introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

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เคม AP นิติมา รุจิเรขาสุวรรณ

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this side show about isomerism physical properties and chemical properties of alkane, alkene and alkyne

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Page 1: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคม AP

นตมา รจเรขาสวรรณ

Page 2: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคม AP เกณฑการใหคะแนน

1. สอบกลางภาค 20 คะแนน 2. สอบปลายภาค 30 คะแนน 3. สอบยอย 15 คะแนน 4. สมด+ เขาเรยน 10 คะแนน 5. อนๆ 10 คะแนน 6. Lab project 15 คะแนน

Lab project Title, Content 5

Action 5 Conclusion 5

Page 3: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย

a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.

Organic chemistry

Page 4: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย Organic compound

are any compounds that contain carbon (with a few exceptions). All other compounds are referred to as inorganic compounds In almost all organic compounds, carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen atoms or nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, and the halogens.

Vitamin c

Page 5: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย

A few exceptions :

1. Allotropes of carbon 2. carbonate ion (CO3

2-) 3. carbides ion (C4-) 4. oxides ion (O2-) 5. Cyanides ion ( CN-) and cyanates ion ( NCO-)

The compounds that contain

Organic compound

Page 6: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย Organic compound

Page 7: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย สตรทางเคม (chemical formula)

1. Molecular formula (สตรโมเลกล )

2. Structural formula (สตรโครงสราง)

เชน methane (CH4), glucose (C6H12O6) , water (H2O)

โซเปด (Aliphatic) โซตรง (chain) โซกง (branch) โซปด (Alicyclic)

Page 8: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย

2.1 Lewis structures (สตรโครงสรางลวอส) 2.2 Condensed formulas (สตรโครงสรางแบบยอ) 2.3 Line-Angle formulas (สตรโครงสรางแบบเสนและมม)

สตรทางเคม (chemical formula)

2. Structural formula (สตรโครงสราง)

Page 9: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย

ใช : หรอ แทนพนธะโคเวเลนต เชน

2.1 Lewis structures (สตรโครงสรางลวอส) 2. Structural formula (สตรโครงสราง)

methane (CH4)

ethene (C2H4)

Page 10: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย 2. Structural formula (สตรโครงสราง)

2.2 Condensed formulas (สตรโครงสรางแบบยอ)

ไมใชเสน( )แทนพนธะเดยว ใชเสนแสดงเฉพาะพนธะค ( ) และพนธะสาม( ) ระหวาง C เทานน เขยนสญลกษณตดกนในแนวตรง เขยน H รวมไวทางขวาของ C ทมนจบอย พรอมทงบอกจ านวนอะตอมเปนตวเลขหอยทางขวา

ถามกลมอะตอมมากกวา 1 หม ใหเขยนไวในวงเลบพรอมระบจ านวนกลมดวย

Page 11: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

ตวอยาง

C C C C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

C C C CH

H

H

C

H

H

H

H

HH

H

C C OHH

H

H

O

C C

C C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

เคมอนทรย 2. Structural formula (สตรโครงสราง)

2.2 Condensed formulas (สตรโครงสรางแบบยอ)

Page 12: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

2.3 Line-Angle formulas (สตรโครงสรางแบบเสนและมม)

เคมอนทรย 2. Structural formula (สตรโครงสราง)

ใชจดตดของเสนและปลายเสน แทนต าแหนงคารบอนทม H หรอหมฟงกชน ถามคารบอนมากกวา 2 อะตอมใชเสนซกแซกแทนสายโซคารบอน

C C C C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

C C OHH

H

H

OO

OH

Page 13: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

2.3 Line-Angle formulas (สตรโครงสรางแบบเสนและมม)

เคมอนทรย 2. Structural formula (สตรโครงสราง)

มมระหวางพนธะ

Methane Ethene Ethyne

Page 14: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย 2. Structural formula (สตรโครงสราง)

2.3 Line-Angle formulas (สตรโครงสรางแบบเสนและมม)

ตวอยาง จงเขยนโครงสรางแบบเสนและมมของสารตอไปน CH3

C ClH3C

CH3

CHH3C

CH3CH2 CH CH3

OH

CH3C

CH3C CH2 O

Br

CH2 CH3

CH3C C CH2 CH CH3

CH3

CH2

H2C CH2CH2H2C

= ……………

= ……………

= …………

= …………

= ……………

Page 15: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม) compounds with the same molecular formula but with a different structural formula. In some cases it is only the configuration of the structural formula that differs.

Isomerism Structural isomerism Stereo isomerism

เคมอนทรย

Chain isomerism (การจดเรยงตวของ C)

Position isomerism (ต าแหนงของ functional group)

Functional group isomerism (ชนดของ functional group)

Page 16: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม) เคมอนทรย

Structural isomerism Chain isomerism

(การจดเรยงตวของ C)

Position isomerism (ต าแหนงของ functional group)

Functional group isomerism (ชนดของ functional group)

C5H12

C5H12O

C6H12

Page 17: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม) เคมอนทรย

Structural isomerism

Page 18: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม) เคมอนทรย

Structural isomerism

CH3 C

O

CH3 CH3 CH2 C

O

H

CH3 CH2 CH2 C

H

CH3CH3

C

H

CH3CH3

CH2 CH2 CH3

1).

2).

and

and

CH3 C

O

CH33). and CH3OCH2CH3

Page 19: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม)

Alkene and

Alkyne and

Alcohol and

Aldehyde and

Carboxylic and

(CnH2n)

(CnH2n-2)

(CnH2n+2O)

(CnH2nO)

(CnH2nO2)

สารอนทรยทเปน Structural isomer กน

Cycloalkane

Cycloalkene

Ether

Ketone

Ester

Page 20: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม) การเขยน structural isomers

CnH2n+2 → alkane → single bond

STEPWISE CONSTRUCTION OF C4H10

1. Construction of isomers of C4H10:

Page 21: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม) การเขยน structural isomers

1. C4H10 CnH2n+2 → alkane → single bond

note All of the following structures are one and same

isobutane

Page 22: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม) การเขยน structural isomers

2. Construction of isomers of C6H14:

3. Construction of isomers of C4H8:

4. Construction of isomers of C6H12:

5. Construction of isomers of C4H6:

(5 isomer)

(alkene 3 , alkane 2 isomer)

(alkene 13 , alkane 12 isomer)

(alkyne 2 , alkene 2 isomer)

Page 23: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม) การเขยน structural isomers

6. Construction of isomers of C4H9Cl:

7. Construction of isomers of C4H10O:

8. Construction of isomers of C5H10O:

Page 24: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย Isomerism (ไอโซเมอรซม)

Problems

1. C5H12 2. C5H10 3. C5H12O 4. C5H10O

Construction of isomers of :

Page 25: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Properties of organic compounds เคมอนทรย

Physical properties

information includes melting point, boiling point, index of refraction, odor, solubility and color

Chemical properties

Physical properties :

Page 26: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Properties of organic compounds เคมอนทรย

Chemical properties :

Reaction Functional group Quantitative Qualitative Chemical synthesis

Page 27: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Properties of organic compounds เคมอนทรย

Chemical properties :

Paracetamol

Page 28: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Properties of organic compounds เคมอนทรย

Physical properties : 1. Melting and boiling point : correlate with

molecular weight

Page 29: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Properties of organic compounds เคมอนทรย

Physical properties : polarity of the molecules Intermolecular forces

Chemical forces

Intermolecular forces the forces that link atoms together (chemical bonds)

intramolecular force the forces which keep a molecule together

Ionic bond Covalent bond Metallic bond

Van der waals (London) Dipole-dipole forces Hydrogen bond

Page 30: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Properties of organic compounds เคมอนทรย

Physical properties : 2. Solubility : “ like dissolve like”

a solute will dissolve best in a solvent that has a similar polarity

polar solute soluble polar solvent CH3COOH H2O

Oil benzene

non-polar solute soluble non-polar solvent

Page 31: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Properties of organic compounds เคมอนทรย

Chemical properties : Reaction Functional group

The acid-base properties CH3CH2OH CH3COOH ( )

Reaction with Na

CH3CH2OH + Na CH3CH2ONa + H2 CH3COOH + Na CH3COONa + H2

Page 32: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Properties of organic compounds เคมอนทรย

Chemical properties : Reaction with NaHCO3

CH3CH2OH + NaHCO3 ……….. CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

Rate of chemical reaction Electronic effect Steric effect

C

O

OHC

H

H

HC

O

OHC

F

F

F

Page 33: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

เคมอนทรย

ในหนงสอหนา 17

Page 34: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane Hydrocarbon in which all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

The general formula CnH2n+2

Cycloalkane: are alkane in which all or some of the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring The general formula CnH2n

The primary source of alkane is petroleum

cyclobutane

Page 35: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane Physical properties of alkane: melting point and boiling point

Non-polar molecule van der waals ( MW ↑ → mp,bp↑)

gas

Page 36: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane Physical properties of alkane:

Unbranch ↑ branch ↓

Van der Waals dispersion forces operate over very short distances It is more difficult for short fat molecules (with lots of branching)

melting point and boiling point

Page 37: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Solubility :

Alkane Physical properties of alkane:

insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents (hexane, benzene, diethylether)

Non-polar molecule

Hexane C6H14

Benzene C6H6

Diethylether C4H10O

Page 38: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane Alkyl Group (R): Remove H from alkane (end in –yl)

Alkane Alkyl Group Abbreviation

CH4 CH3 Me Methane Methyl group

CH3CH3 CH3CH2 or C2H5 Et Ethane Ethyl group

CH3CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3 or CH3CH i-Pr Propane Isopropyl group

CH3 CH3CH2CH2 Propyl group

Page 39: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

CH3CH2CH2CH3

Alkane Alkyl Group (R): Remove H from alkane (end in –yl)

Alkane Alkyl Group Abbreviation

Butane butyl group CH3CH2CH2CH2 Bu

CH3CHCH2

CH3

isobutyl group

CH3CH2CHCH3

sec-butyl group

tert-butyl

Aryl group Ar (phenyl)

CH3C

CH3

CH3

Page 40: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane IUPAC Nomenclature of alkanes : (การเรยกชอสารประกอบแอลเคน ตามระบบ IUPAC )

โซตรง: เรยกตามจ านวนคารบอนลงทายดวย เ-น (-ane) (จ านวนนบภาษากรก หนา 23)

มเทน (methane)

อเทน (ethane)

โพรเพน (propane)

บวเทน (butane)

Page 41: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane

โซกง : มขนตอนดงน 1. หาสายโซหลกทมจ านวนคารบอนมากทสด 2. เรมนบ C1 ทท าใหโซกงอยในต าแหนงต าสด 3. เรมอานโดยระบต าแหนง C โซหลก ทมโซกงอย หากกง มจ านวนซ ากนใหระบจ านวน di, tri (2, 3 ตามล าดบ) หากกงตางกนใหอานเรยงตามพยญชนะภาษาองกฤษ 4. อานสายโซหลก ลงทายดวย เ-น (-ane)

IUPAC Nomenclature of alkanes :

Page 42: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane IUPAC Nomenclature of alkanes : Problems :

1. CH3CH2CH3

2.

CH3 CH CH2 CH3

CH3

CH2 C CH2 CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH2

CH CH CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2

CH2 CH3

CH3

C CH CH3CH3 CH2CH3 CH2

CH3

CH3

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 2,3-dimethylpentane

8. 3-ethyl-4-methyloctane

Page 43: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane IUPAC Nomenclature of alkanes : Problems :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

CH3

CH3

CH2CH3

Page 44: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane

Synthesis of alkanes and cycloalkanes 1. Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes

Page 45: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane

2. Reduction of alkyl halides R X R H Zn,HX

CH3 CH2 Br CH3 CH2

Examples Zn,HBr

H

bromoethane ethane

CH3CH2CHCH3Br

CH3CH2CHCH3

H Sec-butyl bromine (2-bromobutane)

Zn,HBr

butane

Synthesis of alkanes and cycloalkanes

Page 46: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane Chemical reactions of alkanes

1. Combustion reaction (ปฏกรยาการเผาไหม)

Examples CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O

ปรมาณ O2 ทใชแปรผนตาม C ( Cมาก Oมาก) หาก E ไมเพยงพอจะเกดเขมา < <

Proplem : write combustion reaction of 1) Butane 2) hexane

saturated hydrocarbons (paraffins) inert to chemical reactions

In sufficient oxygen, alkanes will burn and form water(H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as products

Page 47: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane

2. Substitution reaction (ปฏกรยาการแทนท) a halogen replaces a hydrogen in an alkane (photochemical reactions)

C

H

H C

H

H

H

H

C

H

H C

H

H

Br

H

C

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

H

H

C

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

Br

H

C

H

H C

H

Br

C

H

H

H

H

Br2, CCl4 hv

+ HBr

+ HBr

Chemical reactions of alkanes

+

Br2, CCl4

hv

Page 48: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane

2. Substitution reaction (ปฏกรยาการแทนท)

Chemical reactions of alkanes

Page 49: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkane

2. Substitution reaction (ปฏกรยาการแทนท) Chemical reactions of alkanes

Page 50: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene

Hydrocarbon whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bonds (olefins)

The general formula CnH2n

Cycloalkene: are alkene in which all or some of the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring The general formula CnH2n-2

Page 51: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene Physical properties of alkene: Melting point and boiling point : Non-polar molecule ( C ↑, mp,bp↑)

Solubility : Non-polar molecule

van der waals

dissovle in non-polar solvents or in solvents of low polarity

Page 52: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene IUPAC Nomenclature of alkenes :

1. หาสายโซหลกทม อย เรมนบ C1 ทท าใหต าแหนงพนธะคอยต าสด 2. อานต าแหนง C ทมกงกอน แลวจงอานโซหลกลงทายดวย -ene

CH3 CH CH CH

CH3

CH2 CH3

Examples

CH2 CH CH CH

CH3

CH3CH3

1.

2.

3. CH3 C

CH3

CH CH

CH2

CH2 CH3

CH2CH3

4.

Page 53: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene IUPAC Nomenclature of alkenes : Problems :

1. CH3CH C(CH3)2

2.

3.

Page 54: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene Cis-trans isomerism of alkene

geometric isomerism cis "on the same side" trans "on the other side"

Cis-2-butene trans-2-butene

Page 56: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

when there are more than two different substituents on a double bond

Z cis E trans

Alkene

E/Z notation

“higher atomic numbers are given higher priority”

Bromine has a higher priority than chlorine, so this alkene is the Z isomer

Cis-trans isomerism of alkene

Page 57: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene

C CBr

H

Cl

F

C CBr

H

F

Cl

(Z)-2-bromo-1-chloro-1-fluoroethene

(E)-2-bromo-1-chloro-1-fluoroethene

Problem :page 40 (4.)

Cis-trans isomerism of alkene

Page 58: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene Synthesis of alkenes :

Elimination reactions: Alkyl halide

CH

H

H

C

H

H

XC C

H

H

H

H

C2H5O-Na+

C2H5OH

Examples

CH3CHCH3

BrCH2 CHCH3

Cl

C2H5O-Na+

C2H5OH

C2H5O-Na+

C2H5OH

Page 59: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene

Elimination reactions: Dehydration of Alcohols

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

OH

C CH

H

H

H

conc. H2SO4 180°C

Examples

C

H

H

H

C

H

C

OH

H

H

HC

H

H

H

C

H

C

H

H

Problem : synthesis ethylene from ethane

Synthesis of alkenes :

Conc. H2SO4 180°C

Page 60: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene Chemical reaction of alkene

1. Combustion reaction (ปฏกรยาการเผาไหม) highly flammable and burn readily in air, forming CO2 and H2O

C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

Page 61: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene

2. Addition Reactions (ปฏกรยาการเตม)

C CH

H

H

H

Br2, CCl4

H2

Pt

HCl

H3O+

H2O

C C

H

H

H

H

Br Br

C C

H

H

H

H

H H

C C

H

H

H

H

H Cl

H OH

C C

H

H

H

H

Chemical reaction of alkene

Page 62: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkene

3. Oxidation reaction

C CH

H

H

HC C

H

H

H

HKMnO4

cold

KMnO4 hot

CH3CH CHCH3 2CH3COOH

CH3CH2C

CH3CH2 CH3CH2C

CH3O + CO2

Chemical reaction of alkene

OH OH

KMnO4 hot

Page 63: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Chemical reaction of alkene Alkene

Problems :

1. Systhesis ethanol (CH3CH2OH) from ethane(CH3CH3)

2. H2 Pt

KMnO4 cold

OH

OH

3.

CH3CH2=CH2

Br2,CCl4 HBr

H2,Pt KMnO4(hot)

Page 64: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkyne Hydrocarbon whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bonds

The general formula CnH2n-2

Cycloalkyne: are alkyne in which all or some of the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring The general formula CnH2n-4

acetylene

Page 65: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkyne Physical properties of alkyne: Melting point and boiling point : Non-polar molecule ( C ↑, mp,bp↑)

Solubility : Non-polar molecule

van der waals

dissovle in non-polar solvents or in solvents of low polarity

Alkyne > Alkane > Alkene

Page 66: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkyne IUPAC Nomenclature of alkynes : หาสายโซหลกทม อย เรมนบ C1 ทท าใหต าแหนงพนธะสาม อยต าสด อานกงตามดวยโซหลกลงทายดวย –yne (ไ-น)

CH3 C C

CH3

CH3

C CH3

CH3 C C CH CH3CH2CH3

CH3C CCH2CH2CH(CH3)2

Examples

1.

2.

3.

4.

Page 67: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkyne Chemical reaction of alkyne

1. Combustion reaction

C2H2 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

2. Addition Reactions

HC CH

Br2, CCl4

H2 Pt

HCl

Problem: synthesis ethanol(CH3CH2OH) from acetylene( ) HC CH

C CHH

C CHH

Br Br

H H

C CHH

Cl H

Page 68: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkyne Chemical reaction of alkyne

3. Oxidation Reactions

KMnO4

KMnO4

diketone

CH3CH2COOH + CO2

CH3CH2C

OCCH3

O

CH3CH2C CCH3

CH3CH2C CH

Page 69: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkyne Problems :

a) CH3C CCH3HCl

CH3CH2C CHKMnO4 (cold)

2Br2,CCl4

CH C CH

CH3

CH3 H2, Pt

b)

c)

d)

Write structural formulas for the products that form when alkyne reacts with each of the following reagents:

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

HO C CCH3

Page 70: introduction to organic chemistry for beginner

Alkyne Problems :

HC CHCH3

KMnO4 (cold)

KMnO4 (hot)

Br2, CCl4

H2, Pt

HBr

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

.....................

e)