Prepared By Kapil SoniPrepared By Kapil SoniIICE UdaipurIICE Udaipur

(Learning Centre Code: - 02086)(Learning Centre Code: - 02086)

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NetworkingNetworking

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Topics CoveredTopics Covered

Introduction to Introduction to Networking.Networking.

Types of Networking.Types of Networking. Basic Hardware Basic Hardware

Requirements for Requirements for Networking.Networking.

Additional Additional Components Required Components Required for Networking.for Networking.

Transmission Media.Transmission Media.

Protocols.Protocols. Switching Switching

TechniquesTechniques MultiplexingMultiplexing

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Introduction to NetworkingIntroduction to Networking

A “A “network network ” has been defined as “any set of ” has been defined as “any set of interlinking lines resembling a net, interlinking lines resembling a net, a network of a network of roadsroads  oror an interconnected system, an interconnected system, a network of a network of alliancesalliances”.”.

A “A “networknetwork” is a set of devices (often referred to ” is a set of devices (often referred to as as nodesnodes) connected by communication links. ) connected by communication links.

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Types of NetworkingTypes of Networking

Physical NetworkingPhysical Networking TopologyTopology Network ArchitectureNetwork Architecture

Reference ModelsReference Models

Service Oriented Service Oriented NetworkNetwork

LAN, MAN, WANLAN, MAN, WAN Bus, Ring, Star, MeshBus, Ring, Star, Mesh Host Based, Master Host Based, Master

Slave, Client Server, Slave, Client Server, Peer to PeerPeer to Peer

OSI and TCP / IPOSI and TCP / IP

Connection Less and Connection Less and Connection OrientedConnection Oriented

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Physical NetworkingPhysical NetworkingOne of the primary category into which a network falls is determined by its size. On the basis of the size and the geographical area following are the categories fall under physical type of networking: -

Local Area Network (LAN): - Usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or campus not exceeding few kilometers.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): - Network which is setup within a city or a town.

Wide Area Network (WAN): - Network which does not have any limit spread over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, continent or even the whole world.

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Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network

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Metropolitan Area NetworkMetropolitan Area Network

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Wide Area NetworkWide Area Network

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TopologyTopologyThe term Physical Topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form a Topology. The Topology of a network is the geometric representation of all the links and linking devices to another. Network topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes.

There are four basic topologies: -

Bus Topology

Ring Topology

Star Topology

Mesh Topology

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Bus TopologyBus Topology: -: -

The type of network topology in which all of the The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also commonly endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also commonly referred to as the backbone, or trunk) – all data that is referred to as the backbone, or trunk) – all data that is transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be received by all nodes in the network and is able to be received by all nodes in the network virtually simultaneously (disregarding propagation virtually simultaneously (disregarding propagation delays).delays).

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Bus Topology (Contd…)Bus Topology (Contd…): -: -

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Ring TopologyRing Topology: -: -

The type of network topology in which each of the The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is connected to two other nodes nodes of the network is connected to two other nodes in the network and with the first and last nodes being in the network and with the first and last nodes being connected to each other, forming a ring – all data that connected to each other, forming a ring – all data that is transmitted between nodes in the network travels is transmitted between nodes in the network travels from one node to the next node in a circular manner from one node to the next node in a circular manner and the data generally flows in a single direction and the data generally flows in a single direction only.only.

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Ring Topology (Contd…)Ring Topology (Contd…): -: -

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Star TopologyStar Topology: -: -

The type of network topology in which each of the The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is connected to a central node nodes of the network is connected to a central node with a point-to-point link in a 'hub' and 'spoke' with a point-to-point link in a 'hub' and 'spoke' fashion, the central node being the 'hub' and the nodes fashion, the central node being the 'hub' and the nodes that are attached to the central node being the 'spokes' that are attached to the central node being the 'spokes' (e.g., a collection of point-to-point links from the (e.g., a collection of point-to-point links from the peripheral nodes that converge at a central node) – all peripheral nodes that converge at a central node) – all data that is transmitted between nodes in the network data that is transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted to this central node, which is usually is transmitted to this central node, which is usually some type of device that then retransmits the data to some type of device that then retransmits the data to some or all of the other nodes in the network, some or all of the other nodes in the network, although the central node may also be a simple although the central node may also be a simple common connection point (such as a 'punch-down' common connection point (such as a 'punch-down' block) without any active device to repeat the signals.block) without any active device to repeat the signals.

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Star Topology (Contd…)Star Topology (Contd…): -: -

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Mesh TopologyMesh Topology: -: -

The type of network topology in which each of the The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is connected to each of the other nodes of the network is connected to each of the other nodes in the network with a point-to-point link – this nodes in the network with a point-to-point link – this makes it possible for data to be simultaneously makes it possible for data to be simultaneously transmitted from any single node to all of the other transmitted from any single node to all of the other nodes.nodes.

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Mesh Topology (Contd…)Mesh Topology (Contd…): -: -

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Reference ModelsReference Models: -: -

The reference model describes the designing of a network The reference model describes the designing of a network architecture and helps us in understanding its flexibility and architecture and helps us in understanding its flexibility and robustness. robustness.

There are two types of reference models viz., The OSI (Open There are two types of reference models viz., The OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model and the TCP / IP System Interconnection) Model and the TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) Model.(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) Model.

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The OSI ModelThe OSI Model: -: -

OSI stands for Open Source Interconnection. A Model OSI stands for Open Source Interconnection. A Model developed by the International Standards Organization, developed by the International Standards Organization, commonly known as ISO. commonly known as ISO.

The primary objective to develop this model was to cover all The primary objective to develop this model was to cover all aspects of network communications. The purpose of OSI aspects of network communications. The purpose of OSI model is to open communication between different systems model is to open communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of underlying hardware without requiring changes to the logic of underlying hardware and software. and software.

OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows for communication across all types of systems that allows for communication across all types of computer systems.computer systems.

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The OSI Model (Contd…)The OSI Model (Contd…): -: -

OSI Model comprises of seven ordered layers. These are: -OSI Model comprises of seven ordered layers. These are: - Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1 Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2 Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3 Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4 Session Layer – Referred as Layer 5Session Layer – Referred as Layer 5 Presentation Layer – Referred as Layer 6Presentation Layer – Referred as Layer 6 Application Layer – Referred as Layer 7Application Layer – Referred as Layer 7

Each Layer defines a family of functions distinct from those Each Layer defines a family of functions distinct from those of the other layers. of the other layers.

The purpose of designing such a layered type of model was The purpose of designing such a layered type of model was to project the transmitting data down to its most fundamental to project the transmitting data down to its most fundamental element.element.

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Figure: The ISO/OSI Reference Model

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Functions of Each Layer of OSI ModelFunctions of Each Layer of OSI Model: -: -Physical LayerPhysical Layer: -: -

The Physical Layer coordinates the functions required to The Physical Layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium. It deals with the transmit a bit stream over a physical medium. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium. It also defines the procedures and functions transmission medium. It also defines the procedures and functions that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to occur. Following are the elements concerned with the Physical to occur. Following are the elements concerned with the Physical Layer of OSI Model: -Layer of OSI Model: -

Physical characteristics of interfaces and media.Physical characteristics of interfaces and media. Representation of bits.Representation of bits. Data rate.Data rate. Synchronization of bits.Synchronization of bits. Line configuration.Line configuration. Physical topology.Physical topology. Transmission mode.Transmission mode.

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Data Link LayerData Link Layer: -: -

The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link and is responsible for node to transmission facility, to a reliable link and is responsible for node to node delivery. It makes the physical layer appear error free to the node delivery. It makes the physical layer appear error free to the upper layer. The data link layer also oversees the delivery of the upper layer. The data link layer also oversees the delivery of the packet between two systems on the same network.packet between two systems on the same network.

Responsibilities of the Data Link Layer are : -Responsibilities of the Data Link Layer are : -FramingFraming

Physical AddressingPhysical Addressing Flow ControlFlow Control Error ControlError Control

Access ControlAccess Control

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Network LayerNetwork Layer: -: -

The Network Layer is responsible for the source to The Network Layer is responsible for the source to destination delivery of a packet across multiple networks. It ensures destination delivery of a packet across multiple networks. It ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination. that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination.

It also oversees the end to end delivery of individual packets, It also oversees the end to end delivery of individual packets, however, it does not recognize any relationship between those however, it does not recognize any relationship between those packets. Each packets are treated independently irrespective if the packets. Each packets are treated independently irrespective if the packet belonged to the same message or to a different message.packet belonged to the same message or to a different message.

Responsibilities of the Network Layer are: -Responsibilities of the Network Layer are: - Logical AddressingLogical Addressing RoutingRouting

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Transport LayerTransport Layer: -: -

The Transport Layer is responsible for source to destination The Transport Layer is responsible for source to destination (end to end) delivery of the entire message. It also ensures that the (end to end) delivery of the entire message. It also ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the source to destination level. control and flow control at the source to destination level.

Also the transport layer may create a connection between two Also the transport layer may create a connection between two end ports. A Connection is a single logical path between the source end ports. A Connection is a single logical path between the source and the destination that is associated with all packets in a message. and the destination that is associated with all packets in a message.

Creating a connection involves three steps: -Creating a connection involves three steps: - Connection Establishment.Connection Establishment. Data Transfer andData Transfer and Connection ReleaseConnection ReleaseBy confining transmission of all packets to a single pathway, the By confining transmission of all packets to a single pathway, the transport layer has more control over sequencing, flow, and error transport layer has more control over sequencing, flow, and error detection and correction.detection and correction.

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Transport Layer (Contd….)Transport Layer (Contd….): -: -Responsibilities of Transport Layer are as follows: -Responsibilities of Transport Layer are as follows: -

Service Point Addressing.Service Point Addressing. Segmentation and Reassembly.Segmentation and Reassembly. Connection Control.Connection Control. Flow Control.Flow Control. Error Control.Error Control.

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Session LayerSession Layer: -: -Session Layer is the network dialog controller. It establishes, Session Layer is the network dialog controller. It establishes,

maintains and synchronizes the interaction between communicating maintains and synchronizes the interaction between communicating systems. systems.

Responsibilities of Session Layer are as follows: -Responsibilities of Session Layer are as follows: - Dialog Control.Dialog Control. Synchronization.Synchronization.

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Presentation LayerPresentation Layer: -: -Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax and Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax and

semantics of the information exchanged between two systems. semantics of the information exchanged between two systems.

Responsibilities of Presentation Layer are as follows: -Responsibilities of Presentation Layer are as follows: -

Translation.Translation. Encryption.Encryption. Compression.Compression.

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Application LayerApplication Layer: -: -

Application Layer enables the user, whether human or software, to Application Layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for services such as E – Mail, remote file access and transfer, shared services such as E – Mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management and other types of distributed information database management and other types of distributed information services.services.

Responsibilities of Application Layer are as follows: -Responsibilities of Application Layer are as follows: -

Network Virtual TerminalNetwork Virtual Terminal File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM).File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM). Mail Services.Mail Services. Directory Services.Directory Services.

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The TCP / IP ModelThe TCP / IP Model: -: -

TCP / IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet TCP / IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. This model was developed prior to the OSI model. Protocol. This model was developed prior to the OSI model. Therefore, the layers in the TCP / IP do not match exactly with Therefore, the layers in the TCP / IP do not match exactly with those in the OSI model. those in the OSI model.

TCP / IP model is made up of five layers. These are: -TCP / IP model is made up of five layers. These are: -

Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1 Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2 Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3 Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4 Application Layer – Referred as Layer 5Application Layer – Referred as Layer 5

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Figure: The ISO/OSI Reference Model and the TCP / IP Reference Model

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Basic Hardware Requirements Basic Hardware Requirements for Networkingfor Networking

ModemModem Ethernet CardEthernet Card RJ – 45RJ – 45 RJ – 11RJ – 11

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External ModemExternal Modem

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Internal ModemInternal Modem

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Ethernet CardEthernet Card

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RJ – 45 and RJ – 11RJ – 45 and RJ – 11

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Additional Hardware Additional Hardware Components of NetworkingComponents of Networking

HubsHubs RoutersRouters SwitchesSwitches BridgesBridges GatewaysGateways

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A HubA Hub

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A RouterA Router

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A SwitchA Switch

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A BridgeA Bridge

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A GatewayA Gateway

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Types of Transmission Types of Transmission MediaMedia

Guided MediaGuided Media Twisted Pair CableTwisted Pair Cable Coaxial CablesCoaxial Cables Optical FibersOptical Fibers

Un – Guided MediaUn – Guided Media Micro WaveMicro Wave Radio WaveRadio Wave SatelliteSatellite Blue ToothBlue Tooth InfraredInfrared

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Twisted Pair CableTwisted Pair Cable

A type of cable that A type of cable that consists of two consists of two independently insulated independently insulated wires twisted around wires twisted around one another. The use of one another. The use of two wires twisted two wires twisted together helps to together helps to reduce crosstalk and reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic electromagnetic induction.induction.

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Coaxial Cable (Contd….)Coaxial Cable (Contd….)

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Optical Fibers (Contd…)Optical Fibers (Contd…)

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Micro Wave Transmission Micro Wave Transmission Media (Contd…) : -Media (Contd…) : -

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Radio Wave Transmission Radio Wave Transmission Media (Contd…) : -Media (Contd…) : -

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Satellite Communication Satellite Communication (Contd…) : -(Contd…) : -

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Bluetooth (Contd…): -Bluetooth (Contd…): -

Thank YouThank You

Kapil SoniKapil Soni

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