“introduction to organic chemistry”chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/ppt/300107a.pdf · setfhildhil...

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300 107 300 107 LIFE & ENVIRONMENTAL II LIFE & ENVIRONMENTAL II “Introduction to Organic Chemistry” “Introduction to Organic Chemistry” e-mail: [email protected] mail: [email protected] . . ชนกพร เผาศิรชนกพร เผาศิร(http://chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/)

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Page 1: “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/ppt/300107A.pdf · setfhildhil tit of physical and chemical properties ... C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG) C5

300 107300 107

LIFE & ENVIRONMENTAL IILIFE & ENVIRONMENTAL II

“Introduction to Organic Chemistry”“Introduction to Organic Chemistry”

ee--mail: [email protected]: [email protected]ออ. . ชนกพร เผาศรชนกพร เผาศร

(http://chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/)

Page 2: “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/ppt/300107A.pdf · setfhildhil tit of physical and chemical properties ... C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG) C5

OCH3OCH C

HN

O

HOCH2 C N

N

S

HOH H O

CO2H

Estrone(Female Steroidal Hormone)

Penicillin V

H3CO

CH3 H CO

N CH3

O3

H3CH3C

3

H3CO

N CH3

M hi

HOCH3 Morphine

(Analgesic)

3

Vitamin E

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COOHH C

OH

O CH3

H3C

O

O

2-Acetyloxybenzoic acid2-[4-(2-Methylpropyl)-phenyl]propanoic acid

(Ib f )2 Acetyloxybenzoic acid(Aspirin, Bayer Aspirin) (Ibuprofen)

OH

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide(A t i h T l l)

HNC

CH3

(Acetaminophen, Tylenol) The Painkillers

O

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O

NH +CNO- H N C NHNH4 CNOAmmonium cyanate

H2N C NH2

UreaAmmonium cyanate Urea

Organic CompoundOrganic Compound

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Page 7: “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/ppt/300107A.pdf · setfhildhil tit of physical and chemical properties ... C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG) C5
Page 8: “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/ppt/300107A.pdf · setfhildhil tit of physical and chemical properties ... C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG) C5
Page 9: “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/ppt/300107A.pdf · setfhildhil tit of physical and chemical properties ... C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG) C5

Electron ConfigurationsElectron Configurations

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Classification of Chemical Bonds

Difference in Difference in Electronegativity B t B d d At Type of BondBetween Bonded Atoms Type of Bond

less than 0.5 nonpolar covalentless than 0.50.5 to 1.9

nonpolar covalentpolar covalent

greater than 1.9 ionic

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Molecular Representationsp

(Line-Angle Formula)

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Provide Lewis Structures for these compounds.f p

(CH3CH2)2CO( 3 2)2

HCOCH2CH2OH

HCONH2HCONH2

CH3CH2CHCHCCH

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Classes of Compounds

Classification based on functional group

Three broad classes

Hydrocarbons

Compounds containing oxygen

Compounds containing nitrogen

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Functional GroupsFunctional GroupsFunctional groupFunctional group: an atom or group of atoms

within a molecule that shows a characteristic t f h i l d h i l tiset of physical and chemical properties

Functional groups are important for threeFunctional groups are important for three reason; they arethe units by which we divide organic compounds

into classesinto classes

the sites of characteristic chemical reactions

the basis for naming organic compounds

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Hydrocarbonsy Alkane/ Cycloalkane: single bonds.

Alkene/ Cycloalkene: double bonds.

Alkyne: triple bonds.

Aromatic: contains a benzene ring.

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An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum

hydrocarbon into the environment due to human

i i d i f f ll i Th f activity, and is a form of pollution. The term often

refers to marine oil spills, where oil is released into refers to marine oil spills, where oil is released into

the ocean or coastal waters. The oil may be a variety

of materials, including crude oil, refined petroleum

products (such as gasoline or diesel fuel) or by-

products ships' bunkers oily refuse or oil mixed in products, ships' bunkers, oily refuse or oil mixed in

waste. Spills take months or even years to clean up. p y p

(From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

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Natural gas 90-95% methane

PetroleumPetroleum

C1-C2: gases (natural gas)

C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG)

C5 C8: gasolineC5-C8: gasoline

C9-C16: diesel, kerosene, jet fuel

C17-up: lubricating oils, heating oil

Origin: petroleum refining

CoalCoal

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GasolineGasoline

•• Octane ratingOctane rating: the percent 2 2 4 trimethylpentane•• Octane ratingOctane rating: the percent 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) in a mixture of isooctane and heptane that has equivalent antiknock properties

CH3 CH3

CH3 ( CH2 ) 5CH3 CH3 CCH2 CHCH3

CH3 CH3

CH3

Heptane 2 2 4-Trimethylpentane Heptane(octane rating 0)

2,2,4 Trimethylpentane(octane rating 100)

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Polar & Nonpolar MoleculesPolar & Nonpolar Molecules

Bond Dipole Moments

H3C CH3 H3C NH2 C OO3 3 3 2

C OH3C OH H3C Cl OHH

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Molecular Dipole MomentsMolecular Dipole Moments

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( )Hydrophobic (Water Fearing)

Molecules or parts of molecules that repel (are insoluble) in water.

O

OH

Hydrophlilic

Hydrophobic

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Quote of The Day

Great opportunities to help others seldom comeb t th ll d dbut the small ones surround us every day.

โอกาสยงใหญทจะชวยผอนนน แทบไมมผานมา แตโอกาสโอกาสยงใหญทจะชวยผอนนน แทบไมมผานมา แตโอกาส

เลก ๆ.............ทจะชวย มรอบตวเราทกวน

จาก “หกหอกเปนดอกไม (DMG))

Page 33: “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/ppt/300107A.pdf · setfhildhil tit of physical and chemical properties ... C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG) C5

Hydrating The Skiny gMoisturizers

Non-polar oily substances

Mineral oilsHumectants

Gl lMineral oils

Petroleum jelly from petroleum

Glycerol

Urea Vegetable oils

Animal fat Lactic acid

Animal fatH2C CH CH2

OH OH OH

1,2,3-propanetriol1,2,3 propanetriol (glycerol)

Page 34: “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”chemsci.kku.ac.th/chanokbhorn/ppt/300107A.pdf · setfhildhil tit of physical and chemical properties ... C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG) C5

Nomenclature1. The general name of an open-chain saturated

hydrocarbon is alkane.

2. For a branched-chain hydrocarbon, the alkane

corresponding to the longest chain is taken as the

parent chain and its name is the root name.

3 G h d h h i ll d3. Groups attached to the parent chain are called

substituentssubstituents.

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undec- 11Prefixmeth- 1

Carbons CarbonsPrefix

dodec-tridec

1213

eth-prop-

23

tetradec-tridec- 13

14propbut-

34

pentadec-hexadec-

1516

pent-hex-

56

heptadec- 17octadec 18oct

7hept-8

nonadec-i

octadec- 181920

oct-non-d

89

10 eicos- 20dec- 10

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Alkyl groups (R-)

CondensedS l F lN

methylStructural FormulaName- CH3

propyl

ethyl - CH2 CH3

- CH2 CH2 CH3

isopropyl

propyl 2 2 3

- CHCH3

CH3

4 If there is one substituent number from the end of the 4. If there is one substituent, number from the end of the

chain that gives it the lower number.g

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12345678CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH3

123456784-methyloctane

CH3

2 th l t2-methylpentane

4-ethylnonane4 ethylnonane

4-propyloctane

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n-octanen-octane

5 th l 3 th l t5-ethyl-3-methyloctane

2,2-dimethyl-4-methylpentane

6-ethyl-3,4-dimethyloctaney , y

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CH3 CH3

CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3

CHCH3CH2CH2C CCH2CH3

CH3 CH3

2 4-dimethylhexaneCH3 CH3

2,4 dimethylhexane3,3,4,4-tetramethylheptane

CH2CH3 CH3

CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CHCHCH2CH2CH3

CH2CH3 CH2CH3

3,3,6-triethyl-7-methyldecane

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5 C i l d i h IUPAC 5. Certain common nomenclatures are used in the IUPAC system.

CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3

CHCH3

CHCH3

4-isopropyloctane

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Common Names Isobutane, “isomer of butane”

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CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH2CHCH3CH2CHCH3

CH33

5 isobutyldecane5-isobutyldecaneor

5-(2-methylpropyl)decane5-(2-methylpropyl)decane

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Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes

1. No number is needed for a single substituent on a ring.

CH3

CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

methylcyclopentane ethylcyclohexane 1-cyclobutylpentaney y p y y 1 cyclobutylpentane

2. Name the two substituents in alphabetical order.H3CH2C CH3

H3CCH2CH2CH3

CH3

1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane CH1-methyl-2-propylcyclopentane

1 ethyl 3 methylcyclopentane CH3

1,3-dimethylcyclohexane

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3. If there are more than two substituents,f

CH3CH3CH2CH2

3

CH

H3C CH2CH3

CH3

CH3

4-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propylcyclohexanenot

1,1,2-trimethylcyclopentanenot

1-ethyl-3-methyl-4-propylcyclohexanebecause2<3

not

1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentanebecause1<2

notnot5-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propylcyclohexane

because 4<5

not1,1,5-trimethylcyclopentane

because 2<5

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Reactions of AlkanesfCombustion/Oxidation

CH3CH2CH2CH3 + O2 CO2 + H2Oheat8 10132

Cracking and hydrocracking (industrial)

long-chain alkanes catalystshorter-chain alkanes

g y g ( )

Halogenation

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4+ +heat or light

Halogenation

3 3 CC 4

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lFireplaces

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CO : SILENT AND DEADLYCO : SILENT AND DEADLY

1000 Americans die each year from unintentional CO poisoning

Symptoms of CO poisoning

* Slight headache, dizziness, drowsiness.* Weakness, mental confusion, nausea.* Rapid pulse and respiration, fainting.R p p p , f g* Possibly fatal coma.

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Chlorination of Methane

Cl Cl + photon (h) Cl + Cl

H H

photon (h) Cl + Cl

CH

H

H Cl+ CH

H

+ H Cl

H H

H HCH

H

+ Cl Cl CH

H

Cl + ClH

C

H

H H + Cl Cl C

H

H ClCH

H

H + Cl Cl CH

H

Cl + H Cl

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ChlorofluorocarbonsChlorofluorocarbons

Cl h ClC ClFCl h

CFCl

+ ClC ClFF

CFF

Cl

Chlorine radicals : Damage Ozone Layer

Cl + O3 ClO + O2Cl + O3 ClO + O2

ClO + O3 Cl + 2 O2ClO + O3 2

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Chemistry for ThoughtChemistry for Thought

Would you expect a molecule urea produced in the bodyto have any different physical or chemical properties to have any different physical or chemical properties from a molecule of urea prepared in a laboratory?

Why might the study of organic compounds be important to someone interested in the health or life sciences?f

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AlkeneAlkene

Alkene:

CnH2n CH3CH=CH23 2

Cyclic alkene:

CnH2n–2n 2n–2

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CHEMISTRY IN VISION

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Improve your Eye Sight with Vitamin A

- carotene is converted into vitamin A.

p y y g

carotene is converted into vitamin A.

-carotene

OH

Vitamin A

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vitamin A is converted into retinal.

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cis-retinal reacts with opsin.

Ocis-Retinal

HC N OpsinHC

Rhodopsin

N Opsin

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Common Names

Usually used for small molecules.y f

Examples:pCH3

CH2 CH2

ethylene

CH2 CH CH3

propylene

CH2 C CH3

isobutyleneethylene propylene isobutylene

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Naming these compounds

CH2 CH CH2 CH3CH2 CH CH2 CH3

CHCH2CH31-butene

CH3 C CH CH3

CHCH2CH3H3C

CH3

2 methyl 2 butene

2-sec-butyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene

CH3

2-methyl-2-butene

CH3

3 l 1 h3-methylcyclopentene

3-n-propyl-1-heptene

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Isomers of Alkenes

CH3H BrBrC C

CH3

H

H

CH CHC C

Br

H

Br

HHCH3CH2

t 2 t

HH

i 1 2 dib thtrans-2-pentene cis-1,2-dibromoethene

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Hydration of AlkenesHydration of Alkenes

H OHC C + H2O

H+

C

H

C

OH

2

alkene alcoholalcohol

Reverse of dehydration of alcohol

U d l l f dUse very dilute solutions of H2SO4 or H3PO4 to drive

equilibrium toward hydration equilibrium toward hydration.

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Mechanism for HydrationH

H +C C OH H++ + H2OC C

+

H H O H

H+

+C C+

H2O C

H

C

O H

H+ H

+ H2OC

H

C

O H+

C

H

C

O

H3O++

2 3

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Orientation for Hydrationf y

• Markovnikov product is formed.

CH3H

CH

+CH3 C

3

CH CH3 OH H++ H2O+

H

CH3CH

CH3

CCH3

H

H2OCH3

CH3 C CH CH3

HOH H

+CH3 H

H2OCH3 C

CH3

CH CH3

HO HOH

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Watermelon and Tomatoes : Sources of Lycopene

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Today’s QuoteToday s Quote

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AlkynesyGeneral formula: CnH2n–2 (acyclic); CnH2n–4 (cyclic)

H C C HAcetylene

H C C H(Ethyne)

H C C C2H5 H3C C C CH3

Ethylacetylene Dimethylacetylene

H3C C C CH(CH3)23C C C C (C 3)2Isopropylmethylacetylene

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1 2 3 4 CH3

5

H3C C C CH1 2 3 4 CH3

CH34-Methyl-2-pentyney p y

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Reactions of AlkynesY Z

RC CR'YZ RC CR' YZ RC CR'

Y Z

Y Z Y Z

HgCl2g 22

Vinylchloride(Chloroethylene)

NH4Cl 23 2 2 3

NH4Cl

CH3COOH

cis 3 Chloro 33 2

3

3 2 2CCl4

cis-3-Chloro-3-hexene

3 2 2 3 2 22 1,1,2,2-

Tetrabromobutane

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Aromatic CompoundsAromatic = Fragrant

O

HCH3

Benzene Benzaldehyde TolueneBenzene Benzaldehyde Toluene

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Cl1X

Cl2orthoortho

ortho-Dichlorobenzene

Cl2meta meta

1,2-Dichlorobenzenepara

NO21

23O

2N I12132

24

meta-Dinitrobenzene para-Diiodobenzene

I 3

1,3-Dinitrobenzene

p

1,4-Diiodobenzene

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Drowsiness/ Dizziness Vomiting/ Stomach Irritation

Benzene

Bone marrow depression LeukemiaBone marrow depression Leukemia

CarcinogenCarcinogen

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Some aromatic compounds are carcinogen.

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OxidaseO

HOOH

ODNA-Base (guanine)

NHN

HO

NHNNDNA

HO

OHHO

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ตารางท 1. พลงงานการเกดปฏกรยาไฮโดรจเนชนของอลคน

Reactant Product H0hydrog (kJ/mol)

Cyclohexene Cyclohexane 120

1,3-Cyclohexadiene Cyclohexane 232

Benzene Cyclohexane 208

H2/Metal Catalyst

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1.39 Å

1.10 Å

H H1200ความยาวพนธะ C-C 1.54

Å

H H1200

1200 Åความยาวพนธะ C=C 1.34

ÅH H Å

โ H H พนธะ 1.5 (โดยเฉลย)

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การวาดเบนซนโดยใชโครงสรางแบบเรโซแนนซ

1.5 Bonds on average

H H H H

H H H H

H H H H

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Chlorination

FeCl

Cl

HClFeCl3Cl2

ClH

Iododination

HICuCl2I2

IH

2

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Br Br FeBr3

H H

Br FeBr3Br

H H

H

Br FeBr3Br

B

HBr FeBr3

H Br

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Compounds Containing OxygenCompounds Containing Oxygen• Alcohol: R OH• Alcohol: R-OH

Ether: R O R'• Ether: R-O-R'

Ald h d RCHO• Aldehyde: RCHO

CO• Ketone: RCOR'

CH CH C

O

H CH C

O

CHCH3CH2 C H CH3 C CH3

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Carboxylic Acids d Th i D i ti

Carboxylic Acid: RCOOH O

and Their Derivatives• Carboxylic Acid: RCOOH• Acid Chloride: RCOCl C

O

OHAcid Chloride: RCOCl• Ester: RCOOR'

O

OH

• Amide: RCONH2 C

O

Cl

OOC

O

OCH3C

O

NH2

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ทานตะวนสแดดทแผดเผา เปรยบชวตของเราพบปญหาทานตะวนสแดดทแผดเผา เปรยบชวตของเราพบปญหาทานตะวนสแดดทแผดเผา เปรยบชวตของเราพบปญหาทานตะวนสแดดทแผดเผา เปรยบชวตของเราพบปญหา

หากอดทนสไปใชปญญา ยอมผานพนทกขนานาไดสกวนหากอดทนสไปใชปญญา ยอมผานพนทกขนานาไดสกวน

((โดย พณธาราโดย พณธารา))

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Alcohols and Phenol

CH OHCH3OH

CH3CH2OH OH

1 2 3 4 12345

CH3CHCH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CHCH2OH

OH2 butanol

CH2CH3

2 ethyl 1 pentanol2-butanol 2-ethyl-1-pentanol

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CH2CH3

CH3CHCH2CHCH2CHCH3

Br OHCH2CH3

6-bromo-4-ethyl-2-heptanol

OHH3CHO

2-ethyl-5-methylcyclohexanolCH3

CH3

3,4-dimethylcyclopentanol

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CH3

MentholAlcohol

MentholOH

CHH3C CH3

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CH(CH ) CHCH

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3CH(CH2)3CHCH3

LIPID Typical values CH3 LIPID yp(mg/dl)

Cholesterol 170–210LDL cholesterol 60 140

HOCholesterol

LDL cholesterol 60–140HDL cholesterol 35–85

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แอลกอฮอลทใชงานในโรงพยาบาลม 2 ชนด คอ ethyl alcohol (ethanol) และ แอลกอฮอลทใชงานในโรงพยาบาลม 2 ชนด คอ ethyl alcohol (ethanol) และ

Isopropyl alcohol แอลกอฮอลทง 2 ชนดเปนของเหลว ไมมส ระเหยไดท

อณหภมหอง ไมมฤทธตกคาง แอลกอฮอลมฤทธในการทาลายเชอแบคทเรย

เชอวณโรค เชอรา และเชอไวรส แตไมสามารถทาลายสปอรของเชอแบคทเรยเชอวณโรค เชอรา และเชอไวรส แตไมสามารถทาลายสปอรของเชอแบคทเรย

ได แอลกอฮอลจดเปนเพยงนายาทาลายเชอระดบกลาง ประสทธภาพในการ

ทาลายเชอของแอลกอฮอลจะลดลงมากหากมความเขมขนตาลง แอลกอฮอลจะ

มปร สทธภ พในก รท ล ยเช ไดดเม มคว มเขมขนปร ม ณ 70 90% โดยมประสทธภาพในการทาลายเชอไดดเมอมความเขมขนประมาณ 70-90% โดย

ปรมาตร ความสามารถในการทาลายเชอของแอลกอฮอลทง 2 ชนดแตกตางกน

ถาเปน Ethyl Alcohol จะทาลายเชอไวรสไดดกวา สวน Isopropyl alcohol ไม

ไ ไ สามารถทาลาย Hydrophilic virus ซงไดแก echovirus และ coxsackie virus ได

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เปรยบเทยบคา pKaของ methanol กบ phenol

แอลกอฮอล คา pKa

CH OH 15 54phenol เปนกรดทแรง

CH3OH 15.54

phenol 10.00กวาแอลกอฮอล

OH O Na

+ NaOH + H2O

(Sodium Phenoxide)

+ NaOH No reactionROH NaOH No reactionROH

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การกระจายตวของอเลกตรอนเขาไปO การกระจายตวของอเลกตรอนเขาไป

ในวงเบนซนทาให phenoxide anion

O

มความเสถยรมากขน

O O OO

OO

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เครองตรวจแอลกอฮอลจาก

ลมหายใจมความล เอยดสง ลมหายใจมความละเอยดสง

สามารถตรวจดวยตนเองไดสามารถตรวจดวยตนเองได

กอนถงดานตรวจกอนถงดานตรวจ

2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 + 3CH3CH2OH

O

2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 3CH3COH + H2O

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ตวอยางปฏกรยาออกซเดชนในรางกายตวอยางปฏกรยาออกซเดชนในรางกาย

OH O

[O]CHH C

OH

COH C

H C

O

COH + H2OH3C C

O

H3C C

O

2

Enzyme

Lactic Acid Pyruvic acid

NAD+CH3CH2OH CH3CH

ONAD+

CH3COH

O

alcohol dehydrogenase

CH3CH2OH CH3CHaldehyde

dehydrogenase

CH3COH

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ปฏกรยาของแอลกอฮอล

ปฏกรยาออกซเดชน (Oxidation)

O[O]

H O

(Oxidizing agent)CR H

R

[O]C

R R+ H2O

Ralcohol carbonyl compound

[O] = ตวออกซไดส เชน KMnO4 K2Cr2O7 H2CrO4/H+

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ปฏกรยาออกซเดชนของแอกอฮอลปฐมภม

O[O]

H O[O]

O

CR H

H

[O]C

R H

[O]C

R OHH

primary alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid

[O]O

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH[O]

CH3CH2CH2CH Butanal

O[O]

CH3CH2CH2COH

O

Butanoic acid

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ปฏกรยาออกซเดชนของแอกอฮอลทตยภม

O H O

CR

O

H[O]

H

C

O

CR H

RR R

seconday alcohol ketone

[O]OH O

Cyclohexanone

C R' + Cr O 2- + 8H+O

3R + 2Cr3+ + 7H OCH R'3ROH

C R + Cr2O

7 + 8H 3R + 2Cr + 7H

2OCH R'3R

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ปฏกรยาออกซเดชนของแอกอฮอลตตยภมO H

CR

O

R[O]

H

no reaction

Rtertiar alcoholtertiary alcohol

การจาแนกประเภทของแอกอฮอลโดยใช K Cr O /H+การจาแนกประเภทของแอกอฮอลโดยใช K2Cr2O7/H

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The Bombardier Beetle

OOH

H2O2exothermic reaction

100 oC

OH O

100 C

1,4-benzenediol(hydroquinone)

OH Op-benzoquinone

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วตามน E (อนพนธของฟนอล) ในการเปน antioxidant

O2 + 4H + 4e- H2O

หากเกดการรดวซทไมสมบรณทาใหเกด O2- (superoxide)/ หากเกดการรดวซทไมสมบรณทาใหเกด O2 (superoxide)/

H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)/ OH. (hydroxy radical)

HO

CH3

free radical O

CH3

OH C R

CH3

free radical complex

OH C R

CH3

Vit i E

OH3C

CH3

R

T h di l

OH3C

CH3

R

Vitamin E -Tocopheroxy radical

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FeCl3 Test for Phenolic Group

3ArOH + FeCl3 Fe(OAr)3 + 3HCl3ArOH + FeCl3 Fe(OAr)3 + 3HCl

OHO

RR

Positive Test

สารสแดง นาเงน เขยว นาตาล

หรอ มวง

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Aspirin : A Phenyl Alkanoate DrugCOOHCOOH

OH OCOOH

O CCH3

O

H+/

CH3COH3

+ H2O

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

HOO

NHCCH3

O TylenolSalix alba

O Tylenol

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โ ป สาหรบนามนแกสโซฮอลนนมองคประกอบตางกบนามนเบนซน คอ

ป นามนเบนซนม เอมทบอ (MTBE) เปนตวเพมออคเทน สวนนามน

โ ใ ป ใ แกสโซฮอลใชเอทานอล เปนตวเพมออคเทน เอทานอลใหพลงงาน

โ ใ นอยกวาเอมทบอ (MTBE)โดยตางกนอยรอยละ 1.6-1.8 การใชนามน

ใแกสโซฮอลนนออกซเจนทเปนสวนประกอบอยในเอทานอล จะชวย

ใหการเผาไหมภายในหองเครองสมบรณขนอก และลดปรมาณกาซ

คารบอนมอนอกไซดทจะปลอยออกมาจากทอไอเสย

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สาร MTBE หรอ Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether เปนสารเคมทมออกซเจนเปน

องคประกอบ ผลตขนไดจากปฏกรยาทางเคมระหวาง Methanol และ Isobutane

ใ โ ปโ ไ ใ ทผานมาในอตสาหกรรมโรงกลนนามนปโตรเลยม ไดมการนาสารดงกลาวมาใช

กนอยางแพรหลาย โดยเตมลงในนามนเบนซน เพอชวยลดปรมาณกาชคารบอน

มอนนอกไซดทออกมาจากไอเสยของรถยนต และชวยเพมคาออกเทนของนามน

แทนสารตะกว

CH

CH C

CH3

O CH ROR'CH3C

CH

O CH3 ROR

CH3

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การอานชออเทอร (ethers) แบบสามญ

H3C O CH3 H3CH2C O CH3

dimethyl ether ethyl methyl ethery(methyl ether)

H3CH2C O CH2CH3 O CH CH3

CH3diethyl ether CH3

y(ethyl ether)

isopropyl phenyl ether

การอานชออเทอร (ethers) ตามระบบ IUPAC

ใ ป ใหอานหม –OR เปนหมแทนท (alkoxy)

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General Anesthetics

Ethyl ether was used as an anesthetic for surgical in 1850.

Divinyl ether (vinethene) acts more rapidly and less nauseating.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) : laughing gas is used by dentists. N t ous o de (N2O) : aug g gas s used by de t sts.

Its effect wear off quickly.

In modern practice, an injection of a strong sedative that caused

unconsciousness is used

F FF Br F

unconsciousness is used.

C O C

h l th

C

H

H

Cl

H

H

C C FH

Cl Ffl halothaneH ClH Cl Fenflurane

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Q Quote of The Dayof The Day

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Aldehydes and Ketones

O CH

OH

O CH3

CHO

H

H

HO

Cinnamaldehyde VanillinOCH3

CH3H3CCinnamaldehyde Vanillin

Citral

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Nomenclatures of Aldehydes and KetonesNomenclatures of Aldehydes and KetonesO O

H H

Methanal

CH3 H

EthanalMethanal Ethanal

O CH3 O

H12

34

Butanal CH3 CH2 CH3

CH2 C H4

OOHCH3 O

H

O

4-Hydroxybutanal

OHCH CH2H3C CH

CH CH

CH

CH2CH3

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อลดไฮด (ระบบชอสามญ)

ใหอานตามชอของกรดคารบอกซลก แตเปลยนคาลงทายเปน aldehyde

1 C: formic acid, formaldehyde

2 C’ ti id t ld h d2 C’s: acetic acid, acetaldehyde

3 C’s: propionic acid, propionaldehydep p , p p y

4 C’s: butyric acid, butyraldehyde.

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O

H3C CH3

O

CH3 C

O

CH CH33 3

Propanone

3

CH3

3

3-methyl-2-butanone

O O

OCH3 C CH

CH3

CH2OH1

2

OCH3

4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone 3

4

Br

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Birth Control : Progesterone Substitutes

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Vanilloids : Hot Relief from Pain

H O

OCH3

OH C i iOH Vanillin Capsaicin

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คณสมบตทางเคมของหมคารบอนลคณสมบตทางเคมของหมคารบอนล

Acidic ProtonAcidic Proton

C CH H

CC

O CC

OR R

Electrophile Nucleophile( โ ไฟ ) (นวคลโอไฟล)(อเลกโตรไฟล) (นวคลโอไฟล)

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ปฏกรยาปฏกรยาออกซเดชนของอลดไฮดออกซเดชนของอลดไฮด

โ โลหะเงนฉาบขางหลอดทดลอง

ตะกอนสแดงอฐ

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ปฏกรยาการเตมนาปฏกรยาการเตมนา (Hydration)(Hydration)

ปฏกรยาการเตมนาของอลดไฮดและคโตนไดผลตภณฑเปนไฮเดรต

HO OHOC

H H

HOH2O+

HC

H H HH H

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ปฏกรยารดกชนปฏกรยารดกชนดวยไฮไดรด (hydride)

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ปฏกรยาการเตมเอมน

ปฏกรยากบเอมนปฐมภม(Primary Amines)/ แอมโมเนย (NH3)

เกดปฏกรยาการเตมตามดวยปฏกรยาการกาจดนา

ป ไป ป พนธะ C=O ถกเปลยนไปเปนพนธะ C=N-R

C OH3C

RNH2C

CH3

OH2NR _ C

CH3

OHNR

Ph2

Ph2

+ PhH

CHCHC

CH3

NR

C

CH3

OHNR

PhPhH (อมน, Imine)

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การเปรยบเทยบอตราเรวในการเกดปฏกรยาฏ

ความวองไวในการเกดปฏกรยาเพมขนฏ

สารประกอบอลดไฮดวองไวตอปฏกรยามากกวาคโตนสารประกอบอลดไฮดวองไวตอปฏกรยามากกวาคโตน