bridgesform of disulfide bridges
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Hemoglobin
Protein Have Multiple Levels of Protein Have Multiple Levels of StructureStructure
►QuaternaryQuaternary Interaction of multiple chainsInteraction of multiple chains Interactions are controlled by shape and Interactions are controlled by shape and
chemistrychemistry
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HemoglobinHemoglobin An example of quarternary structure An example of quarternary structure