introduction to objectual philosophy

7/31/2019 Introduction to Objectual Philosophy

1/284

DSVCL VSYS'NSGD

@E^VANSI^@AE

@E^A

AFHCI^SDL RM@LAYARMP


2/284

6

Iarpv`km~ 622: '6244fp Dsvcl Vsys

Dll V`km~y Vcycvzcn

C'gd`l8 vsysnsgdBpdmaa%iag

^vdeyld~cn jvag Vagde`de fp Fsv~a` Kcavkc'Yav`e

C'gd`l8 yQfsv~a`Bpdmaa%iag
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/284

9

IAE^CE^

IAE^CE^%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9

AZCVZ@C[ DEN LDEKSDKC IAEZCE^@AE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0

@ENC] AJ DIVAEPGY DEN DFFVCZ@D^@AEY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 44

Im%4 YPY^CG@I AVKDE@XD^@AE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 49

4%4 M`cvdvimp aj ~mc oea{e javgy aj gd~~cv c}`y~ceic%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%49

4%6 ^`gc ncrcenceic aj ~mc iake`~àe l`g`~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%49

4%9 Ypy~cgì avkde`xd~àe rvèi`rlc%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%43

4%> Yagc rm`layarmìdl `grlìd~àey aj YAR diicr~deic %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4:

4%3 Za`n diavnèk ~a ~mc ypy~cgì iaeicr~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;

Im%6 N@Y^V@FS^@AEY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 40

6%4 Azcvz`c{%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 40

6%6 Z`v~sdl n`y~v`fs~ aey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%62

6%9 Vcdl`xdflc n`y~v`fs~àey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6:

6%> N`yivc~c n`y~v`fs~ aey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6=

6%3 Imda~ì n`y~v`fs~àey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 60

6%: Gsl~`rlc ysrrav~ n`y~v`fs~àey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%60

6%; Iaeilsyàey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%92

Im%9 AFHCI^Y %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 96

9%4 Afhci~y kcecvdl gancl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%96

9%6 Clcgce~dvp afhci~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>

9%9 ^mc afhci~y m`cvdvimìdl avkde`yd~àe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 93

9%> Iagrasen afhci~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9:

9%3 Vcjcvceic afhci~y %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%90

9%: Iaeilsyàey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>2

Im%> RVAICYYCY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >6

>%4 Jc{ rvaicyy ~prcy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>6

>%6 Yrci`jì clcgce~dvp rvaicyycy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>9

>%9 Rvaicyysdl afhci~y ildyycy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>3>%> Zci~avy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >;

>%3 Iaeid~ced~cn yrci`jì clcgce~dvp rvaicyycy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%32

>%: Yrci`jì clcgce~dvp rvaicyycy {`~m yrd~`dl ysrrav~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%34

>%; Rcvànìdl rvaicyycy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%36

>%= Ga~àe rvaicyycy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%39

>%0 Iaeilsyàey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%33

Im%3 JLS]CY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3:

3%4 Azcvz`c{%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3:

3%6 Ncjè`~àe den jls} gancly %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%3:

3%6%4 ^mc z`v~sdl jls} gancl%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%3;3%6%6 Ypy~cgì -afhci~sdl jls} gancl%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 30


4/284

>

3%6%6%4 Azcvz`c{%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 30

3%6%6%6 N`y~v`fs~àe clcgce~y den tsde~d%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:2

3%6%6%9 Jls}y afhci~sdl gancl%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :6

3%6%6%> Jls} clcgce~y den tsde~d%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :9

3%9 Jls} ~prcy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:>

3%> Y~aiodkc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:=3%3 Iaeilsyàey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:0

Im%: GCN@D%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;4

:%4 Azcvz`c{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;4

:%6 Jc{ kcecvdl ildyy`jìd~àe iv`~cv`d aj ~mc gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;4

:%9 Ice~vdl`xcn den n`y~v`fs~cn ypy~cgy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;4

:%> prcy aj n`y~v`fs~cn ypy~cgy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;6

:%3 Rvardkd~àe rvaicyy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;:

:%: Iaeilsyàey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;;

Im%; GD^CV@DL YPY^CGY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;0;%4 Jls}cy gancl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;0

;%4%4 Y~d~c ypy~cgy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;0

;%4%6 @en`z`nsdl fà'ypy~cgy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=2

;%4%9 Iaggae gancl aj ~mc fà'ypy~cg'fdycn ypy~cgy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=2

;%6 Kcecvdl gancl aj ~mc gd~cv`dl ypy~cg %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=4

;%6%4 Fasenèk ysvjdicy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=6

;%6%6 ^mc jls}cy ~v`dn gancl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=6

;%6%9 Vcdl fasenèk ysvjdicy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=>

;%6%> ^mc jls}cy ~vdeyjcv ~mvaskm VFY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=:

;%6%3 VFY ~prcy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=0

;%9 Di~àe den è~cvdi~àe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%09

;%> @e~cvdi~àe aj ~mc gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%03

;%3 @ecv~`d%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0:

;%: Cecvkp%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0=

;%:%4 Ncnsi~àe aj ~mc cecvkp ncjè`~àe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0=

;%:%6 Cecvkp ~prcy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%422

;%:%9 Vcld~àe fc~{cce ~mc jls} ~prc den ~mc iae~dècn cecvkp javg %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%429

;%:%> ^mc cecvkpy c}`y~ce~`dl d~~v`fs~c%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%42>

;%:%>%4 Cecvkpy iagrs~èk vcld~àey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%423

;%:%>%6 Vcld~àey afhci~sdl dedlpy`y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 42;

;%:%3 Iagray`~àe aj ~mc cecvkp jls}cy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%442;%:%: Cecvkc~ìdl di~àe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%444

;%:%:%4 Azcvz`c{%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 444

;%:%:%6 Tsde~`xd~àe aj cecvkc~ìdl di~àe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%446

;%:%:%9 Iagraece~y aj ~mc tsde~ì cecvkc~ìdl di~àe rvaicyy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 446

;%:%:%> Azcvdll cecvkc~ìdl di~àe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 449

;%; mc jsendgce~dl ildyycy aj eecv jls}cy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%440

;%= Javgd~àe ld{y aj ~mc ed~svdl gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%466

;%0 Iaeilsyàey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%46>

Im%= @EJAVGD^@AE RVAICYY@EK YPY^CGY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 46;

=%4 ^mc `grav~deic aj èjavgd~àe rvaicyyèk%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%46;=%6 Vcdl afhci~y den ~mc`v rvarcv~`cy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%46=


5/284

3

=%9 ^mc rvèi`rlc aj ~mc gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy c}`y~ceic %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%492

=%> Ed~svdl èjavgd~àe rvaicyyèk ypy~cgy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%499

=%3 Dv~`jì`dl èjavgd~àe rvaicyyèk ypy~cgy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%493

=%: Kcecvdl @RY gancl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%49;

=%; @ejavgd~àe ysrrav~ ypy~cgy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%490

=%= Dyyai`d~àe aj ycgde~ì zdlscy ~a ~mc ype~di~ì zdlscy aj ~mc e~cvedl @YY %%%%%%%%%%%%%4>6=%0 @ejavgd~àe rvaicyy ek %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4>9

0%2 Iaeilsyàey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4>0

Im%0 DFY^VDI^ YPY^CGY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 432

0%4 Vcdl afhci~y %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%432

0%6 Dfy~vdi~ afhci~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%436

0%6%4 Dfy~vdi~ afhci~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%436

0%6%6 Iaeivc~c dfy~vdi~ afhci~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%436

0%6%9 Ildyycy aj dfy~vdi~ afhci~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%43>

0%6%> Dfy~vdi~àe lczcl%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%433

0%9 C}~cvedl ldeksdkc%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%43;0%9%4 ^mc edgc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%43=

0%9%6 Ldeksdkc den iaggseìd~àe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 430

0%9%9 ^mc tsde~sg aj ~mc iaggseìdflc èjavgd~àe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4:2

0%> Ypy~cg%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4:4

0%>%4 Isvvce~ ncjè`~àey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4:4

0%>%6 ^mc afhci~sdl dedlpy`y aj ncjè`~àey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4:6

0%>%9 mc ypy~cgy kcecvdl ncjè`~àe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4:9

0%>%> ^mc d~~v`fs~cy è~cvncrcenceic%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4:9

0%>%3 ^mc èjavgd~àe dyyai`d~cn ~a ~mc ypy~cg clcgce~y %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4:>

0%3 Z`v~sdl dfy~vdi~ afhci~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4:3

0%: Eae'nc~cvgèd~àe den èjavgd~àe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4::

0%; Iaeilsyàey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4:=

Deec} ]%4 ' AVNCV AJ GDKE@^SNC%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4;4

Deec} ]%6 ' C]DGRLCY AJ YPY^CG@I N@Y^V@FS^@AEY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4;6

]%6%4 N`y~v`fs~àey {`~m è~ckcvy ysrrav~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;6

]%6%6 ^mc n`y~v`fs~àe aj y~d~cy ae ~mc Cdv~m ysvjdic%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;>

Deec} ]%9 ' YRCI@J@I DRRVADIMCY AJ YAGC GD^MCGD^@I AFHCI^Y[@^M@E ^MC AFHCI^SDL RM@LAYARMP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4;3

]%9%4 ^mc yc~ aj ~mc vcdl esgfcvy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;3

]%9%4%4 ^mc èjavgd~àedl dedlpy`y aj ~mc yc~ Vw%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;3

]%9%4%6 ^mc afhci~sdl dedlpy`y aj ~mc yc~ Vw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;;

]%9%4%9 Iaeilsyàey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;=

]%9%6 N`y~v`fs~àey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;0

]%9%6%4 ^mc afhci~sdl ncjè`~àe aj n`y~v`fs~àey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4;0

]%9%6%6 Ildyyì ncv`zd~`zc aj d iae~èsasy jsei~àe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4=2

]%9%6%6%4 Jdg`l`cy aj dfy~vdi~ afhci~y den ~mc`v dypgr~a~cy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4=6

]%9%6%9 ^mc ncv`zd~`zc diiavnèk ~a de afhci~sdl gcdeèk%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4=9

]%9%6%> Iaeilsyàey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4=3

]%9%9 Jls} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4=:]%9%> ^mc ray`~àe aj d isvzc, ysvjdic av zalsgc clcgce~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4=:


6/284

:

]%9%3 Zci~avy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4=;

]%9%: N`gceyàedl raè~y %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4==

]%9%:%4 N`gceyàedl raè~ gancl%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4=0

]%9%:%6 Iaeilsyàey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%402

]%9%; Clcgce~dvècyy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%406

]%9%= Clcgce~y den tsde~d%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%406]%9%0 Yc~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%40>

Deec} ]%> ' IAE^D@ECVY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 403

Deec} ]%3 ' EAE'IAE^VDN@I^@AE RV@EI@RLC%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 40:

]%3%4 Iagrlcgce~dv`~p %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%40:

]%3%6 Nìma~agp %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%40;

]%3%9 ^mc eae'iae~vdnì~àe rvèi`rlc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%40=

]%3%> Iagrlcgce~dv`~p e~a ~mc ed~svdl n`y~v`fs~àey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%400

]%3%3 Iaeilsyàey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%622

Deec} ]%: RVAICYYSDL AFHCI^ ILDYYCY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 626

Deec} ]%; DFYALS^C DEN VCLD^@ZC JLS]CY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 62=

Deec} ]%= ' LAIDL DEN KLAFDL ZCIÂV@DL TSDE^@^@CY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 642

Deec} ]%0 YIDLDV@XD^@AE AJ ^MC ZCIÂV@DL TSDE^@^@CY%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 646

Deec} ]%42 VDEYG@YY@FLC D^^V@FS^CY DEN ^VDEYDI @AEY %%%%%%%% 64>

Deec} ]%44 ' F@AYPY^CGY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 64;

]%44%4 ^mc gancl aj ~mc fà'ypy~cg afhci~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%64;

]%44%6 ^mc icll ' clcgce~dvp fà'ypy~cg%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%64=

]%44%9 ^mc fà'ypy~cgy y~vsi~svdl imdè%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%662

Deec} ]%46 @E^CVEDL, C]^CVEDL, LAIDL DEN KLAFDL Y^D^CY%%%%%% 666

Deec} ]%49 DFY^VDI^ YSRRAV^ DEN GD^CV@DL YSRRAV^%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66>

Deec} ]%4> AFHCI^Y RCVICR^@AE FP @RY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66:

Deec} ]%43 LAIDL IAGRAECE^Y AJ ^MC JLS]CY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66=

]%43%4 ^mc jls} ncey`~p zci~av -JNZ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%66=

]%43%6 ^mc laidl iagraece~y aj JNZ%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%660

Deec} ]%4: L@JC YRDE AJ ^MC GD^CV@DL YPY^CGY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 696

Deec} ]%4; AFHCI^SDL DEDLPY@Y AJ ^MC ZCIÂV@DL J@CLNY%%%%%%%%% 693

Deec} ]%4= YCEYAV@DL N@Y^V@FS @AEY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 69=

]%4=%4 Yceyavp icll n`y~v`fs~àey dy afhci~y%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%69=]%4=%6 C}~cvedl den è~cvedl yceyav`dl y~d~cy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%690


7/284

;

]%4=%9 ^prcy aj yceyavp icll n`y~v`fs~àey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%690

]%4=%> Yceyav`dl n`y~v`fs~àey%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6>2

]%4=%3 Tsdl`~d~`zc den tsde~`~d~`zc n`jjcvce~`d~àe aj ~mc yceyav`dl d~~v`fs~cy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%6>4

Deec} ]%40 AFHCI^SDL DEN RVAICYYSDL IDSYDL@^P%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>9

Deec} ]%62 ED^SVDL @E^CVEDL VCJCVCEICY%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>3

Deec} ]%64 NCJAVGD^@AE AJ ^MC ED^SVDL GCN@D %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>;

Deec} ]%66 RA^CE @DL CECVKP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 632

]%66%4 @e~cvdi~àey ncrlapcn fc~{cce GY {`~m ra~ce~`dl cecvkp %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%632

]%66%6 Yrci`jì drrvadim aj ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp ae ~mc è~cvdi~àey ncrlapcn fp

gcdey aj ra~ce~`dl cecvkp j`clny%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%634

Deec} ]%69 ZDV@DFLCY ILDYYCY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 633

]%69%4 Zdv`dflcy ildyycy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 633

]%69%6 ^mc ysrrav~ yc~y aj ~mc zdv`dflcy ildyycy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%63:

Deec} ]%6> ^MCVGDL RMAÂEY DEN ^MCVGDL CECVKP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 63;

]%6>%4 Avf`~dly aj CR%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%63;

]%6>%6 ^vdey`~àey fc~{cce ~{a cecvkc~ì avf`~dly fclaekèk ~a ~mc ydgc CR%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6:4

]%6>%9 D~agì rma~ae%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6:6

]%6>%> ^mc rma~aeì rcv~svfd~àe aj ~mc fasen CR y~d~cy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6:>

]%6>%3 Gcimdeìdl rcv~svfd~àe aj ~mc fasen CR y~d~cy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6:3

]%6>%: ^mcvgdl rma~aey den ~mcvgdl cecvkp%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6::

]%6>%; ^mc cts`l`fv`sg fc~{cce ~mc ~mcvgdl den fdvì jls} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6:0]%6>%= ^mc è~cvedl cecvkp n`y~v`fs~àey aj EG%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;2

]%6>%=%4 Rldeo N`y~v`fs~àe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;2

]%6>%=%6 Gd}{cll n`y~v`fs~àe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;6

]%6>%0 ^cgrcvd~svc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;3

]%6>%0%4 ^cgrcvd~svcy afhci~sdl ncjè`~àe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;:

]%6>%42 Iaeilsyàey %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;;

VCYCVZCN [AVNY DEN C]RVCYY@AEY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6;0

D%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;0

F%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;0

I%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;0N%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6;0

C %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=2

J %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=2

@ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=2

L %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=4

G %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=4

E%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=4

A%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=4

R %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=4

V%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=6

Y %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=6

^ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=6


8/284

=

Z %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=6

[ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6=9


9/284

0

AZCVZ@C[ DEN LDEKSDKC IAEZCE^@AE

^mc ypy~cgì drrvadim ae ~mc {avln `grl`cy, j`vy~ aj dll, ~mc y~vsi~svdl m`cvdvimp aj ~mcjavgy vczcdlèk dll ~mc iaey~`~s~`zc clcgce~y aj ~mc {avln dy {c oea{ `~% D y`grlc

ildyy`jìd~àe aj ~mcyc ypy~cgd~`xd~àe javgy ncrcenèk ae ~mc iagrlc}`~p nckvccy aj ~mc

clcgce~y {mìm gdoc'sr ~mc {avln `y ea~ d ec{ cencdzav, den `~ `y ea~ ceaskm jav

sencvy~denèk ~mc idsycy aj ~m`y m`cvdvimp, ~md~ `y ~mc y~vsi~svc aj ~mc ysvvasenèk gd~cv`dl

ypy~cgy den aj ~mc ypy~cgy jvag {mag czce asvyclzcy dvc gdnc'sr%

Asv ns~p `y ~a n`yiazcv ~mc gay~ kcecvdl ld{y {mìm dvc ~mc fdy`y aj ~m`y ce~`vclp ypy~cgì

y~vsi~svc, ld{y {mìm ncjèc fa~m ~mc javgd~àe aj ~mc ed~svdl ypy~cgy den ~mc`v

nciagray`~àe%

^mc rdrcv mcvcè ~v`cy ~a rvcyce~ ~mcyc rayy`flc ld{y den rvèi`rlcy, {mìm, `j diicr~cn,

~mcp dlla{ sy ~a sencvy~den asv {avln è d {dp {mìm `y fa~m eaeiaejavg`y~ den iamcvce~%

^mc rvcyce~ {avo {dy {v`~~ce gdèlp jav ~mc vcdncvy {`~m m`kmcv cnsid~àe, {`~m fdyìoea{lcnkc è ~mc yrci`dl gd~mcgd~ìy, den {`~m d fvadn den è~cvn`yi`rlèdvp yi`ce~`jì

fdiokvasen%

^mc afhci~sdl drrvadim aj ~mc iake`~àe diiavnèk ~a ~mc rvèi`rlcy ncjècn è ~m`y rdrcv

`y gcde~ ~a ivcd~c d ec{ yi`ce~`jì {dp aj ~mèoèk, {mìm, `j `~ `y sycn {`~m n`yicvegce~ den

iagrc~ceic, fciagcy d gcdey dflc ~a rvaz`nc d yrci`dl dedlpy`y den rvcnì~àe idrdi`~p% ^mc

{avo mdy d rvczdlce~ tsdl`~d~`zc imdvdi~cv, jalla{èk ~md~, gdep aj ~mc tsde~`~p dyrci~y aj ~mc

ncrì~cn afhci~y den rvaicyycy ~a fc ysfyctsce~lp yc~~lcn, dj~cv ~mc gagce~ {mce ~mc

tsdl`~d~`zc rvèi`rlcy mdzc fcidgc d {avoèk gc~man%

Nsc ~a ~mc jdi~ ~md~ ~mc gcdeèk k`zce fp ~mc ds~mav ~a yagc ~cvgy `y gay~lp n`jjcvce~ dy

iagrdvcn ~a ~mc gcdeèk jvag ~mc isvvce~ ed~svdl ldeksdkc -czce yi`ce~`jì ldeksdkc), yagc

vcycvzcn {avny den c}rvcyyàey {cvc è~vansicn divayy ~mc {avo iae~ce~y, edgclp, yagc

{avny av c}rvcyyàey -iallaid~àey) {`~m d ycgde~ì zdlsc -gcdeèk) {mìm `y èzdv`de~ den

iae~c}~'jvcc, zdlsc {mìm `y ncjècn d~ ~mc rvarcv gagce~ aj ~mc c}raysvc% ^mcyc {avny den

c}rvcyyàey dvc dlya èilsncn è ~mc l`y~ aj vcycvzcn {avny {mìm `y jasen d~ ~mc cen aj ~mc

rdrcv, {mcvc ~mcvc dvc mprcvlèoy ~a ~mc ncjè`~àe aj ~md~ rdv~ìsldv {avn% ^mc vcdncv `y

{dvecn ~md~ eaec aj ~mc ~cvgy {mìm dvc iaey`ncvcn dy ~dfs fp gay~ aj ~mc yi`ce~`y~y, ysim

dy, cecvkp, javic, rvcyysvc, j`cln den gdep a~mcvy, {`ll ea~ fc ecklci~cn fs~ ~mcp ymdll fc

vcncjècn%

@e avncv ~a èivcdyc ~mc dgase~ aj èjavgd~àe {mìm `y iaggseìd~cn ~a ~mc vcdncv

fp gcdey aj l`g`~èk ~mc ycgde~ì j`cln aj d ea~àe -ea~àe dvcd), ~mc è~cvyci~àe aj ~mc

ycgde~ì j`clny aj yagc y`g`ldv ea~àey ymdll fc sycn% ^mc ~cvg {mayc gcdeèk `y ncy`vcn ~afc vcy~vì~cn -ncjècn) ymdll fc jalla{cn fp d l`y~ {`~m y`g`ldv ea~àey, rldicn è fvdioc~y, den

~mc iaggae gcdeèk aj ~mcyc ea~àey `y ~mc gcdeèk ncy`vcn ~a fc ~vdeyg`~~cn ~a ~mc vcdncv%

Jav c}dgrlc, ~mc c}rvcyyàe ga~àe -~vdeyjcv, n`yrldicgce~ `y sycn è avncv ~a iaggseìd~c

~mc iaggae gcdeèk aj ~mc ~mvcc {avny -è~cvyci~àe aj ~mc ycgde~ì j`clny)%

Dy jav ~mc ea~d~àe {mìm `y sycn, ~mc yidldv tsde~`~`cy ymdll fc {v`~~ce {`~m `~dlìy

-c%k8 Z, nG, ~, ya ae), den ~mc zci~av tsde~`~`cy ymdll fc {v`~~ce {`~m faln imdvdi~cvy -c%k8 z, j,ya ae) {`~mè ~mc ~c}~, av azcvlècn imdvdi~cvy è yagc vcld~àey {v`~~ce {`~m a~mcv cn`~av -jav

c}dgrlc, z e, )% ^mc ènc} aj rdvdkvdrmy, ncjè`~àey, j`ksvcy, iaggce~y den vcld~àey {`~mè

~mc ~c}~ dvc iagraycn diiavnèk ~a ~mc jalla{èk vslc8

_yci~àe eaW% _rdvdkvdrm eaW%


10/284

42

^mc {avo `y n`z`ncn è ~{a jls}cy8 ~mc gdè jls}, gdnc'sr jvag ~mc ysiicyyàe aj imdr~cvy

40, {mcvc ~mc fdyì iaeicr~y den rvèi`rlcy aj ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp dvc c}raycn -{c

gdp iaey`ncv ~m`y rdv~ dy ~mc yrèdl iavn aj ~mc {avo), den ~mc yciaendvp jls}, gdnc'sr jvag

d esgfcv aj deec}cy, {mìm dvc jdv jvag fcèk lcyy'y`ke`jìde~, fs~ ~mcp dvc c`~mcv nc~d`lcn

c}rlded~àey aj ~mc iaeicr~y jvag ~mc gdè jls} -{mìm {cvc ~doce'as~ jvag ~m`y y~vcdg jav

ea~ n`y~vdi~èk ~mc vcdncvy d~~ce~àe ~aa gsim), av ~mc drrlìd~àe aj ~mc rvèi`rlcy aj ~mcrvcyce~ {avo sencv ~mc vc'è~cvrvc~d~àe aj yagc afhci~y av rvaicyycy jvag ~mc vcdl av

dfy~vdi~ {avln%

^mc dnn`~àedl c}rlded~àey vcld~cn ~a ~mc ~c}~, vcts`vcn fp yagc aj ~mc iaeicr~y av

dyycv~àey, dvc y~vsi~svcn ae jasv lczcly aj iagrlc}`~p8 ymav~ c}rlded~àey rldicn è fvdioc~y,

jaa~ea~cy, iaggce~y den -dy gce~àecn dfazc) deec}cy% ^mc fdyì vslc ~doce è~a diiase~ jav

nvd{èk'sr ~mc ~c}~ `y ~md~ ~mc ecklci~èk aj ~mc dnn`~àedl c}rlded~àey nacy ea~ `grd`v ~mc

rdrcv iamcvceic% @e a~mcv {avny, `j ~mc ~c}~ jvag fvdioc~y, jaa~ea~cy den iaggce~y `y ea~

~doce è~a iaey`ncvd~àe, ~mc vcgdèèk aec gsy~ fc iamcvce~, fs~ `~ {`ll ncrì~ aelp ~mc

gè`gsg ecicyydvp èjavgd~àe%


11/284

44

@ENC] AJ DIVAEPGY DEN DFFVCZ@D^@AEY

DDGY dv~`jì`dl dfà~ì gd~cv`dl ypy~cgyDDZ dfyals~c diisvd~c zdlscDF dy~vaeagìdl fan`cy8 y~dvy, rldec~y, yd~cll`~cy, c~i%D@RY dv~`jì`dl èjavgd~àe rvaicyyèk ypy~cgyDA dfy~vdi~ afhci~D^ d~agyim% Imdr~cv

IG icllsldvgcn`dIY ice~vdl`xcn ypy~cgyNR n`gceyàedl raè~

NY n`y~v`fs~cn ypy~cgy -gcn`dCI csodvpa~ì icllyCJ cecvkp jls}cyCA cecvkc~ì avf`~dlCR clci~vìdllp'imdvkcn rdv~ìlcy8 clci~vaey, ray`~vaey, rva~aey, c~iCY cts`l`fv`sg ysvjdicC^Z clcgce~dvp ~vdey`~àe zalsgcJD jsei~àedl drrdvd~sy -ysfypy~cg aj ~mc avkde`ygyJNZ jls} ncey`~p zci~avj`k% j`ksvc

JTZ jls} tsde~sg zci~av

KI kdld}p ilsy~cvyKG kdldi~ì gcn`d -gcn`d {mayc clcgce~y dvc ~mc kdld}`cyK] kdld}`cy@J èjavgd~àedl jls}cy@RY èjavgd~àe rvaicyyèk ypy~cg-y@YY èjavgd~àe ysrrav~ ypy~cg-yL^G laek'~cvg gcgavpGA galcislcyGY gd~cv`dl ypy~cg-y

EDGY ed~svdl dfà~ì gd~cv`dl ypy~cgyEI esilcsy

EC ecs~vaeyE@RY ed~svdl èjavgd~àe rvaicyyèk ypy~cgyEG ed~svdl gcn`d -yal`ny, l`ts`ny, kdycy, c~i% gcn`d gdnc'sr jvag d~agyAK avkde`ygyAKG avkde`yg gcn`dAV avkdey

rdv% rdvdkvdrm

RFY rldec~dvp fà'ypy~cg -rldec~dvp fàyrmcvcRI rvaodvpa~ì icllyRJG rva}`gd~c jsendgce~dl gcn`dRY rldec~dvp ypy~cgy -y~dv'rldec~y ypy~cg

r%z% raè~ aj z`c{V va~d~èk vcjcvceic -aj de afhci~ av va~d~èk ga~àe -jls}


12/284

46

VDZ vcld~`zc diisvd~c zdlscVFY vcdl fasendvp ysvjdicVG vcjcvceic gcn`sgVY vcjcvceic ypy~cgYCR yrci`jì clcgce~dvp rvaicyy

YA y~vsi~svdl avf`~dlYAR ypy~cgì avkde`xd~àe rvèi`rlcy%a% ya ae

Y^G ymav~'~cvg gcgavp^ ~vdeyld~àe vcjcvceic -aj de afhci~ av ~vdeyld~àe ga~àe -jls}4N aec'n`gceyàedl d~~v`fs~c

6N ~{a'n`gceyàedl d~~v`fs~c

9N ~mvcc'n`gceyàedl d~~v`fs~c

9J jls}cy ~v`dn -`ggcvkce~, y~avcn, cgcvkce~

-) dgsycgce~ y`ke


13/284

49

Im%4 YPY^CG@I AVKDE@XD^@AE

4%4 M`cvdvimp aj ~mc oea{e javgy aj gd~~cv c}`y~ceic

@j {c ymdll dedlpxc ~mc oea{e javgy aj gd~~cv c}`y~ceic, jvag ~mc lczcl aj clcgce~dvp

rdv~ìlcy sr ~a ~mc kdld}p ilsy~cvy, `~ `y {av~m gce~àeèk, dy d kcecvdl jcd~svc, ~mc seczceecyy

aj ~mc yrdic n`y~v`fs~àe aj ~m`y gd~~cv% ^msy, `~ `y afzàsy ~mc gd~~cv ~cenceip aj fciagèk

iva{ncn è tsdy`'èncrcence~ se`~y fs~ {mìm è~cvdi~ cdim a~mcv, ~mcyc se`~y fcèk javgcn

dy d vcysl~ aj ~mc dyyai`d~àe aj a~mcv ygdllcv se`~y, {`~m d lcyy iagrlc} m`cvdvimìdl lczcl,

{mìm dvc dlya gdnc'sr jvag a~mcv se`~y, ya ae%

^mc gay~ drrvarv`d~c {dp aj ncjèèk ~m`y y~vsi~svc `y ~mc aec {mìm syc ~mc ypy~cg

iaeicr~, jav ~mc y~dv~, {`~m ~mc gcdeèk {mìm `y kcecvdllp diicr~cn ea{dndpy, ~md~ `y

ysjjì`ce~ jav ~mc yiarc aj ~m`y imdr~cv% @~ `y {av~m vcgènèk ~md~ ~mc ypy~cg `y d iallci~àe aj

afhci~y -c`~mcv vcdl av dfy~vdi~ {`~m jsei~àedl faeny ncrlapcn fc~{cce ~mcg% ^mc ypy~cgiaeicr~ `grl`cy ~mc rayy`f`l`~p aj `~y nciagray`~àe è gavc y`grlc rdv~y -ysfypy~cgy, {mayc

~mc gay~ y`grlc aecy dvc oea{e dy clcgce~y aj ~mc ypy~cg%

Fcidsyc {c dvc ncdlèk {`~m ~mc gd~~cvy c}`y~ceic javgy, ~mc afhci~y aj ~mc gd~cv`dl

ypy~cgy dvc czce ~mc se`~y {mcvc ~mc gd~~cv dv`yc jvag, ~mcvcjavc, ~mcp dvc gd~cv`dl afhci~y%

Jav y`grl`jìd~àe rsvraycy, {c ymdll jaisy j`vy~ aelp ae ~mc ycv`cy aj dfà~ì ypy~cgy {mìm

dvc idllcn ed~svdl dfà~ì gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy -EDGY) è avncv ~a n`jjcvce~`d~c ~mcg jvag ~mc

dv~`jì`dl dfà~ì gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy -DDGY {mìm mdzc dnn`~àedl javgd~àe iv`~cv`d, dy

iagrdvcn ~a ~mc ed~svdl aecy%

^doèk è~a iaey`ncvd~àe ~mc oea{lcnkc kd~mcvcn fp ~mc gdeoèn ya jdv, {c ide gdoc d

l`y~ aj ~mc m`cvdvimìdl avkde`xd~àe lczcly aj EDGY, afzàsylp {`~m ~mc c}rlded~àe ~md~ `~ `y

ea~ den `~ nacy ea~ è~cen ~a fc c}mdsy~`zc, `~y c}ilsy`zc è~ce~àe fcèk aelp ~a cgrmdy`xcyagc aj ~mc avkde`xd~àe lczcly oea{e fp ea{, yagc aj ~mc lczcly fcèk ncl`fcvd~clp c}ilsncn

nsc ~a y`grlì`~p vcdyaey% Jav ~mc rsvrayc aj ~m`y yci~àe, ~mc vclczde~ gcdeèk, {c ymdll ycc

ld~cv, `y aelp ~mc fckèeèk den ~mc cen aj ~mc l`y~%

Ec}~, {c ymdll rvcyce~ ~mc l`y~ è dyicenèk avncv aj ~mc yrdic n`gceyàey den aj ~mc

y~vsi~svdl lczcl8' CR -clci~vìdllp'imdvkcn rdv~ìlcy?' EI -esilcsy?

' D^ -d~agy?

' GA -galcislcy?

' EG -ed~svdl gcn`d8 yal`ny, l`ts`ny, kdycy, c~i%?

' DF -dy~vaeagì fan`cy8 y~dvy, rldec~y, yd~cll`~cy, c~i%?' RY -rldec~dvp ypy~cgy8 y~dv'rldec~y ypy~cg?

' K] -kdld}`cy?

' KI -kdld}p ilsy~cvy?

4%6 ^`gc ncrcenceic aj ~mc iake`~àe l`g`~y

@e avncv ~a cy~dfl`ym d m`cvdvimp vcld~àe ae ~mc yc~ aj y~vsi~svc lczcly aj EDGY, {c gdp

syc ~mc èilsyàe vcld~àey aj yc~y fclaekèk ~a ~mc iaey~`~s~`zc rdv~y% Diiavnèk ~a ~mc

oea{lcnkc kd~mcvcn ya jdv, `~ `y oea{e ~md~ dll ~mc ypy~cgy {`~m ~mc y~vsi~svc lczcl azcv D^

lczcl -ysim dy GA, EG, DF, RY, c~i% dvc gdnc'sr jvag D^ ypy~cgy, ~mcvcjavc, `~ g`km~ fc

yd`n ~md~8

4 D^wyc~ `y gdnc'sr jvag ~{a iagrlcgce~dvp ysfyc~y8 ~mc yc~ aj ~mc d~agy fasenè galcislcy av a~mcv ~prcy aj d~agì ypy~cgy -c%k%8 gc~dly den ~mc yc~ aj ~mc jvcc d~agy


14/284

4>

-sefasen è dep ypy~cg% ^mc vcysl~ `y ~md~ ~mc yc~ aj ~mc d~agy jvag ~mc iagray`~àe aj ~mc

galcislc yc~ D^GAw`y èilsncn è D^w yc~ -ycc j`k%4%6%4%

6 GAwyc~ `y dlya gdnc'sr jvag ~{a ysfyc~y8 ~mc yc~ aj galcislcy dv`yce è ed~svdlgcn`d GAGEw den ~mc jvcc galcislcy yc~, vcysl~èk ~md~ ~mc yc~ aj galcislcy {mìm gdoc'sr

GAGEw`y èilsncn è GAw, ya ae%

D^

D^GA

D^K]

DÊG

J`k% 4%6%4

^doèk è~a iaey`ncvd~àe ~mc j`ksvc 4%6%4, aec gdp ea~ìc ~md~ ~mcvc `y de èilsyàey

imdè aj ~mc dfà~ì ypy~cgy yc~, imdè {mìm gdp fc vcrvcyce~cn fp syèk ~mc ype~d} aj ~mc

yc~y ~mcavp, dy `~ jalla{y8

GA EG K]D^w D^ w D^ w %%% D^ w -4%6%4{mìm gcdey ~md~ ~mc ~a~dl d~agy yc~ èilsncy ~mc yc~ aj ~mc d~agy cgfcnncn è galcislcy,

{mìm è `~y ~sve, `y gdnc'sr jvag ~mc yc~ aj d~agy jvag ~mc ed~svdl gcn`d, c~i%

Sencv d y`grl`j`cn javg, ~mc vcld~àe 4%6%4 gdp fc {v`~~ce dy8

D^w GAw EGw %%% K]w -4%6%6av8

w %%% w w wK] EG GA D^ -4%6%9edgclp, ~mc yc~ aj d~agy jvag ~mc kdld}pcy iagray`~àe `y jèdllp èilsncn è ~mc ~a~dl yc~ aj

~mc d~agy jvag ~mc se`zcvyc -{`~m ~mc`v è~cvgcn`d~c avkde`xd~àe lczcly, ~mcp dvc dlya ysfyc~y

aj ~mc d~agy yc~% Fs~, yèic `~ `y oea{e ~md~ ~mc d~agy dvc ypy~cgy gdnc'sr jvag CR,

~mcvcjavc, D^wyc~ `y dlya èilsncn è ~mc gavc c}~cencn CRwyc~, ~md~ `y ~mc yc~ aj dll ~mc

clci~vì rdv~ìlcy jvag ~mc se`zcvyc% Kcecvdl`xèk ~mc èilsyàe vcld~àey 4%6%9 divayy ~mc ce~`vc

EDGY m`cvdvimp vdekc gce~àecn è rdv% 4%4, ~ gdp fc {v`~~ce ~md~8

w w %%% w w wVK K] EG D^ CR -4%6%>{mìm gcdey ~md~ ~mc yc~ aj ~mc clci~vì rdv~ìlcy {mìm dvc jasen è ~mc iagray`~àe aj ~mc

kdld}p ilsy~cvy `y èilsncn è ~mc ~a~dl yc~ aj CR jvag ~mc se`zcvyc, fs~ afzàsylp, ~mcvc `y d yc~

aj CR {mìm na ea~ fclaek ~a dep aj ~mc`v y~vsi~svc javgy -jvcc rdv~ìlcy jvag ~mc yrdicfc~{cce ~mc kdldi~ì ilsy~cvy%

Ncjè`~àe 4%6%48 ^mc yc~ aj ~mc ypy~cgy {`~m d gavc y`grlc y~vsi~svc, {mayc clcgce~ydvc d~ ~mc av`kè aj dll ~mc ypy~cgy {`~m d gavc iagrlc} y~vsi~svc, `y idllcn ~mc kcecvd~èkyc~%

Jav c}dgrlc, diiavnèk ~a ~mc vcld~àe 4%6%>, d kcecvd~èk yc~ `y CRw yc~, fcidsyc CR

ypy~cgy dvc jasen è ~mc iagray`~àe aj dll ~mc gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy {`~m d gavc iagrlc}

y~vsi~svc, èilsnèk è ~mc y~dvy iavc, {mcvc czce ~mc d~agì ocvecly dvc n`yyai`d~cn% Dy jav ~mc

fàypy~cgy jvag ~mc Cdv~m, `~ `y dlya d kcecvd~èk yc~ {mìm g`km~ fc iaey`ncvcn dy ~mc yc~ aj

dll ~mc l`zèk iclly jvag ~mc rldec~ -c`~mcv ~mcp dvc jvcc, dy fdi~cv`d, av fasen, dy ~mc ~`yysc

iclly, fs~ dlya ~mc yc~ aj ~mc d~agy jasen è ~mc rcv`rmcvdl gcn`d aj ~mc rldec~, jvag {mìm dll

~mc iaey~`~s~`zc rdv~y aj d fà'ypy~cg -èilsnèk ~mc icllsldv aec {`ll dv`yc%


15/284

43

Dep ysfyc~ fclaekèk ~a d yc~ `y imdvdi~cv`xcn fp ~mc jdi~ ~md~ `~y iaey~`~s~`zc clcgce~y

mdzc d~ lcdy~ aec n`y~èi~`zc jcd~svc dy iagrdvcn ~a ~mc clcgce~y aj ~mc kcecvd~èk yc~ -~md~ `y

~mc yc~ {mcvc ~mc ysfyc~ `y èilsncn% @e idyc aj EDGY, ~m`y oèn aj jcd~svc `y jav èy~deic, ~mc

yrd~`dl laid~àe aj ~mc clcgce~y, ~mc d~agy aj d galcislc fcèk iaejècn è d l`g`~cn yrdic,

~md~ `y ~mc galcisldv yrdic% ^mc kvasr aj rvarcv~`cy {mìm ncjèc d icv~dè ysfyc~ jvag ycv`cy

4%6%>% ymdll fc -~cgravdv`lp idllcn dy ~mc javgd~àe iv`~cv`d aj ~mc ysfyc~ -ypy~cg den `~ `y ~mcgdè rvarcv~p aj ~mc avkde`xd~àe lczcl ea~àe aj ~md~ rdv~ìsldv ypy~cg% ^mc vcysl~ `y ~md~ d

ypy~cg {`~m d icv~dè avkde`xd~àe lczcl `grl`cy ~mc c}`y~ceic aj yagc ypy~cgy {`~m de

èjcvàv avkde`xd~àe nckvcc% ^m`y imdè `grlìd~àe -rvaray`~àedl gdp fc {v`~~ce è de

dffvcz`d~cn javg fp syèk ~mc `grlìd~àe arcvd~av _W8

1 1KI K] RY DF EG GA D^ EI CR -4%6%3Vcld~àe 4%6%3 gdp fc vcdn dy `~ jalla{y8

^mc c}`y~ceic aj KI'~prc ypy~cgy `grl`cy ~mc c}`y~ceic -dy ysfypy~cgy) aj K]'~prc

ysfypy~cgy, {mìm dlya `grl`cy ~mc c}`y~ceic aj RY'~prc ypy~cgy, c~i%

Fs~ ~mc ydgc vcld~àe gdp fc dlya vcdn dy8 CR ypy~cgy dvc ~mc ysfypy~cgy jav EI, {mìm

è ~mc`v ~sve, dvc ysfypy~cgy jav D^, ya ae%

Aec gdp ea~ìc ~md~ ~mc tscy~àe gdvoy ncl`g`~ ~mc isvvce~ iake`~àe l`g`~y è ~mc dfà~ìj`cln -{c dvc ~dloèk dfas~ ~mc icv~dè, c}rcv`gce~dl iake`~àe {mìm `y sede`gasylp

vciake`xcn fp dll ~mc yi`ce~`y~y% @j {c ymdll gdvo ~mc ydgc ycv`cy aj ~mc ypy~cgì `grlìd~àey

-avkde`xd~àedl aj EDGY diiavnèk ~a ~mc oea{lcnkc nckvcc d~ ~mc cen aj 40'~m ice~svp, {c

ymdll kc~8

1 1RY DF EG GA D^ -4%6%:-fp gce~àeèk ~md~ ~mc aelp RY ypy~cg {mìm {dy oea{e {dy asv rldec~dvp ypy~cg, den è

de~`ts`~p, ~mc imdè aj ~mc avkde`xd~àedl `grlìd~àey {dy aelp8

1 1GE -4%6%;~mc jasv jsendgce~dl clcgce~y8 cdv~m, {d~cv, d`v den j`vc%

4%9 Ypy~cgì avkde`xd~àe rvèi`rlc

^mcvc dvc jc{ `grav~de~ iaeilsyàey {mìm gdp ncv`zc jvag ~mc dfazc'gce~àecn jdi~y8

4^mc esgfcv aj ~mc m`cvdvimìdl y~vsi~svc lczcly aj ~mc dfà~ì gd~~cv, diicr~cn fp~mc yi`ce~`y~y, ncrcen ae ~mc oea{lcnkc dgase~ diisgsld~cn d~ d icv~dè gagce~?

6^mc ypy~cgy {`~m ~mc la{cy~ avkde`xd~àe lczcl -~mc gay~ y`grlc d~ d icv~dè lczclaj ~mc kcecvdl oea{lcnkc, dvc idllcn clcgce~dvp av jsendgce~dly% ^mcp dvc iaey~`~s~`zc

rdv~y aj dll ~mc ypy~cgy {`~m d ysrcvàv y~vsi~svc -gdoèk'sr ~mc kcecvd~èk yc~aj dll ~mcyc

ypy~cgy%

^mc avncv aj gdke`~snc -ycc deec} ]%4 aj ~mc yrd~`dl n`gceyàey aj CR ypy~cgy `y dfas~

42'4> g, den aj K] ypy~cg `y drrva}% 4264 g% ^mcvcjavc, ~mc dfà~ì gd~~cv avkde`xd~àe

{`~mè ypy~cgy `y gdè~dècn dlaek de è~cvzdl aj azcv 93 avncvy aj gdke`~snc aj ~mc yrd~`dln`gceyàey% [c gsy~ dlya ~doc è~a diiase~ ~md~ ~mc ypy~cgì gd~~cv avkde`xd~àe {dy ea~

oea{e è ~mc dei`ce~ ~`gcy dy {c oea{ `~ ea{dndpy, fs~ ~m`y nacy ea~ gcde ~md~ `~ n`n ea~

di~sdllp c}`y~% ^mcyc jènèky k`zc sy ~mc v`km~ ~a dyycv~ ~md~8

4 ^mcvc `y ea lakìdl dvksgce~ dflc ~a iae~cy~ ~mc c}`y~ceic aj ~mc ypy~cgìavkde`xd~àe aj ~mc dfà~ì gd~~cv fcpaen ~mc l`g`~y aj ~mc msgde oea{lcnkc diisgsld~cn d~ d

icv~dè gagce~%

6 ^mc fasendv`cy aj ~m`y avkde`xd~àe ncrcen aelp ae ~mc iake`~àe nckvcc vcdimcnd~ ~md~ gagce~%

Dy d iavvaldvp aj ~mc dfazc gce~àecn y~d~cgce~y, {c gdp vclcdyc ~mc jalla{èk aec8


16/284

4:

^mc ypy~cgì avkde`xd~àe rvèi`rlc -YAR)8Zcvyàe d8Dep javg aj gd~~cv c}`y~ceic `y d ypy~cg den fclaeky ~a d ypy~cg%Zcvyàe f8Dep javg aj gd~~cv c}`y~ceic mdy d kcecvd~èk yc~%

Iaggce~ 4%9%48 Dy {c dvc dfas~ ~a ycc ld~cv è ~m`y faao, ~mc gd~~cv -av gavc c}di~lp, ~mc gd~cv`dl

ypy~cgy ildyy `y n`z`ncn è ~mvcc ldvkc ysfildyycy8 ' dfà~ì ypy~cgy -ed~svdl, fà~ì ypy~cgy den dv~`jì`dlypy~cgy% Diiavnèk ~a ~mc djavcgce~àecn `yyscy, yagc clcgce~y aj ~mc dfà~ì ildyy m`cvdvimp -ysim dy~mc d~agy gdoc'sr ~mc kcecvd~èk yc~ dlya jav ~mc a~mcv ~{a ildyycy aj gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy% YAR `yseiaen`~àedllp zdl`n -diiavnèk ~a ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp è idyc aj ~mc ildyy aj ~mc ed~svdl dfà~ìypy~cgy, jdi~ {mìm vcysl~y jvag ~mc gancl aj ~m`y oèn aj ypy~cg, gancl {mìm ymdll fc dedlpxcn è yci~àe;% Dy jav ~mc ildyycy aj fà~ì den dv~`jì`dl ypy~cgy, dl~maskm ~mcp dvc dlya gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy, ~mcvc dvcyagc rvarcv~`cy {mìm vcy~vì~ ~mc`v n`z`y`f`l`~p vdekc? è idyc aj ysim ypy~cgy, ~mcvc dvc fdyì clcgce~y{mìm ideea~ fc nciagraycn dep gavc {`~mas~ laayèk ~mc ildyy jcd~svcy, ncyr`~c aj ~mc m`km iake`~àelczcl% Fs~ ~mcyc clcgce~y dvc jsv~mcv nciagraycn dy de dfà~ì ysrrav~ aj ~mc fà~ì av dv~`jì`dl ypy~cgy%Jav ~mc d~~ce~`zc den nc~d`l'av`ce~cn vcdncv, de drrdvce~ iae~vdnì~àe g`km~ dv`yc fc~{cce YAR den ~mcn`z`yàe {dp aj ~mc dfà~ì GY è clcgce~y {mìm gdoc'sr ypy~cgy den ~mc jvcc aecy, n`z`yàe {mìm {dysycn d~ ~mc fckèeèk aj rdvdkv% 4%6% ^mcvc `y ènccn d jvdi~àe aj GY {mìm nacy ea~ fclaek ~a gdepjavgy aj avkde`xd~àe jvag ~mc dfazc gce~àecn m`cvdvimp, dl~maskm ~mcvc `y dl{dpy de avkde`xd~àey~vsi~svc {mìm ymdll dlya èilsnc ~mcg% Jav c}dgrlc, ~mc jvdi~àey fclaekèk ~a jvcc CR, sefasen {`~mè

~mc esilcsy, d~agy, gcn`d, gdp fc rdv~ aj de è~cv'rldec~dvp, è~cv'kdldi~ì gcn`sg, den ~mcp ymdll fciagrslyav`lp rdv~ aj asv se`zcvyc, {mìm `y dlya d GY% ^mc yc~ aj ~mc jvcc l`zèk iclly -sefasen è~a ~mcgsl~ìcllsldv avkde`ygy ymdll fc sl~`gd~clp rdv~ aj ~mc rldec~dvp fàyrmcvc, ~mc f`kkcy~ fà'ypy~cg oea{eya jdv% @j ~mc j`vy~ zcvyàe aj YAR -zcvyàe d mdy d kcecvdl`~p lczcl {mìm ncrceny ae GY ildyy -dy `~ {dydfazc gce~àecn è ~m`y iaggce~, ~mc zcvyàe f aj YAR `y se`zcvydllp'zdl`n den `~ `y aec aj ~mc fdyìrvèi`rlcy aj ~m`y rdrcv%

4%> Yagc rm`layarmìdl `grlìd~àey aj YAR diicr~deic

Dl~maskm `~ `y ea~ ~aa afzàsy d~ d j`vy~ yccèk, ~mc `grlìd~àey aj ~mc diicr~deic aj ~m`y

rvèi`rlc ae ~mc iaeicr~y vckdvnèk ~mc {avln dvc zcvp esgcvasy den ~mcp iazcv dll ~mc

iake`~àe j`clny%

J`vy~ aj dll, ~m`y rvèi`rlc ray~sld~cy ~mc n`z`y`f`l`~p è a~mcv ypy~cgy aj ~mc dfà~ì

gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy dlvcdnp oea{e dy clcgce~dvp, {`~mas~ gce~àeèk d l`g`~ jav ~m`yn`z`y`f`l`~p -gdpfc czce sr ~a èjè`~p% Yciaenlp, d~ ~mc array`~c cen aj iake`~àe, ~a{dvny

gavc den gavc ldvkc ypy~cgy, ~m`y rvèi`rlc ray~sld~cy ~mc yrd~`dl jè`~p aj asv Se`zcvyc dy de

afhci~, fs~ `~ nacy ea~ iae~vdnì~ ~mc y`gsl~decasy c}`y~ceic aj a~mcv y`g`ldv se`zcvycy {mìm

dvc yrd~`dllp n`yhaè~ den dlya avkde`xcn è ldvkcv ypy~cgy% Fs~, rdp d~~ce~àe, {c dvc ea~

~dloèk dfas~ ~mc ya'idllcn rdvdllcl se`zcvycy jvag YJ yldek, fs~ dfas~ yagc ce~`~`cy {mìm

dvc y`g`ldv ~a asv se`zcvyc, {`~m ilcdv yrd~`dl fasendv`cy, pc~ laid~cn d~ se~mèodflc n`y~deicy,

se~mèodflc dy ~mc vcdl n`gceyàey aj asv a{e se`zcvyc dvc, jvag {mìm aelp d ygdll jvdi~àe

`y z`y`flc%Iaggce~ 4%>%48 ^mc rvaflcg aj diicr~èk ~mc `ncd aj ~mc c}`y~ceic aj a~mcv se`zcvycy `y y`g`ldv

{`~m ~mc rvaflcg aj ~mc y`gsl~decasy c}`y~ceic aj a~mcv rldec~y, fcy`ncy Cdv~m, è asv yaldv ypy~cg% ^mcvc{dy d ~`gc è ~mc m`y~avp aj msgde iake`~àe {mce ~m`y c}`y~ceic {dy nce`cn, afzàsylp nsc ~a ldio aj

èjavgd~àe -oea{lcnkc% Ea{dndpy, yèic ~m`y rvaflcg {dy yalzcn, {c dvc ea{ è ~mc cdvlp y~dkc ajdiicr~èk ~mc y`gsl~decasy c}`y~ceic aj a~mcv rldec~dvp ypy~cgy {`~mè asv kdld}p, diicr~deic {mìm `yvd~mcv n`jjìsl~ fcidsyc ~mcvc dvc ea n`vci~ nd~d iaeicveèk ~mcyc rdv~ìsldv afhci~y, den ~mc isvvce~yi`ce~`jì rm`layarmp nacy ea~ rvaz`nc dep ilsc è ysrrav~èk ~mc rvcnì~àe ae ~mc c}`y~ceic aj ~m`y oèn ajafhci~y dvasen cdim afycvzdflc y~dv%

Dea~mcv iaeyctsceic aj YAR drrlìd~àe `y ~mc rvcnì~àe ae ~mc c}`y~ceic aj a~mcv gcn`d

kcecvd~àe, -dlya fclaekèk ~a ~mc dfà~ì id~ckavp, gdnc'sr jvag gsim ygdllcv ypy~cgy dy

iagrdvcn ~a dep CR, ~mc yc~ aj ~m`y clcgce~y fcèk d kcecvd~èk yc~ jav CRw yc~% ^mcyc gcn`d,

{mìm dvc idllcn rva}`gd~c fdyì gcn`d -RFG:4 dvc ~mc iagraece~y aj ~mc se`zcvyc, è ~mc

ydgc {dp dy EG dvc ~mc iagraece~y aj DF% [c dvc syèk ~mc ~cvg gcn`d èy~cdn aj

:4

^mcvc {cvc idllcnrva}`gd~c fcidsyc `j ~mc`v c}`y~ceic {asln fc ncgaey~vd~cn, ~m`y jdi~ `y `~yclj d rvaaj~md~ ~mcvc {`ll dlya fc a~mcv gsim gavc fdyì m`cvdvimìdl gcn`d lczcly% ^mc rva}`gd~cd~~v`fs~c vcjcvy ~a ~mcrva}`g`~p ~a EG -è m`cvdvimìdl avncv, ~mc aelp ~prcy aj dfà~ì gcn`d {mìm dvc oea{e ya jdv%


17/284

4;

gcn`sg fcidsyc -diiavnèk ~a ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp ~mcyc gcn`d ide dlya c}`y~ è

zdvàsy y~d~cy -hsy~ lòc EG, c`~mcv yal`n, l`ts`n av kdycasy% ^mc diicr~deic aj ~mc c}`y~ceic

aj ~mcyc gcn`d:6 `y isvvce~lp d n`jjìsl~ ~dyo, ~mc gay~ y`ke`jìde~ n`yrvaaj iagèk aeic {`~m

~mc vclcdyc aj ~mc vcysl~y aj Gìmclyae'Gavlcp c}rcv`gce~ den iae~èsèk sr ~a ~mc rvcyce~%

Sejav~sed~clp jav ~mc msgde iake`~àe, ~mc mdy~p è~cvrvc~d~àe aj ~m`y vcysl~ {mìm mdy lcn ~a

~m`y n`yrvaaj, {dy -diiavnèk ~a ~mc ds~mav d mskc y~cr fdio{dvny, y~cr {mìm lcn ~a ~mcnvdy~ì l`g`~d~àe aj ~mc gdeoèn diicyy ~a ~mc yrdic, fp aelp syèk ~mc ècv~`dl rvarslyàe

cts`rgce~ jav yrdic ym`ry%

4%3 Za`n diavnèk ~a ~mc ypy~cgì iaeicr~

D~ d icv~dè gagce~, ~mcvc {`ll fc d g`}~svc -vcseàe aj gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy {`~m zdvàsy

avkde`xd~àe lczcly jasen è d l`g`~cn c}dgèd~àe zalsgc -rvcièi~% @~ g`km~ fc dyysgcn

~md~ ~m`y zalsgc mdy d n`gceyàe {mìm dlla{y aelp GA'~prc av lcyy'y`xcn ypy~cgy -D^, EI,

CR c~i% ~a fc rldicn èy`nc `~% Ma{czcv, è idyc aj GA den D^ ypy~cgy, ~m`y ypy~cg ymdll

iagrv`yc ' sencv d~gayrmcvì rvcyysvc iaen`~àey ' d y`ke`jìde~ esgfcv aj yrci`gcey% [c

gdp dyysgc ~md~ ~mc esgfcv -idvnèdl dyyai`d~cn ~a cdim yc~ aj ypy~cgy {`~m ]P

avkde`xd~àe lczcl {asln fc oea{e -{mcvc ]P gdp ~doc aec aj D^, GA, CR zdlscy, c~i{mìm gdp fc èilsncn è~a ~mc c}dgèd~àe xaec? ~mcyc dvc jè`~c yc~y -~mc c}dgèd~àe xaec

`y jè`~c% @j ~mc yc~ aj ]P ypy~cgy `y za`n -esll idvnèdl, `~ g`km~ fc y~d~cn ~md~ ~mc

c}dgèd~àe xaec `y d ]P ypy~cgy za`n% Rvdi~ìdllp, ~mc za`n -zdissg `y d yrdic jvag

{mìm D^'~prc ypy~cgy av ~mc ldvkcv ypy~cgy ymasln g`yy%

Yagc afycvzd~àey eccn ~a fc rvagr~lp gdnc8

4^mc za`n ea~àe `y d rvarcv~p aj d iaejècn yrdic -aj d rvcièi~, ~md~ `y ~mcèidrdi`~p aj iae~dèèk d icv~dè ~prc aj afhci~y -~mc yc~ aj ~mc iae~dècn afhci~y `y za`n?

6^m`y rvarcv~p `y vcld~`zc d~ d vcjcvceic {mìm iaey`y~y aj d icv~dè avkde`xd~àelczcl aj ~mc ypy~cgy vcgazcn jvag ~mc rvcièi~% Jav c}dgrlc, d y~cv`lc yrdic `y d rvcièi~

{mcvc ~mcvc `y ea oèn aj l`zèk fà'ypy~cg -{c gdp iaey`ncv ~md~ ~mc rvcièi~ `y za`n jvag

l`zèk avkde`ygy, vckdvnlcyy aj ~mc`v avkde`xd~àe nckvcc% @j ~mc è~ce~àe `y ~a ivcd~c d yrdic

za`n jvag D^ ypy~cgy, ~mce, ~mcyc ypy~cgy -vcjcvceic lczcl den ~mc aecy {`~m d m`kmcv lczcl

aj avkde`xd~àe ymasln ea~ fc rvcyce~ è ~md~ yrdic%

9@~ `y zcvp n`jjìsl~ ~a cjjci~`zclp fs`ln d yrdic {mìm `y iagrlc~clp {`~mas~ GA avD^ ypy~cgy, ~mcvcjavc, d iagrvag`yc `y gdnc8 ~mc ncivcdyc aj D^ ypy~cgy esgfcv jvag ~mc

za`ncn yrdic sencv d icv~dè zdlsc -èn`vci~lp nc~cvgècn fp gcdey aj rvcyysvc% ^m`y zdlsc aj

~mc rvcyysvc jvag ~mc rvcièi~ fciagcy ~mc za`n nckvcc, av, dy d ease, ~mc za`n% ^mc rcarlc

mdzc d ~cenceip -{vaek ~a ycrdvd~c ~mc rvarcv~`cy aj yagc afhci~y jvag ~mc`v malncv, dy `j

~mcyc rvarcv~`cy {asln fc dflc ~a mdzc d jvcc c}`y~ceic% ^m`y `y {md~ `~ mdrrcecn {`~m ~mc

za`n%

>Czce sencv ~mc mpra~mc~ì y`~sd~àe aj d rcvjci~ za`n vcdl`xd~àe aj D^ ypy~cgy,~m`y za`n vcjcvy ~a D^ av ~a ldvkcv ypy~cgy, fs~ ea~ dlya ~a ~mc ypy~cgy {`~m d la{cvavkde`xd~àe lczcl, den afzàsylp, {`~m gsim ygdll y`xcy -EI, CR c~i%?

3@j dy d vcysl~ aj syèk yrci`dl ~cime`tscy, d za`n {asln fc ivcd~cn d~ CR lczcl, `~y~`ll ideea~ fc y~d~cn ~md~ ~m`y yrdic nacy ea~ èilsnc gd~cv`dl ypy~cgy {`~m nccrcv

avkde`xd~àe lczcly -isvvce~lp seoea{e%Iaggce~ 4%3%48 @j {c ~doc dy c}dgrlc de cgr~p jld~ vaag -zdissgcn jvag dep dfà~ì av fà~ì

afhci~y ~m`y za`n vcjcvy ~a ~mc gdivayiarì, z`y`flc afhci~y, fs~ ea~ ~a ~mc mskc esgfcv aj kdy galcislcyjvag ~md~ vaag, {mìm asv yceycy dvc ea~ dflc ~a nc~ci~ ~mcg n`vci~lp% ^mc y`~sd~àe {`~m ~mc za`n d~ CR

:6 Gcn`d {mayc c}`y~ceic {dy ea~ iae~cy~cn è ~mc 40'~m ice~svp -sencv c~mcv y~d~c, den czce ~mc c}`y~ceic

aj ~mc c~mcv dy jls`n den aj ~mc dedlakp fc~{cce ~mc jls`n gcimdeìy ld{ den ~mc ld{y ae clci~vagdkec~ìrmceagced mdzc lcn ~a ~mc cldfavd~àe aj Gd}{clly ctsd~àey, {mìm dvc ~mc fdy`y aj clci~va~cimeìy, den {cg`km~ ydp, dvc ~mc fdy`y aj isvvce~ ~cimeìdl i`z`l`yd~àe%


18/284

4=

lczcl `y dfyals~clp y`g`ldv, ~mc isvvce~ yi`ce~`jì gcdey fcèk sedflc ~a vczcdl ~mc c}`y~ceic aj RFGclcgce~y%

Dy d iaeyctsceic aj ~mc dfazc gce~àecn `yyscy, YAR diicr~deic lcdny ~a ~mc nce`dl aj

~mc dfyals~c za`n c}`y~ceic -aj d yrdic {mcvc ~mcvc `y ea oèn aj gd~cv`dl ypy~cg% Lòc{`yc, d

rvarcv~p aj d jè`~c yrdic, ~md~ `y ~mc idrdi`~p aj iae~dèèk d la{ av esll esgfcv aj d~agy,

ideea~ fc iaey`ncvcn dy d fdy`y jav ncrlapèk vcdl rvardkd~àe rvaicyycy, ysim dy ~mc

rvardkd~àe aj rma~aey, aj ~mc clci~vagdkec~ì {dzcy av aj ~mc kvdz`~p è~cvdi~àey%

^mc jdi~ ~md~ Gìmclyae'Gavlcp c}rcv`gce~ n`n ea~ vczcdl d ga~àe dkdèy~ ~mc c~mcv d~

~mc ysvjdic aj ~mc Cdv~m, `~ `y ea~ ecicyydv`lp d rvaaj ~md~ ~mc c~mcv nacy ea~ c}`y~, fs~ vd~mcv d

rvaaj ~md~ asv gce~dl gancl vckdvnèk ~m`y gcn`sg den vckdvnèk {md~ rvardkd~àe av

n`yrldicgce~ vcdllp gcde è vcld~àe ~a `~ {dy ea~ iavvci~ d~ ~md~ gagce~% Ae dea~mcv

aiidyàe, {c ymdll ycc ~md~ ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp rvaraycy dea~mcv è~cvrvc~d~àe aj ~mc

rvarcv~`cy aj ~m`y gcn`sg%

Ma{czcv, d fdvvce javdp ~mvaskm ~mc j`cln aj gd~mcgd~ìdl ncjè`~àey aj ~mc fdyì

iaeicr~y fclaekèk ~a ~mc y~vsi~svc aj ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp eccny ~a fc naec ec}~% ^mcvc

`y de d~~cgr~ è gdoèk d iagrvag`yc fc~{cce v`kav den iaei`ycecyy jav rvcyce~èk ~mcyc

gd~mcgd~ìdl gancly, ya ~md~ ~mc vcdncv ~a sencvy~den jdy~ den cdyp ~mc cyyceic aj ~mcrvcyce~cn iaeicr~y% Nsc ~a ~mcyc vcdyaey, ~mc rvcyce~d~àe y~plc `y n`jjcvce~ jvag ~mc y~plc aj

ildyyì gd~mcgd~ìdl rdrcvy, dl~maskm ~mc gd~mcgd~ìdl gancly dvc drrvadimcn%


19/284

40

Im%6 N@Y^V@FS^@AEY

6%4 Azcvz`c{

^mc vcdncv `y {dvecn v`km~ jvag ~mc y~dv~ ~md~ ~mc {dp ma{ ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey dvc

drrvadimcn è ~mc rvcyce~ rdrcv `y n`jjcvce~ dy iagrdvcn ~a ~mc y~plc sycn è ~mc {avoy

vckdvnèk ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey ~mcavp, nvd{e'sr fp gd~mcgd~ì`dey9% ^m`y n`jjcvce~ drrvadim {dy

ea~ imayce aelp jav y`grlp gdoèk dll n`jjcvce~, fs~ nsc ~a a~mcv vcdyaey8

4^mc j`vy~ jvag ~mcyc vcdyaey `y ~mc c}`y~ceic aj d iae~vdnì~àe è ~mc ildyyìdrrvadim aj ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey, ~md~ `y ~mc v`kav sycn {`~mè ~mc n`jjcvce~`dl den è~ckvdl idlislsy

jav ncjèèk ~mc ea~àey ysim dy ncv`zd~`zc, n`jjcvce~`dl, rv`g`~`zc, è~ckvdlc~i% {mìm dvc zdl`n

aelp fp gce~àeèk ~mc c}rvcyyàe jav iae~èsasy jsei~àey aelp dlaek ~mc iae~èsasy

è~cvzdl aj ~mc`v dvksgce~y, den ~mc cdyp drrlìd~àe aj ~mcyc ea~àey dlya è idyc aj ~mc

n`y~v`fs~àey {`~m d ilcdvlp n`yiae~èsasy imdvdi~cv% Gavcazcv, yagc~`gcy `~ `y ~dloèk dfas~ dn`jjcvce~`d~àe è d ildyyì, dlkcfvdì gdeecv den d n`jjcvce~`d~àe sencv ~mc gcdeèk aj

n`y~v`fs~àey>

6Dea~mcv vcdyae jav ~mc n`jjcvce~ drrvadim aj ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey è ~mc rvcyce~ rdrcviagcy jvag ~mc yrci`jì avkde`xd~àe aj ~mc èjavgd~àe y~vsi~svc cy~dfl`ymcn fp ~mc afhci~sdl

rm`layarmp% Diiavnèk ~a ~m`y avkde`xd~àe, ~mc ycgde~ì èjavgd~àe {mìm `y jasen è d

gcyydkc `y gdèlp gdnc'sr jvag afhci~y denrvaicyycy -d~ {mìm ~mc afhci~y dvc ysfhci~cn ~a,

~mc n`y~v`fs~àey fcèk fdyì clcgce~y jav ncjèèk ~mcyc ea~àey, dy {c dvc dfas~ ~a ea~ìc è

~mc jalla{èk imdr~cvy% Nsc ~a ~m`y vcdyae, ~mc ncjè`~àe aj n`y~v`fs~àey mdn ~a fc è

iagrl`deic {`~m ~m`y avkde`xd~àe gc~man%

9Dea~mcv vcdyae {mìm mdy nc~cvgècn ~mc ncjè`~àe aj n`y~v`fs~àey diiavnèk ~a

~mc yclci~cn ganc `y vcld~cn ~a ~mc rsvrayc aj ~mc`v s~`l`xd~àe% Dy @ mdzc dlvcdnp gce~àecndfazc, ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey dvc è ~m`y rdrcv d gd~mcgd~ìdl gancl sycn jav vcrvcyce~d~àe aj ~mc

afhci~y -èilsnèk ~mc gd~cv`dl aecy, dy ce~`~`cy {mìm mdzc d la~ aj rvarcv~`cy -ysim dy ~mc

ymdrc, ialav, gdyy ncey`~p, mdvnecyy, c~i%, {ma dvc n`y~v`fs~cn ae ~mc afhci~y ysvjdic av è ~mc

zalsgc aj ~mc afhci~% ^mcyc clcgce~y aj ~mc iaeivc~c n`y~v`fs~àey dvc ~mc zdlscy aj ~mayc

d~~v`fs~cy è d icv~dè raè~ -d icv~dè yrdic laid~àe {mìm fclaeky ~a ~mc afhci~? è a~mcv

{avny, ~mc zdlsc aj ~mc d~~v`fs~c ncrceny ~mvaskm d icv~dè vcld~àe, ae ~mc laid~àe, di~sdl

ray`~àe aj ~md~ raè~% [c ymdll ycc ec}~, `j ~mcyc ncrcenceic vcld~àey {asln fc dflc ~a fc

èncrcence~ jvag ~mc di~sdl laid~àe aj ~mc raè~, den, d~ lcdy~ jav icv~dè xaecy aj ~mc afhci~,

{c g`km~ syc -aelp jav ~mayc xaecy ~mc ildyyì jsei~àey jvag ~mc gd~mcgd~ìdl dedlpy`y%

Sejav~sed~clp, jav gay~ aj ~mc vcdl afhci~y, ~mc dfazc gce~àecn ncrcenceic vcld~àey dvc ea~

èzdv`de~, ~mcp ide fc czce vdenag, ~mcvcjavc, a~mcv gd~mcgd~ìdl èy~vsgce~y gsy~ fc sycnjav c}rvcyyèk ~mcyc ncrcenceic vcld~àey, ysim dy ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey, {mìm dvc gavc kcecvdl

~mde ~mc jsei~àey%

^mc drrvadim diiavnèk ~a ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp gancl aj ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey, ilcdvlp

yc~~lcy ~mc iaen`~àey {mce ~mc aln n`jjcvce~`dl den è~ckvdl idlislsy ide fc sycn, den ~mc

iaen`~àey vcts`vcn jav syèk ~mc idlislsy {`~m jè`~c n`jjcvceicy, {mìm `ygavc n`jjìsl~ den

lcyy clckde~, fs~ se`zcvydllp drrlìdflc% @e ~mc ld~~cv idyc, ~mc ea~àe aj laidl ncv`zd~`zc -ysim

dy `~ `y ncjècn {`~mè ~mc n`jjcvce~`dl idlislsy, dy d ncv`zd~`zc è d raè~, nacy ea~ gdoc yceyc

9 Ysim dy, jav c}dgrlc [% Ociy, R%R% ^canavcyis ' @e~vansicvc e ~cav`d n`y~v`fs`lav is drlìd ` e

~cmeì ' Cn`~svd cmeì, Fsisvc~` 40;3%> Jav c}dgrlc è ~mc {avo ajCg`l âidi` ' ^cav`d igrsv`lav, yrdsl` cecvk`d ' Cn`~svd ~`è`jì`Ceiìlarcnì, Fsisvc~` 40=>, {`~m de ce~`vc imdr~cv jaisycn ae n`y~v`fs~àey%


20/284

62

depgavc? `~ `y vcrldicn fp d gavc kcecvdl ~cvg {mìm `y idllcn ncey`~p, den ~mc ncv`zcn

jsei~àey -dep vdeo dvc vcrldicn fp ~mc ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àey -dep vdeo, ~aa%

6%6 Z`v~sdl n`y~v`fs~àey

^mc ea~àe ajn`y~v`fs~àe jvag gd~mcgd~ìy mdy fcce è~vansicn dy d kcecvdl`xd~àe aj

~mcjsei~àe iaeicr~, è avncv ~a dlya dlla{ arvcvd~àey {`~m ~mc ncrcenceic fc~{cce n`jjcvce~zdv`dflcy, {mìm iasln ea~ fc iaey`ncvcn dy jsei~àey, y~vì~lp dlkcfvdìdllp yrcdoèk -jav

c}dgrlc, ~mc n`yiae~èsasy ncrcenceicy% Jc{ c}dgrlcy aj ~m`y oèn aj n`yiae~èsasy

n`y~v`fs~àey, {`~m d {`nc drrlìd~àe j`cln ide fc gce~àecn den ~mcyc dvc8 N`vdi n`y~v`fs~àe

- -dlya oea{e dy ~mc `grslyc jsei~àe, Mcdz`y`nc n`y~v`fs~àe - -dlya oea{e dy ~mc

y~cr jsei~àe, c~i%

Jav d fc~~cv sencvy~denèk aj ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey, `~ gsy~ fc j`vy~ sencvy~aan ~mc ea~àe aj

ncrcenceicfc~{cce ~mc zdlscy aj ~{a dgase~y%Iaggce~ 6%6%48 ^mc gcdeèk aj ~mc zcvp kcecvdl ~cvg aj dgase~ -gdke`~snc, y`xc sycn è ~mc

gd~mcgd~ìy j`cln iasln fc fc~~cv sencvy~aan fp ~mc vcdncv dj~cv vcdnèk ~mc ce~`vc rdrcv, cyrci`dllpimdr~cv 0% ^mc aelp c}rlded~àe {mìm `y gdnc è dnzdeic `y ~md~ de d~~v`fs~c -~md~ `y d rvarcv~p aj d vcdl avdfy~vdi~ afhci~ mdy ~{a iagraece~y, diiavnèk ~a ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp8 ~mc tsdl`~d~`zc iagraece~,

vcrvcyce~cn fp ~mc edgc av ~mc ypgfal aj ~md~ rvarcv~p -rvarcv~py ycgde~ì zdlsc den ~mc tsde~`~d~`zciagraece~, {mìm `y dlya idllcn c}`y~ce~`dl d~~v`fs~c è ~mc rvcyce~ rdrcv, d esgfcv -yidldv {mìm yma{y~mc gcdysvc -y`xc, dgase~, nckvcc aj c}`y~ceic aj ~md~ rvarcv~p% Dy {c dvc dfas~ ~a ycc ec}~, ~mc ~{aiagraece~y dvc iaehsei~`zclp dyyai`d~cn {`~mè ~mc vcld~àeym`ry è ~m`y rdrcv, {mìm gcdey ~md~, è idycaj d icv~dè afhci~, ~mcp ide c}`y~ aelp ~akc~mcv -d esll zdlsc jav ~mc c}`y~ce~`dl d~~v`fs~c `grl`cy ~mc eae'c}`y~ceic aj de dyyai`d~cn tsdl`~d~`zc rvarcv~p% @e gd~mcgd~ìy, jav rvaz`nèk ~mc ldeksdkc se`zcvydl`~p,~mc dyyai`d~cn tsdl`~d~`zc d~~v`fs~c `y gay~ aj ~mc ~`gcy lc~ dy`nc, arcvd~èk è gay~ aj ~mc idycy aelp {`~mc}`y~ce~`dl d~~v`fs~cy -esgcvìdl zdlscy, av {`~m l`~cvdl av kvdrmì ypgfaly jav n`yrldpèk ~mcg% Fcidsyc `~ideea~ fc ag`~~cn ~mc jdi~ ~md~ ~mc esgcvìdl zdlscy dvc ma{czcv ~mc d~~v`fs~cy aj yagc rvarcv~`cy, è idycaj vcdl afhci~y, ~m`y dyrci~ ymdll fc gce~àecn dep{mcvc ecicyydvp% Fdyìdllp, ~m`y `y ea~ d gd~mcgd~ìrdrcv, fs~ ~mc gd~mcgd~ì `y sycn dy de se`zcvydl ldeksdkc jav c}rvcyyèk ~mc vcld~àey fc~{cce zdvàsydgase~y%

Lc~ sy dyysgc ~md~ ~mcvc `y d tsdl`~d~`zc d~~v`fs~c ], {mìm fclaeky ~a d icv~dè afhci~

{mìm `y vcld~cn ~a d tsde~`~d~`zc d~~v`fs~c}

d~ d icv~dè gagce~, {mayc rayy`flc esgcvìdl

zdlscy gdoc'sr de avncvcn yc~ }w% @e gd~mcgd~ìy, ~mc tsde~`~d~`zc zdlsc} {mìm gdp fclaek

~a d rvarcv~p]`y idllcn dgase~ }, den fcidsyc `~ ide ~doc dep zdlsc jvag }w, `~ `y dlya oea{e

dy ~mc zdv`dflc }% Fp dyysgèk dlya ~md~ ~mcvc `y dea~mcv tsdl`~d~`zc rvarcv~p P, {`~m ~mc

c}`y~ce~`dl d~~v`fs~c p, {mayc zdlscy fclaek ~a yc~ pw, dea~mcv dgase~ p -av zdv`dflc `y

~mcvcjavc gdnc'sr% @j ~mc zdlscp `y gan`j`cn dy d vcysl~ aj imdekèk ~mc zdlsc} den `~ vcgdèy

èzdv`de~ `j} `y èzdv`de~ ~aa, {c gdp ydp ~md~ ~mcvc `y d ncrcenceic vcld~àe fc~{cce ~mc ~{a

dgase~y% ^m`y vcld~àe gdp fc se`zaidl -è d yèklc yceyc av f`se`zaidl -è~cvncrcenceic%

Jav ~mc ~`gc fcèk, {c dvc aelp è~cvcy~cn è ~mc se`zaidl ncrcenceic vcld~àe, ~mc se`zaidl

imdvdi~cv fcèk rvcysgcn {mce {c dvc ~dloèk dfas~ ncrcenceic% ^mc yc~y aj esgcvìdl

zdlscy }w den pw {mìm {cvc dfazc'gce~àecn, mdzc ~mc yèksldv esgcvìdl zdlscy, dy fdyì

-eae'nciagraydflc clcgce~y%Ncjè`~àe 6%6%48 ^mc èzdv`de~ esgcvìdl zdlsc {mìm `y d~~v`fs~cn d~ d icv~dè gagce~ ~a

d zdv`dflc `y idllcn ~mc yèksldv zdlsc aj ~md~ zdv`dflc -ypeaepg ' ~mc iaeivc~c zdlsc%Iaggce~ 6%6%68 ^mc dyyai`d~àe aj èzdv`de~ rvarcv~p ~a d zdv`dflc yccgy ~a fc ts`~c f`xdvvc è

~mc j`vy~ rldic, ~md~ `y {mp de c}rlded~àe `y eccncn% D~ d icv~dè gagce~, {mce iaeivc~c esgcvìdl zdlscydvc k`zce ~a d zdv`dflc, fa~m ~mc èncrcence~ den ~mc ncrcence~ zdv`dflc mdzc aelp d yèklc zdlsc% @~ `y~vsc ~md~ ~mc ~{a zdv`dflcy ide ~doc dep oèn aj yèklc zdlsc jvag ~mc`v zdlscy nagdè, fs~ fp gcdey ajvcrcd~cn, ysiicyy`zc dyy`kegce~y jav cdim zdlsc% ^mc zdv`dflcy zdlscy vcgdè èzdv`de~ fc~{cce ~{adyy`kegce~y% ^mc vcdncv {`ll fc~~cv sencvy~den ~m`y dyrci~ dj~cv vcdnèk ~mc ce~`vc imdr~cv, fcidsyc ~mcjdi~ ~md~ d tsde~`~d~`zc d~~v`fs~c -esgcvìdl zdlsc aj d zdv`dflc ideea~ mdzc gavc ~mde aec zdlsc d~ dicv~dè gagce~, ~m`y {`ll fc iaey`ncvcn dy d iaeyctsceic aj ~mc yrci`jì drrvadim aj ~mc afhci~sdlrm`layarmp vckdvnèk ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey ncjè`~àe%

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%68 Dgase~ p`yncrcence~ ae dgase~}`j cdim yèksldv zdlsc}o jvag }w

nc~cvgècy cdim yèksldv zdlsc po jvag pw, fp gcdey aj d vcld~àe jo%


21/284

64

@e a~mcv {avny, ~mc dgase~p ide fc gan`j`cn aelp fp gcdey aj dgase~ }% Diiavnèk ~a

~mc l`~cvdl gd~mcgd~ì ype~d}, aec aj ~mc rayy`flc {dpy aj {v`~èk ~mcyc ncrcenceic vcld~àey

`y8

- o o o

p j } -6%6%4

{mcvc wo E `y ~mc vseeèk esgfcv aj ~mc esgcvìdl zdlscy jvag ~mc avncvcn yc~ }w%Ncjè`~àe 6%6%98 ^{a zdv`dflcy } den p dvc èncrcence~ `j ~mcvc `y ea ncrcenceic

vcld~àe fc~{cce ~mc`v yèksldv zdlscy -~mc ncrcenceic vcld~àey dvc esll jav dll ~mc zdlscyjvag }w%

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%>8 ^mc avncvcn yc~ aj ~mc yèksldv zdlscy èilsncn fc~{cce a~mcv ~{a

n`jjcvce~ yèksldv zdlscy4

} den6

} , {mìm dvc diicyy`flc -4 6, w} } } jav d zdv`dflc }

gdocy'sr d nagdè aj zdlscy -ypeaepg è~cvzdl, vdekc aj ~m`y zdv`dflc%

^mc dgase~, tsde~`~d~`zc zdlsc aj ~m`y è~cvzdl `y8

6 4 6 4- 2,} } } } } -6%6%6

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%38 ^mc yèksldv zdlscy 4 den 6 , dvc ~mc nagdè fasendv`cy%

^mc nagdè fasendv`cy ide fc rdv~ aj ~m`y è~cvzdl -fasendv`cy èilsncn èy`nc ~mcè~cvzdl, idyc {mce ~mc è~cvzdl `y iaey`ncvcn ~a fc ilaycn, av ~a ea~ fc rdv~ aj ~m`y nagdè -~a

fc aelp dnhdice~ ~a ~mc è~cvzdl, idyc {mce {c dvc ncdlèk {`~m de arce è~cvzdl -{`~m

dypgr~a~ì fasendv`cy%

^mc sencvlèèk gdnc d~ ~mc ncjè`~àe 6%6%> mdy ~mc valc ~a nvd{ ~mc vcdncvy d~~ce~àe

~md~ ~mc iaen`~àe vcts`vcn jav ~mc c}`y~ceic aj d nagdè aj zdlscy gsy~ fc ~mc c}`y~ceic aj `~y

~{a fasendv`cy, den ~mc`v zdlscy ~a iagrlp {`~m ~mc vcld~àe 6%6%6% C}rvcyyàey ysim dy esll

è~cvzdl av za`n è~cvzdl dvc ea~ dlla{cn fcidsyc, diiavnèk ~a ~m`y rdrcv, de afhci~ {`~m d

esll -tsde~`~d~`zc c}`y~ce~`dl d~~v`fs~c gcdey ~md~ `~ nacy ea~ c}`y~%

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%:8 @j d jè`~c è~cvzdl iae~dèy de èjè`~p aj yèksldv zdlscy, ~mayc zdlscydvc idllcn dfyals~c diisvd~c zdlscy -DDZ%

DDZ idyc `y gès~clp rvcyce~cn è deec} ]%9, den jav ~mc ~`gc fcèk {c gdp dyycv~ ~md~~mcyc zdlscy gdoc'sr ~mc ya'idllcn yc~ aj vcdl esgfcvyVwjvag gd~mcgd~ìy, den cdim aj

~mcyc zdlscy iagrv`yc de èjè`~c tsde~`~d~`zc èjavgd~àe dgase~ -{`~m de èjè`~c aj j`ksvcy,

~mcvcjavc, ~mcp dvc di~sdllp z`v~sdl esgfcvy3%

Cdim aj ~mc dgase~y `grl`cn è vcld~àe 6%6%4 ide ~doc yèklc esgcvìdl zdlscy jvag d

icv~dè nagdè -d icv~dè zdlscy è~cvzdl oea{e dy ~mc nagdè aj ~mc èncrcence~ zdv`dflc,

vcyrci~`zclp, ~mc nagdè aj ~mc ncrcence~ zdv`dflc -yc~y }w den pw {mìm {cvc dfazc

gce~àecn% Diiavnèk ~a ~mc gay~ kcecvdl idyc aj ncrcenceic, cdim yèksldv zdlsc }o `y

vcld~cn ~a d icv~dè vcld~àejoden ~a d icv~dè zdlscpo, dy `~ `y yma{e è vcld~àe 6%6%4%

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%;8Yc~ jw aj ~mc dyy`kegce~ vcld~àe fc~{cce cdim yèksldv zdlsc aj yc~ }w-aj ~mc èncrcence~ dgase~ den ~mc iavvcyraenèk yèksldv zdlsc fclaekèk ~a yc~ pw -aj ~mc

ncrcence~ dgase~ `y ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe -ypeaepg ' n`y~v`fs~àe aj ~mc yèksldvzdlscy aj ~mc dgase~ pdlaek ~mc nagdè aj dgase~}%

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%=8 ^mc nagdè aj ~mc yèksldv zdlscy aj ~mc èncrcence~ zdv`dflc -yc~ }w)`y ~mc ysrrav~ aj ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe%

Iaggce~ 6%6%98 Dj~cv ~mc vcdnèk aj ~mc jalla{èk imdr~cv, è {mìm ~mc y~vì~ yc~ ymdll fc ncjècn,{c dvc dfas~ ~a ea~ìc ~md~ ~mc ysrrav~ yc~ aj d n`y~v`fs~àe `y ~m`y oèn aj yc~ -{mìm nacy ea~ èilsnc`nce~ìdl afhci~y, edgclp, `nce~ìdl yèksldv esgcvìdl zdlscy% ^mc yc~y pw den jw ide fc y~vì~ yc~y, fs~kcecvdllp, ~mcp dvc ea~ ysfhci~cn ~a ~m`y oèn aj iaen`~àe%

^mc tsdl`~d~`zc d~~v`fs~c {mayc tsde~`~d~`zc zdlscy gdoc'sr ~mc yc~ pw `y dlya idllcn è

~m`y rdrcv dy n`y~v`fs~cn d~~v`fs~c, den ~mc aec {mayc zdlscy gdoc'sr ~mc yc~ }w `y dlya

3

^mc iaeicr~y ajèjavgd~àe dgase~den z`v~sdl afhci~dvc fv`cjlp ncjècn è Deec} ]%9, fs~ ~mcp {`ll fcgès~clp rvcyce~cn è imdr~cvy = den 0% ^mc jdi~ ~md~ ~mc esgcvìdl zdlscy jvag yc~ Vw dvc z`v~sdl, dlya k`zcy ~mcnceagèd~àe ajz`v~sdl n`y~v`fs~àey jav ~mayc n`y~v`fs~àey {mìm mdzc ~m`y oèn aj ysrrav~%


22/284

66

oea{e dy ysrrav~ d~~v`fs~c% Czce `j `~ `y ea~ ecicyydvp, {c ymdll gdoc aeic dkdè ~mc

jalla{èk dyycv~àe8 ~mc ~mvcc yc~y pw, jw den }w mdzc ~mc ydgc esgfcv aj clcgce~y -~mcp dvc

cts`ra~ce~ yc~y%

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%08 @j ~mc d~~v`fs~c p `y isgsld~`zc:, ~mc ~a~dl dgase~ aj d~~v`fs~c p,n`y~v`fs~cn dlaek ~mc ysrrav~ nagdè vcrvcyce~y ~mc y~aio aj ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe%

@e idyc aj ~mc z`v~sdl n`y~v`fs~àey {`~m iae~èsasy ysrrav~, ~m`y ysrrav~ `y sysdllpvcrvcyce~cn fp de è~cvzdl jvag ~mc yc~ aj ~mc vcdl esgfcvy Vw, den ~m`y yc~, dy {c mdzc

rvczàsylp gce~àecn, iae~dèy de èjè`~c esgfcv aj yèksldv zdlscy è dep è~cvzdl, dlya

vcysl~èk ~md~ ~mc esgfcv aj ~mc vcld~àey jvag d n`y~v`fs~àe ae ~m`y oèn aj vdekc ymasln dlya

fc èjè`~c% ^mc tscy~àe `y y`grl`j`cn `j ~mc vcld~àej`y èzdv`de~; dlaek ~mc ysrrav~ nagdè av

dlaek `~y ysfnagdèy -èncrcence~ jvag ~mc iaeivc~c, esgcvìdl zdlscy {mìm dvc dyy`kecn ~a

}% @e ~m`y idyc, ~md~ rdv~ìsldv vcld~àe `y ~mc ildyyì iae~èsasy jsei~àe y~`rsld~cn è ~mc

gd~mcgd~ì dedlpy`y -{mcvc ~mc ~cvg iae~èsasy gcdey fa~m ~mc ysrrav~ iae~ès`~p, fs~

gay~lp ~mc gdè~cedeic aj ~mc ydgc ncrcenceic vcld~àey ae ~mc ysrrav~ vdekc, {mìm gdp

fc drrl`cn è ~mc nagdè {mcvc ~m`y èzdv`deic `y gdè~dècn% ^mc iae~èsasy jsei~àey dvc

~mcvcjavc rdv~ìsldv idycy aj n`y~v`fs~àey%

^mc gdè dnzde~dkc aj ~mc iae~èsasy jsei~àey `y ~md~ ~mcp vcrldic de èjè`~p ajèn`z`nsdl vcld~àey -jav cdim esgcvìdl ysrrav~ zdlsc {`~m d yèklc aec, {mìm `y zdl`n ae `~y

ysrrav~ nagdè -iae~ès`~p nagdè% Gay~ aj ~mc z`v~sdl n`y~v`fs~àey -gd~mcgd~ì iaey`y~ aj

yczcvdl èzdv`de~ vcld~àey aj ~m`y oèn -jsei~àey, {mìm dvc ncjècn ae iae~èsasy ysfvdekcy

aj ~mc ysrrav~ nagdè, ~mc kd~mcvèk aj ~m`y ysfvdekcy gdoèk'sr ~mc azcvdll n`y~v`fs~àe

ysrrav~%Iaggce~ 6%6%>8 Jav c}dgrlc, ~mc se`~ Mcdz`y`nc n`y~v`fs~àe {`~m ~mc è~cvedl vcjcvceic }2 -de DDZ

jvag V `y ncjècn dy `~ jalla{y8

2

2

- , 2-

_ , 4

}}

} }

-6%6%9

Aec gdp ea~ìc ~md~ ~{a iae~èsasy jsei~àey dvc ncjècn8 4- 2} , {mìm `y zdl`n ae ~mc arce ysrrav~ysfnagdè 2- , } den 6 - 4} , {mìm `y zdl`n ae ~mc ycg`'arce ysrrav~ ysfnagdè

2_ , } } % Mcdz`y`nc n`y~v`fs~àe `y ~mcvcjavc gdnc'sr jvag ~{a èzdv`de~ vcld~àey -iae~èsasyjsei~àey, cdim aj ~mcg {`~m `~y a{e ysrrav~ ysfnagdè -`~ gdp fc iaey`ncvcn dy d ~{a'jsei~àey ypy~cg%

Diiavnèk ~a ~mc gay~ kcecvdl idyc aj rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe, {mce ~mc dyy`kegce~

vcld~àey dvc ea~ èzdv`de~, {c dvc ncdlèk {`~m d n`y~èi~ vcld~àe jav cdim yèksldv zdlsc aj ~mc

ysrrav~ dgase~ -~md~ `y ~mc idyc aj ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey gdnc dy l`y~y, ~dflcy, gd~v`}, `gdkcy, c~i%%Iaggce~ 6%6%38 D y`grlc c}dgrlc jav yma{èk ~m`y oèn aj n`y~v`fs~àe `y N`vdi -}) n`y~v`fs~àe,

{mìm è idyc aj ~mc se`~ `grslyc gdp fc ncjècn dy `~ jalla{y8

2

2

2

2 - ,

- 4

2 - ,

} }

} } }

} }

-6%6%>

[c gdp ea~ìc ~mc c}`y~ceic aj ~{a iae~èsasy jsei~àey, dy è ~mc idyc aj Mcdz`y`nc n`y~v`fs~àe,ncjècn dlaek ~{a arce è~cvzdly, fs~ dlya ~mc c}`y~ceic aj d n`y~èi~ dyy`kegce~ vcld~àe ae d yèklc }2zdlsc, è~cvedl n`y~v`fs~àe vcjcvceic -~mc iaeicr~ ajè~cvedl vcjcvceic ymdll fc drrvadimcn è ~mc jalla{èkimdr~cv%

Fdycn ae ~mc `yyscy {mìm {cvc rvcyce~cn ya jdv, ~mc vcysl~ `y ~md~ d rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe

`y nciagraydflc sr ~a `~y fdyì clcgce~ ' ~mc èn`z`nsdl dyy`kegce~ vcld~àe fc~{cce d

yèksldv zdlsc aj ~mc n`y~v`fs~cn d~~v`fs~c -ncrcence~ den d yèksldv zdlsc aj ~mc ysrrav~

:De d~~v`fs~c `y isgsld~`zc `j `~ dlla{y ~mc dnn`~àe den ysf~vdi~àe arcvd~àey% D~~v`fs~cy ysim dy ~mc

jvctsceip, ialav, ~cgrcvd~svc c~i% dvc ea~ isgsld~`zc, fs~ ~mc clci~vì imdvkc, gdyy, yrd~`dl n`gceyàey, ya ae dvc%;

^mc èzdv`deic aj d vcld~àe gcdey ~md~, ae d icv~dè vdekc aj ~mc èncrcence~ zdv`dflc, dlya oea{e dy ~mcjsei~àey iae~ès`~p nagdè, ~mc ncrcenceic vcld~àe j fc~{cce ~mc ~{a dgase~y `y dl{dpy ocr~ ~mc ydgc-seimdekcn%


23/284

69

d~~v`fs~c -vcld~àe 6%6%4 ' czce è idyc aj ~mc iae~èsasy rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àey -dlkcfvdì

jsei~àey%Iaggce~ 6%6%:8 [mce ~mc rla~ aj d iae~èsasy, dlkcfvdì jsei~àe `y nvd{e'sr ae d iagrs~cv, ~m`y

ymdll syc ~mc dyy`kegce~ vcld~àe, fp gcdey aj d vcrcd~cn rvaicyy, fc~{cce ~mc dlla~~cn zdlsc den ~mcysrrav~ zdlsc diiavnèk ~a ~mc esgfcv aj ~mc di~sdl zdlscy -yèksldv {mìm c}`y~ è ~mc ysrrav~ vdekc% ^mc{dp aj ncjèèk ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey è ~m`y rdrcv mdn ~a fc iaey`y~ce~ ~a YAR, {mìm {dy rvcyce~cn {`~mè

imdr~cv 4, den nsc ~a ~m`y vcdyae, d n`y~v`fs~àe gsy~ fc iaey`ncvcn dy d ypy~cg nciagraydflc sr ~a dfdyì clcgce~ den iagraydflc sr ~a ~mc l`g`~ aj ~mc m`kmcy~ rayy`flc nagdè aj ~mc ysrrav~ d~~v`fs~c% YAR`y aec aj ~mc fdyì rvèi`rlcy aj ~m`y rdrcv, ya ~md~, d~ cdim ncyiv`r~àe aj ~mc ec{ n`y~v`fs~àey'fdycnafhci~y, {mìm dvc dfas~ ~a fc rvcyce~cn è ~mc jalla{èk imdr~cvy, ~mc`v -nciagray`~àe nckvcc ymdll fcgès~clp drrvadimcn%

^mcvcjavc, ~mc clcgce~y aj d yèklc oclcgce~ aj rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe dvcpo,joden}o% ^mc

ncrcenceic fc~{cce ~mc yèksldv n`y~v`fs~cn zdlsc den ~mc ysrrav~ zdlsc ymdll fc dlya {v`~~ce

dy d rvansi~8

ooo }p -6%6%3%dav8

o

oo

o

oo

}

}j

}

p - -6%6%3%f

{mcvc o-è idyc aj d n`y~v`fs~àe clcgce~ `y d y`grlc esgcvìdl zdlsc%

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%428 ^mc dgase~ k`zce fp ~mc laidl dyy`kegce~ vcld~àe, ctsdl {`~m ~mcvd~à fc~{cce ~mc di~sdl n`y~v`fs~cn zdlsc den ~mc di~sdl ysrrav~ zdlsc {`~mè d n`y~v`fs~àeclcgce~ `y idllcn ~mc ncey`~p aj ~md~ n`y~v`fs~àe clcgce~%

@e a~mcv {avny, ~mc ncey`~p `y de d~~v`fs~c yrci`jì aelp ~a ~mc clcgce~y aj d n`y~v`fs~àe, `~

`y ~mcvcjavc d laidl dgase~ jav d icv~dè n`y~v`fs~àe% Ma{czcv, `j ~mc dyy`kegce~ vcld~àe

ncrceny ae ~mc ysrrav~ zdlsc fp gcdey aj d vcld~àe - den ~m`y ncrcenceic `y èzdv`de~ ae

~mc ysrrav~ nagdè, ~mce, {c dvc ~dloèk dfas~ d ncey`~p jsei~àe aj d n`y~v`fs~àe -aj d

rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe, è ~m`y idyc%

^mc dyy`kegce~ vcld~àey gdp fc c`~mcv y`grlc av gavc iagrlc}=% [c mdzc rvczàsylp

ycce ~md~ d n`y~v`fs~àe `y y`grlc `j ~mc dyy`kegce~ vcld~àe `y èzdv`de~ ae ~mc ysrrav~ nagdè-d iae~èsasy jsei~àe% @e ysim d idyc, ~mcvc dvc aeic dkdè y`grlc av iagrlc} vcld~àey

-jsei~àey? ~mc gay~ y`grlc vcld~àe aj ~m`y oèn `y d esgcvìdl iaey~de~ -d esgcvìdl

èzdv`de~ zdlsc, czcelp dyy`kecn dlaek ~mc ce~`vc ysrrav~ nagdè, {mìm dlya k`zcy ~mc edgc

aj ~m`y oèn aj n`y~v`fs~àe, ~md~ `y se`javg n`y~v`fs~àe0%

^m`y ~prc aj n`y~v`fs~àe {`~m ~mc gay~ y`grlc dyy`kegce~ jsei~àe `y d fdyì n`y~v`fs~àe,

`~ ide fc ~mcvcjavc sycn dy de clcgce~ {`~mè gavc iagrlc} n`y~v`fs~àey% V`km~ ec}~ ~a ~mc

se`javg n`y~v`fs~àey, ae d m`kmcv vdeo jvag ~mc raè~ aj z`c{ aj ~mc iagrlc}`~p aj ~mc

dyy`kegce~ vcld~àe, ~mc lècdv n`y~v`fs~àey gdp fc jasen -ypeaepg ' se`javg zdv`dflc,

{mìm dvc idllcn è ~m`y {dp fcidsyc ~mcp dvc y~vd`km~ lècy diiavnèk ~a ~mc kvdrmìdl rla~~èk%Iaggce~ 6%6%;8 Jav èy~deic, ~mc n`y~v`fs~àe8

2o op g} p -6%6%:`y ~m`y oèn aj lècdv jsei~àe -ctsd~àe aj d y~vd`km~ lèc {mìm ivayycy ~mc d}`y p è p2, {mcvc dgase~ g `yèzdv`de~ è idyc aj d icv~dè n`y~v`fs~àe den `~ `y idllcn ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey deksldv iacjjì`ce~, ctsdl ~a ~mc~dekce~ aj ~mc deklc fc~{cce ~md~ y~vd`km~ lèc den ~mc d}`y ] -ysrrav~ d~~v`fs~c% @~ gdp fc ea~ìcn ~md~ `jg`y esll, ~mc lècdv n`y~v`fs~àe fciagcy de se`javg n`y~v`fs~àe%

=^mc vcld~àey dvc iagrlc} aelp è idyc aj ~mc èzdv`de~ ncrcenceic vcld~àey -èncrcence~ aj ~mc ysrrav~

di~sdl zdlsc, ~md~ `y ~mc idyc aj ~mc iae~èsasy jsei~àey? ~mc èn`z`nsdl vcld~àey fc~{cce de di~sdl n`y~v`fs~cnzdlsc den aec di~sdl ysrrav~ vcld~àe -{mìm ncjèc d n`y~v`fs~àe clcgce~ dvc dl{dpy y`grlc zdlscy -esgcvìdlav l`~cvdl zdlscy%

0

De c}dgrlc aj ~m`y oèn aj n`y~v`fs~àe {dy ea~ìcn d~ ~mc Mcdz`y`nc n`y~v`fs~àe -k`zce fp ~mc vcld~àey6%6%9, {mìm y gdnc'sr jvag ~{a iaeid~ced~cn se`javg n`y~v`fs~àey 4-})72 den 6-})74%


24/284

6>

Ya jdv, {c mdzc n`yisyycn dfas~ ~mc vcld~àey fc~{cce ~mc yèksldv zdlscy aj ~mc ~{a

d~~v`fs~cy èzalzcn è d rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe? `~ `y ~mc gagce~ ~a ycc {md~ oèn aj vcld~àey dvc

fc~{cce ~mc zdv`d~àey aj ~mc esgcvìdl zdlscy aj ~mc ~{a d~~v`fs~cy, edgclp, fc~{cce yagc

è~cvzdly -{mìm èilsnc yc~y aj yèksldv zdlscy aj ~mc ~{a zdv`dflcy% ^mcvcjavc, {c ymdll

rvcysgc ~md~ ~mc ce~`vc ysrrav~ nagdè w w} V aj d rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe jw `y n`z`ncn è~a

clcgce~dvp è~cvzdly42 -zdv`d~àey aj ~mc ydgc dgase~ } -dgase~ k`zce fp ~mc vcld~àe 6%6%6den `graycn fp ~mc clcgce~dvècyy iaen`~àe, ~mcvcjavc, ~mc ysrrav~ nagdè `y gdnc'sr jvag

de avncvcn ycv`cy aj è~cvzdly -zdv`d~àey {`~m d iaey~de~ dgase~ } , iaeid~ced~cn, è {mìmcdim clcgce~ aj ~mc ycv`cy mdy d ncjècn ray`~àe -{`~mè ~mc ycv`cy fp ~mc yèksldv zdlscy aj

`~y fasendv`cy% ^msy, d ysrrav~ è~cvzdl {mìm mdy ~mc la{cv fasendvp d~4 o

} } ,

- wo

} den ~mc a~mcv aec d~6 o

} } } , {c ymdll ea~c `~ -rvaz`yàedl {`~mg

- rdp

d~~ce~àe, g `y ~m`y ~`gc ~mc vseeèk esgfcv aj ~mc è~cvzdl afhci~ jvag ~mc dvvdekcn ycv`cyaj è~cvzdly, {mìm `y d esgfcv n`jjcvce~ jvag ofclaekèk ~a ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe%

@j ~mc clcgce~dvècyy iaen`~àe aj ~mc ysrrav~ è~cvzdly `y gc~, dlaek ~mc è~cvzdl

6 4} } , dep oèn aj rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe jw gdp fc drrva}`gd~cn fp d lècdv n`y~v`fs~àe

-d iae~èsasy jsei~àe ae } , edgclp j4 7 j6 7 jg, vcysl~èk ~mc jalla{èk zdv`d~àe jav ~mcn`y~v`fs~cn dgase~8

-,--- 4-4- ggogogogg }j}}j}j}}jp -6%6%;

{mcvc w, - , g E g o g o `y ~mc vseeèk esgfcv aj ~mc è~cvzdl g è ~mc ycv`cy ajè~cvzdly w} , è {mìm }w ysrrav~ `y n`z`ncn%

Vcld~àe 6%6%; `y y`g`ldv {`~m vcld~àe 6%6%4, fs~ `~ ncjècy d ncrcenceic fc~{cce ~mc yc~

wp aj ~mc clcgce~dvp jè`~c zdv`d~àey aj dgase~ p den ~mc yc~ w aj ~mc clcgce~dvp jè`~czdv`d~àey aj ~mc dgase~ }, {mcvc } den p, lc~y ea~ javkc~, dvc ~mc dgase~y {mayc yèksldv

zdlscy dvc lèocn fp gcdey aj ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe jw% Zdv`d~àeyg

p {mìm iagrlp {`~m

~mc nd~d clcgce~dvècyy iaen`~àe dvc dlya idllcn dy j`vy~ vdeojè`~c n`jjcvceicy aj ~mc zdv`dflcp, den ~mc zdv`d~àey

g , dvc j`vy~ vdeo jè`~c n`jjcvceicyaj ~mc ysrrav~ zdv`dflc}%

Iaggce~ 6%6%=8 @~ `y zcvp `grav~de~ jav ~mc vcdncv ~a ea~ìc ~md~ ~mc {dp aj ncjèèk ~mc clcgce~dvpè~cvzdl diiavnèk ~a ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp nacy ea~ iae~dè dep vcjcvceic ~a ~mc dgase~ aj ~m`y è~cvzdl,~mc aelp iaen`~àe {mìm gsy~ fc jslj`llcn `y ~a c}`y~ d se`javg zdv`d~àe aj ~mc n`y~v`fs~cn d~~v`fs~c dlaek ~m`yè~cvzdl -av `~y vcdl zdv`d~àe ~a fc iaey`ncvcn dy czce, fcidsyc ~mc ysrrav~y zdv`d~àe `y se`javg fpncjè`~àe% Jav ~m`y vcdyae {c ide s~`l`xc jè`~c n`jjcvceicy -{mayc y`xc `y ea~ `grav~de~ è ~m`y y`~sd~àe% Dyde c}dgrlc, ycc deec} ]%6%

Ncjè`~àe 6%6%448 ^mc yc~-4 wj aj ~mc ncrcenceic vcld~àey fc~{cce cdim è~cvzdl

fclaekèk ~a ~mc avncvcn yc~ w} aj ~mc j`vy~ vdeo jè`~c n`jjcvceicy -zdv`d~àey aj d ysrrav~zdv`dflc}den cdim iavvcyraenèk è~cvzdl jvag yc~ wp aj ~mc j`vy~ vdeo jè`~c zdv`d~àey aj~mc n`y~v`fs~cn zdv`dflc p, {mcvc } den p dvc lèocn fp gcdey aj d rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe jw,gdoc'sr ~mc j`vy~ vdeo ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àe aj ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe jw%

@e idyc aj ~mc j`vy~ vdeo ncv`zcn n`y~v fs~àe, yc~ wp aj ~mc j`vy~ vdeo jè`~c zdv`d~àey ajd~~v`fs~cp vcrvcyce~y ~mc ec{ n`y~v`fs~cn d~~v`fs~c, den ~mc avncvcn yc~ aj ~mc jè`~c zdv`d~àey

w} `y ~mc ysrrav~ aj ~m`y n`y~v`fs~àe% @~ `y dlya ilcdv ~md~ ~mc yc~y wp , -4 wj den w} mdzc~mc ydgc esgfcv aj clcgce~y -fs~ {mìm `y n`jjcvce~ jvag ~mc esgfcv aj ~mc rv`gdvp

42 D~~ce~àe$ [c dvc ~dloèk dfas~ clcgce~dvècyy diiavnèk ~a ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp, ~md~ `y,

èjavgd~àedl, {mìm gcdey ~md~ ~mcvc `y ea gavc -fp iaezce~àe èecv n`jjcvce~`dl èjavgd~àe {`~mè ~mcclcgce~dvp nagdè, è idyc aj d eae'esll zdv`d~àe ~m`y jdi~ gcdey ~md~ ~mc zdv`d~àe `y czce, fa~m jav ~mc ysrrav~d~~v`fs~c den jav ~mc n`y~v`fs~cn aec -ycc deec} ]%9%


25/284

63

n`y~v`fs~àe yc~y jvag {mìm `~ ncv`zcy, {`~mè vd~à} }

E E , }E den }E , fcèk ~mc esgfcv

aj ~mc clcgce~y aj yc~ }w, vcyrci~`zclp, aj yc~ w} %Iaggce~ 6%6%08 @~ `y aeic dkdè `grav~de~ ~a afycvzc ~md~ ~mc fdyì clcgce~ -eae'nciagraydflc

aj ~mc j`vy~ vdeo ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àe `y de czce zdv`d~àe -d yc~ aj yèksldv zdlscy, de è~cvzdl

gp dyy`kecn ~a de czce zdv`d~àe

g , fp gcdey aj vcld~àe -4gj , {m`lc ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe -jvag

{mìm ~mc ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àe dv`ycy mdy dy `~y fdyì clcgce~ ' dy `~ {dy dfazc gce~àecn ' d yèklc zdlscpo dyy`kecn ~a d yèklc zdlsc}o fp gcdey aj d vcld~àe jo% ^mc vcdncv {`ll fc~~cv sencvy~den ~mc n`jjcvceicfc~{cce ~mc vcld~àey 6%6%4 den 6%6%; dj~cv vcdnèk ~mc jalla{èk imdr~cv è {mìm ~mc ~cvg afhci~ ymdll fcncjècn, {md~ de èecv vcjcvceic nacy vcrvcyce~, den gavcazcv, dj~cv vcdnèk imdr~cv >, {mcvc {c dvcdfas~ ~a ycc {md~ nacy `~ gcde ~mc zdv`d~àe aj de d~~v`fs~cy zdlsc, edgclp d rvaicyy% [c ymdll ~mcvcjavcea~ìc ~md~, dl~maskm fa~m vcld~àey n`yrldp ~mc ydgc yèksldv zdlsc }o, è ~mc vcld~àe 6%6%4,}o `y d yèksldvzdlsc ~prc afhci~, den diiavnèk ~a ~mc vcld~àey 6%6%;, }o `y dlya d yèksldv zdlsc ~prc afhci~ fs~ dlya deèecv vcjcvceic aj de e~cvzdl ~prc afhci~%

Hsy~ dy è ~mc idyc aj ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àey, `j ~mc ncrcenceic vcld~àe -4j `y ocr~ ~mc

ydgc ae ~mc ce~`vc nagdè aj ~mc èncrcence~ zdv`dflc -è asv idyc, aj ~mc yc~ w , vckdvnlcyyaj ~mc iaeivc~c zdlsc ajg ~md~ rdv~ìsldv vcld~àe `y d iae~èsasy jsei~àe dlaek ~md~ è~cvzdl,

jsei~àe {mìm `y idllcn ~mc j`vy~ vdeo ncv`zd~`zc aj ~mc rv`gdvp jsei~àej% Y`g`ldvlp {`~m ~mc

rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àey, è idyc aj ~mc j`vy~ vdeo ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àey, ~mc n`y~v`fs~àe clcgce~gdp fc {v`~~ce dy d rvansi~8

ggg }p 4- -6%6%=%d

av8

g

gg

g

gg

}

}j

}

p

-4-4- -6%6%=%f

[mcvc 4-g `y dlya ~mc ncey`~p aj ~mc n`y~v`fs~àe clcgce~, fs~ ~m`y ~`gc, aj ~mc j`vy~ vdeo

ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àe%Iaggce~ 6%6%428 @j è vcld~àey 6%6%=, ~mc ctsd~àe aj d lècdv n`y~v`fs~àe k`zce fp ~mc vcld~àe 6%6%:,

`y vcrldicn, ~mc vcysl~ `y8

2 2- g g gp g } } p g} p -6%6%0mceic, vcysl~èk ~md~8

g}

p

g

gg

4- -6%6%42

Edgclp, ~mc ncey`~p aj d ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àe clcgce~ -{mìm `y ~mc ncey`~p aj d lècdv rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe`y czce ~mc deksldv iacjjì`ce~, ~dekce~ aj ~mc deklc fc~{cce ~mc rv`gdvp lècdv n`y~v`fs~àe den ~mc d}`y aj~mc èncrcence~ zdv`dflc -n`y~v`fs~àe ysrrav~% ^mc ncey`~p aj ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àey nacy ea~ mdzc deprvdi~ìdl s~`l`~p -d~ lcdy~ jav ~mc ~`gc fcèk, fcèk è~vansicn aelp jav cgrmdy`xèk ~mc kcecvdl`~p aj ~mcdfy~vdi~ afhci~ gancl, ~md~ `y ~mc ncey`~p, zdl`n jav dep oèn aj n`y~v`fs~àe, èilsnèk ~mc rv`gdvp aecy% ^mcncey`~p zdlscy aj ~mc ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àey, dy {c ymdll ycc è ~mc jalla{èk imdr~cvy, dvc dfy~vdi~ afhci~y ajgdhav `grav~deic è ~m`y rdrcv jav rvaicyycy imdvdi~cv`xd~àe, fcèk ~mc ysfy~`~s~cy aj ~mc laidl ncv`zd~`zcyjvag ~mc n`jjcvce~`dl idlislsy, dlya zdl`n jav ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey {`~m d n`yiae~èsasy ysrrav~ -ycc deec}

]%6%4%Jav ~mc vcdncv, `~ `y ilcdv ceaskm ~md~ ~mc ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àey aj d rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àej

ide dlya mdzc m`kmcv vdeoy, {`~m ~mc yrci`jìd~àe ~md~ ~mc aelp rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe vcgdèyj,

dll ~mc a~mcv aecy fcèk ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àey - ej , ~mc clcgce~y aj dll ~mcyc n`y~v`fs~àey

mdzèk ~mc ydgc ysrrav~ -~mc clcgce~dvp è~cvzdl , aelp ~mc n`y~v`fs~cn dgase~ -d jè`~cn`jjcvceic aj vdeoe den ~mc esgfcv aj n`y~v`fs~àey clcgce~y fcèk n`jjcvce~% Jav dll ~mcyc

n`y~v`fs~àey, ~mc clcgce~dvècyy iv`~cvàe `y ~mc ydgc, hsy~ lòc ~mc ncjè`~àey sycn jav ~mc

n`y~v`fs~àe clcgce~ den jav `~y ncey`~p%

[c ideea~ cen ~m`y rdvdkvdrm {`~mas~ gdoèk yagc afycvzd~àey iaeicveèk ~mc

n`jjcvceicy fc~{cce ~mc gd~mcgd~ìdl gancly è~vansicn, den ~mc afhci~y jvag ~mc ildyyì

gd~mcgd~ìy -n`jjcvceicy {mìm dlya c}`y~ è a~mcv gd~mcgd~ìdl j`clny den {mìm dvc

gès~clp drrvadimcn è deec} ]%9% J`vy~ aj dll, `~ `y vczcdlcn ~mc rvcaiisrd~àe aj ~mcafhci~sdl rm`layarmp jav ~mc ilcdv y~vsi~svc aj cdim sycn afhci~ -dfy~vdi~, gavcazcv jav ~mc


26/284

6:

eae'nciagraydflc clcgce~y aj ~m`y y~vsi~svc, {mìm dvc ~mc fdyì clcgce~y% Aeic {`~m ~mc

ncjè`~àe aj ~mcyc clcgce~y den aj ~mc vcld~àey fc~{cce ~mcg, d iamcvce~ y~vsi~svc aj ~mc

{malc gcimde`yg `y vczcdlcn -~mc afhci~ gdnc'sr jvag ~mcyc clcgce~y, czce `j ~m`y afhci~

laao -den `~ `y a~mcv{`yc nceagèd~cn è ~mc ajjì`dl gd~mcgd~ìy%

@j ~mcvc dvc ea~ ~aa gdep n`jjcvceicy fc~{cce ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àey den ~mc

gd~mcgd~ì n`y~v`fs~àey -fcy`ncy ~mc sesysdl iaeicr~ ae ~mc ncey`~p aj de clcgce~ av aj djsei~àe, ~mc y`~sd~àe `y ea~ ~mc ydgc è idyc aj ~mc ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àey {mcvc ~mcvc dvc

gdhav n`jjcvceicy% ^mc ncjè`~àe ganc aj ~mc ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àey -den `grlì`~lp aj ~mc

ncv`zcn jsei~àey `y gsim gavc n`jjcvce~ jvag ~mc aec sycn {`~mè ~mc n`jjcvce~`dl idlislsy%

De afhci~ y`g`ldv {`~m ~mc ildyyì e'vdeocn laidl ncv`zd~`zc aj d jsei~àej`y, diiavnèk ~a ~mcafhci~sdl rm`layarmp, ~mc ncey`~p aj d e'vdeocn ncv`zcn n`y~v`fs~àe aj ~md~ rdv~ìsldv jsei~àe%

6%9 Vcdl`xdflc n`y~v`fs~àey

^mcvc dvc y`g`ldv`~`cy den n`jjcvceicy fc~{cce ~mc z`v~sdl n`y~v`fs~àey {mìm dvc

ysrrav~cn fp yc~ Vw, av fp `~y è~cvzdly, fv`cjlp rvcyce~cn dfazc, den ~mc vcdl`xdflc

n`y~v`fs~àey -{mìm dvc dlya idllcn è ~m`y rdrcv dy ypy~cgì% ^mc y`g`ldv`~p `y ~md~ ~mcypy~cgì n`y~v`fs~àey dlya iaey`y~ è d yc~ aj dyy`kegce~ vcld~àey fc~{cce ~mc zdlsc aj ~mc

ncrcence~ zdv`dflc den ~mc zdlscy aj ~mc èncrcence~ zdv`dflc, den ~mc nagdè aj ra~ce~`dl

zdlscy aj ~mc èncrcence~ zdv`dflc gdocy'sr ~mc n`y~v`fs~àey ysrrav~% ^mc fdyì n`jjcvceic

fc~{cce ~mc z`v~sdl den ~mc ypy~cgì n`y~v`fs~àey `y vcrvcyce~cn fp ~mc jdi~ ~md~ ~mc clcgce~y

aj ~mc z`v~sdl n`y~v`fs~àey -diiavnèk ~a ~mc`v ncjè`~àey dvc gay~lp z`v~sdlafhci~y -eae'

vcdl`xdflc dy ~mc ildyy èy~deicy, fcidsyc ~mc ysrrav~ yèksldv zdlscy {mìm fclaek ~a yc~ Vw

iae~dè de èjè`~c tsde~`~d~`zc èjavgd~àe dgase~, {m`lc ~mc ypy~cgì n`y~v`fs~àey dvc

vcdl`xdflc afhci~y, c`~mcv aelp dfy~vdi~, av dfy~vdi~ den gd~cv`dl%Iaggce~ 6%9%48 ^mc jalla{èk imdr~cvy {`ll dlla{ d fc~~cv sencvy~denèk aj ~mc iaeicr~ vckdvnèk

~mc vcdl`xdf`l`~paj de afhci~% Jav ~mc ~`gc fcèk, `~ `y ceaskm ~a gce~àe ~md~ de afhci~ `y dfy~vdi~ vcdl`xdflc

`j `~y vcld~cn èjavgd~àe `y jè`~c, ~mcvcjavc, ~mc èjavgd~àe dgase~ gdp fc èilsncn è d jè`~c @ejavgd~àeYsrrav~ Ypy~cg -@YY% Jav c}dgrlc, de sysdl esgcvìdl zdlsc `y iae~dècn è d jè`~c esgfcv aj n`k`~y% Dedfy~vdi~ afhci~ `y z`v~sdl `j `~ `y dyyai`d~cn {`~m de èjè`~c èjavgd~àe dgase~? ~m`y oèn aj afhci~y ideea~ fcdi~sdllp vcdl`xcn -dy èy~deicy aj ~mc afhci~y ildyy% De dfy~vdi~ vcdl`xdflc afhci~ {mayc rvarcv~`cy gdpfclaek ~a d gd~cv`dl afhci~ ymdll fc d gd~cv`dlvcdl`xdflc afhci~%

Dy {c mdzc dlvcdnp ea~ìcn jvag ~mc rvczàsy ysfimdr~cv, ~mc rv`gdvp n`y~v`fs~àe

clcgce~ `y vcrvcyce~cn fp d yèksldv zdlscpoaj ~mc n`y~v`fs~cn d~~v`fs~c, dyy`kecn ~a d yèksldv

zdlsc}o aj ~mc ysrrav~ d~~v`fs~c fp gcdey aj d vcld~àe jo% ^mc raè~ aj z`c{ ae ~mc yèksldvesgcvìdl zdlscy den ae ~mc ysrrav~ nagdè dgase~ `y ~mc cyyce~`dl n`jjcvceic fc~{cce ~mc

z`v~sdl den ~mc vcdl`xdflc n`y~v`fs~àey% @j ~mc z`v~sdl -gd~mcgd~ì n`y~v`fs~àey dvc ysrrav~cn

fp ~mc èjè`~c nagdèy den DDZ -ycc N`vdi n`y~v`fs~àe ncyiv`fcn è ~mc rvczàsy imdr~cv,

~mc vcdl`xdflc n`y~v`fs~àey dlla{y aelp jè`~c è~cvzdl ysrrav~y, l`g`~cn fp ~mc ~{a fasendv`cy,

{`~m zdlscy {mìm {cvc cy~`gd~cn è vcld~àe ~a ~mc èecv vcjcvceic, den ~mcyc è~cvzdly iaey`y~aj d jè`~c esgfcv aj yèksldv zdlscy%

^mcvcjavc, ~doèk è~a diiase~ ~mc ysrrav~ nagdè dgase~, d vcdl`xdflc afhci~ ymdll

dl{dpy mdzc `~y rvarcv~`cy n`y~v`fs~cn ae d eae'esll den jè`~c ysrrav~ nagdè% ^mc gay~

y`grlc nagdè `y ~mc raè~{`yc nagdè, dep a~mcv nagdè iasln fc gdnc'sr fp gcdey ajiagray`~àe -iaeid~ced~àe, haèèk aj d jè`~c yc~ iaey`y~èk aj ysim `nce~ìdl clcgce~y% Dy

jav ~m`y fdyì clcgce~ aj ysrrav~ nagdè, ~mc afhci~sdl rm`layarmp rvaraycy d yrci`dl

nceagèd~àe8 nagdè raè~ av n`gceyàedl raè~ -NR {mìm `y ~mc kcagc~vìdl

vcrvcyce~d~àe ajd eavgdl yèksldv zdlsc -jav nc~d`ly, ycc deec} ]%9%


27/284

6;

Ncjè`~àe 6%9%48 De dfyals~c diisvd~c yèksldv zdlsc}{mìm `y dyyai`d~cn {`~m d eae'

nc~cvgèd~àe e~cvzdl44 {`~m ~mc dgase~ } - 2} , fciagcy d eavgdl yèksldv zdlsc%Iaggce~ 6%9%68 ^mc eae'nc~cvgèd~àe è~cvzdl mdy ~mc valc ~a ysfy~`~s~c ~mc èjè`~c esgfcv aj

n`k`~y vcts`vcn jav ~mc n`yrldp aj de DDZ, {mìm ymasln jalla{ dj~cv d vcdyaedflc ycv`cy aj n`k`~yvcrvcyce~èk ~mc eavgdl yèksldv zdlsc,

introduction to objectual philosophy

Documents