introduction to open communities · ch.1: free and open-source software ch.2: free and open...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction toOpen Communities
Eugene Alvin Villar • Pista ng Mapa • 1 August 2019
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Or: a “brief” historyof openness inthree chapters
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Ch.1: Free andOpen-Source
Software
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Ch.1: Free andOpen-Source
Software
Ch.2: Free andOpen Standards and
File Formats
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Ch.1: Free andOpen-Source
Software
Ch.2: Free andOpen Standards and
File Formats
Ch.3: Free and Open Content, Data, and
Knowledge
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Chapter 1Free and
Open-SourceSoftware(FOSS)
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From the 1950sto the 1970s,
most software was actually
free and open© Science Museum London / CC BY-SA 2.0
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Starting in the 1970s, computer companies started charging for software that is often compiled,
with no source code
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In 1974, the US Commission onNew Technological Uses of
Copyrighted Works (CONTU)decided that software
was copyrightable
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FreeSoftware
Movement
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RichardMatthewStallman
(rms)
© NicoBZH / CC BY-SA 2.0
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1983GNU Project
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1985Free Software
Foundation(FSF)
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The FreeSoftware
Definition:Four Freedoms
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Freedom 0:The freedom torun the programfor any purpose
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Freedom 1:The freedom to study how theprogram works, and change itto make it do what you wish
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Freedom 2:The freedom to
redistribute copies soyou can help your neighbor
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Freedom 3:The freedom to improve
the program, and release your improvements to the public
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1989GNU General Public License
(the pioneer “copyleft” license)
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LinusTorvalds
© LINUXMAG.com / CC BY-SA 3.0
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1991Linux kernel
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OpenSource
Movement
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1997“The Cathedral and the Bazaar”
(essay by Eric S. Raymond)
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1998Open Source
Initiative(OSI)
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OpenSource
Definition(based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines)
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1. Free Redistribution2. Source Code3. Derived Works4. Integrity of the Author’s Source Code5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor7. Distribution of License8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral
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Examples of FOSS licenses:Apache LicenseArtistic License
BSD LicenseMIT/X11 License
GNU General Public LicenseGNU Lesser General Public License
Mozilla Public License
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ProprietaryMicrosoft Windows
Microsoft Office
Adobe Creative Suite
Oracle Database
FOSSGNU/Linux, FreeBSD
OpenOffice, LibreOffice
GIMP, Inkscape, Blender
MariaDB, Postgres, SQLite
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“Linux is a cancer”—Steve Ballmer,
Microsoft CEO, 2001
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“Windows 10will include a
full Linux kernel”—Microsoft, 2019
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2006Open SourceGeospatial Foundation
(OSGeo)
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ProprietaryEsri ArcGIS,
Esri ArcView,Manifold GIS,
MapInfo Professional,Google Earth Client,Google Maps API,
etc.
FOSSQGIS, GRASS GIS, GDAL/OGR, PROJ,
PostGIS, SpatiaLite,Marble, GeoNode,
GeoServer, OpenLayers, Leaflet.JS, OpenDroneMap,
etc.
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Ch.1: Free andOpen-Source
Software
Ch.2: Free andOpen Standards and
File Formats
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Chapter 2
Free andOpen
Standardsand File Formats
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Generally, proprietary softwareused proprietary standards and
file formats while FOSS usedopen standards and file formats
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For years, Microsoft Officefiles—Word documents,Excel spreadsheets, and
PowerPoint presentations—were the poster child forproprietary file formats
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2002OASIS’
OpenDocument Technical
Committee(ODF-TC)
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2005OpenDocument
Format Standard(later became an
ISO standard in 2006)
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2006Microsoft’s
Office Open XML standard(very contentious)
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ProprietaryAdobe PSD, JPEG, GIF
Adobe Illustrator File
MPEG, H.264
MP3, Microsoft WMA
Adobe Flash
Free/OpenPNG, XCF, OpenRaster
SVG
WebM, Ogg Theora
FLAC, Ogg Vorbis
XML, HTML, JSON
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1994Open
Geospatial Consortium
(OGC)
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ProprietaryEsri Grid,
Esri Shapefile (somewhat),Esri TIN,
MapInfo Tab Format,etc.
Free/OpenKeyhole Markup Language (KML), GeoJSON, GeoTIFF,
Well-known Text (WKT), Well-known Binary (WKB), Web Map Service (WMS),
Web Map Tile Service (WMTS), SpatiaLite DB,
etc.
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Ch.1: Free andOpen-Source
Software
Ch.2: Free andOpen Standards and
File Formats
Ch.3: Free and Open Content, Data, and
Knowledge
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Chapter 3
Free andOpen
Content,Data, and
Knowledge
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1998United States “Sonny Bono”
Copyright Term Extension Act(aka the Mickey Mouse Protection Act)
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Personal copyright:From: life of author + 50 years
To: life of author + 70 years
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Corporate copyright:From: 75 years from publication
To: 120/95 years from publication
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2003Eldred v. Ashcroft
(U.S. Supreme Court case)
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LawrenceLessig
© Joi Ito / CC BY 2.0
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2001Creative
Commons
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2004Free Culture
(book)
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2006Definition ofFree Cultural
Works
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Freedoms ofFree Culture
Licenses(based on the Free Software Foundation’s Four Freedoms)
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Freedom 1:The freedom to
use and perform the work
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Freedom 2:The freedom to study the work
and apply the information
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Freedom 3:The freedom to
redistribute copies
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Freedom 4:The freedom to
distribute derivative works
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Examples of Free Culture licenses:Against DRM
Creative Commons ZeroCreative Commons Attribution
Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlikeFree Art License
GNU Free Documentation LicenseMIT License
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Definition ofFree Cultural
Works
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Definition 0:Freely-licensed (or equivalent)
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Definition 1:Availability of source data
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Definition 2:Use of a free format
(see chapter 2)
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Definition 3:No technical restrictions
(aka, no DRM or digital rights management)
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Definition 4:No other restrictions or limitations
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2004Open
Knowledge Foundation
(OKF)
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Open Definition
(Based on the Open Source Definition)
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Summary:Knowledge is open if
anyone is free to access,use, modify, and share it
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Open Data Commons data licenses:ODC Open Database License (ODbL)
ODC Attribution License (ODC-By)Public Domain Dedication and License (PDL)
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2001Wikipedia
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2001Wikimedia Movement
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2004OpenStreetMap
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The United Kingdom’s Ordnance Survey released some of their
data under the OpenData Licensein 2010 and then under the Open
Government License (OGL) in 2015
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ProprietaryMaxar imagery,
Google Maps data, TomTom map data,
HERE map data,etc.
Free/OpenOpenStreetMap, OpenAerialMap,Landsat imagery,Mapillary photos,
OpenStreetCam photos, etc.
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Open Source Geospatial Foundation
Open Geospatial Consortium
OpenStreetMap
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3
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Pista ng Mapa:a festival
celebratingthe power of openness!
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Thank you.