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Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting Everything (Cartoon is from an article by Robert Poe, illustration by Court Patton -- Electronic Business, 11/1/2002)

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Page 1: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Introduction to NanotechnologyModule #1

Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now?

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Nanotechnology is Impacting Everything

(Cartoon is from an article by Robert Poe, illustration by Court Patton -- Electronic Business, 11/1/2002)

Page 2: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

This module is one of a series designed to be used by faculty members at post-secondary institutions in workshops, courses, and overview lectures to introduce nanotechnology and its applications. There is no particular

significance to the module number system

The series was funded in part by:

The National Science FoundationGrant # DUE 0532646

andThe Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development

Grant # C000029471

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the Pennsylvania

Department of Community and Economic Development

Page 3: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Glossary of Terms

Throughout these modules you will find words and terms printed in the color blue. These words and terms are defined in the

glossary (glossary.html), which can be opened by clicking here.

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Page 4: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Outline

1. Where does the word “nanotechnology” come from and what does it mean?

2. Some size rangesa) The macroscaleb) The microscalec) The nanoscale

3. Nanotechnology – “the builder’s final frontier”4. How old is nanotechnology?5. Why is nanotechnology taking off now?

a) We can now make small things controllably and repeatedlyb) We can now see what we made

6. Key ideas

Page 5: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Outline

1. Where does the word “nanotechnology” come from and what does it mean?

2. Some size rangesa) The macroscaleb) The microscalec) The nanoscale

3. Nanotechnology – “the builder’s final frontier”4. How old is nanotechnology?5. Why is nanotechnology taking off now?

a) We can now make small things controllably and repeatedlyb) We can now see what we made

6. Key ideas

Page 6: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

The word ”nano” originally comes from the Greek word “nanos”, meaning “dwarf”. In

Roman times (2000 years ago) the word had changed to “nano” but it continued to mean “dwarf”. In modern Italian, the word is still

“nano” and it still means “dwarf”.

Today, in scientific usage, it is not a word but it is a prefix and it means really, really, really

small or, more precisely, it means 1 / 1,000,000,000

(one billionth) of something.

First of all:What does the prefix “nano” mean?

Page 7: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

So What Does the Word “Nanotechnology” Mean?

It means technology based on man-made things that are really, really, really small

or more precisely it means

technology based on man-made things

whose sizes are such that at least one dimension is in the range of

one billionth of a meter.

Page 8: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Outline

1. Where does the word “nanotechnology” come from and what does it mean?

2. Some size rangesa) The macroscaleb) The microscalec) The nanoscale

3. Nanotechnology – “the builder’s final frontier”4. How old is nanotechnology?5. Why is nanotechnology taking off now?

a) We can now make small things controllably and repeatedlyb) We can now see what we made

6. Key ideas

Page 9: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

How small is

1

1,000,000,000

of a meter?

Page 10: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

1 meter = 3.28 feet

1 / 100 meter = 1 centimeter (cm)

1 / 1000 meter = 1 millimeter (mm)

1 / 1,000,000 meter = 1 micrometer* (µm)

*also called a micron

1 / 1,000,000,000 meter = 1 nanometer (nm)

1 / 1,000,000,000,000 meter = 1 picometer (pm)

Where does the Nanometer fit in the length scale?

Page 11: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Another way of looking at how small a Nanometer is-

Courtesy of NanoHorizons, Inc.

Page 12: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Museum of Science, Boston

Still another way of looking at how small a Nanometer is-

Click on the black box to view Mini Cooper movie

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Page 13: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Definitions of Some Different Size Ranges

Macro-scale ● The sizes of things we’re accustomed to using and seeing; i.e., anything bigger than about a millimeter.

Micro-scale ● Smaller than the macro-scale ● Sizes from about one millionth of a

meter to one ten thousandth of a meter; i.e., sizes from about a micrometer to about 1/10 of a millimeter.

Nano-scale: ● Smaller than the micro-scale. Really small!

● Sizes from one billionth of a meter to one ten millionth of a meter; i.e., sizes from

about a nanometer to about 1/10 of a micrometer.

Page 14: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

How Do We See Things in These Different Size Ranges?

MeterSize RangeThese are

sizes we can see with just

our eyes

MillimeterSize RangeThese are

sizes we can see with an

optical microscope

MicrometerSize Range

Bigger objects in this range can be seen

with an optical microscope.

Smaller objects may need an

electron microscope

NanometerSize Range

Bigger objects can be seen with electron microscopes.

Smaller objects require field

emission electron or atomic force microscopes

MACRO-SCALE NANO-SCALEMICRO-SCALE

Page 15: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Let’s look at these size ranges pictorially.

Let’s also get some idea of what nature makes and what man makes in these size ranges.

Page 16: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

The next viewgraph may be useful for remembering how

small the nano-scale size range is.

As this viewgraph shows, the nano-scale range covers sizes from that of viruses down to structures with a few atoms (quantum dots).

Page 17: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Some Small Naturally Occurring and Man-Made Structures

1 m

m

100

µm

10 µ

m

1 µm

100

nm

10 n

m

1 nm

100

pm

Transistor of 2007

Human hair

tissue

Bacterium cell

Human cell

Virus

Transistors of 20-30 Years ago

Protein

Individual atom

Drug molecule Quantum dot

DNA

Nano-scaleMicro-scaleMacro-scale

Page 18: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Also note from our pictorial representation of scales that the next

size range that is smaller than the nano-scale is the pico-scale.

Page 19: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

The pico-scale is the size range of the

basic “legos” used to build

everything else – individual atoms

Page 20: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Outline

1. Where does the word “nanotechnology” come from and what does it mean?

2. Some size rangesa) The macroscaleb) The microscalec) The nanoscale

3. Nanotechnology – “the builder’s final frontier”4. How old is nanotechnology?5. Why is nanotechnology taking off now?

a) We can now make small things controllably and repeatedlyb) We can now see what we made

6. Key ideas

Page 21: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

What’s After Nanotechnology – Is there a Picotechnology?

No, nothing to build at the pico-scale.

Page 22: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Nano-Scale

• Lots to build at the nano-scale.

• Atoms and molecules are the “legos” in the building.

• The creating and using of ‘things’ at the nano-scale, for the benefit of mankind, is nanotechnology.

Page 23: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

““Nanotechnology is the builder’s final Nanotechnology is the builder’s final frontier.”frontier.”

Richard SmalleyRichard Smalley1996 Nobel Laurate in Chemistry, Rice University 1996 Nobel Laurate in Chemistry, Rice University

Page 24: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Outline

1. Where does the word “nanotechnology” come from and what does it mean?

2. Some size rangesa) The macroscaleb) The microscalec) The nanoscale

3. Nanotechnology – “the builder’s final frontier”4. How old is nanotechnology?5. Why is nanotechnology taking off now?

a) We can now make small things controllably and repeatedlyb) We can now see what we made

6. Key ideas

Page 25: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Nanotechnology has actually

been practiced by humans

for over 2000 years.

Page 26: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

We now know that a cup made by the Romans 1700 years ago used

nanotechnology!

(We just found out because we just learned how to see the

nanoparticles they used).

Page 27: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Paul Mulvaney, Not all That’s Gold Does Glitter, MRS Bulletin, December 2001, pp 1009-1013

The Lycurgus Cup is made from glass containing gold and silver nanoparticles. The cup is seen in:

(a) transmitted light

and

(b) reflected light

Page 28: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

We now know that the beautiful stained-glass windows made 1600 years ago by the ancient Irish also

used nanotechnology.

(We just found out because we just learned how to see the nano-particles

they used).

Page 29: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Armagh, Ireland, AD 444

Page 30: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

We now know that beautiful plates made by the Renaissance Italians

500 years ago also used nanotechnology.

(We just found out because we

just learned how to see the nanoparticles they used also).

Page 31: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Padovani et al. J. Appl. Phys. 2003

16th century Renaissance pottery

Page 32: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Outline

1. Where does the word “nanotechnology” come from and what does it mean?

2. Some size rangesa) The macroscaleb) The microscalec) The nanoscale

3. Nanotechnology – “the builder’s final frontier”4. How old is nanotechnology?5. Why is nanotechnology taking off now?

a) We can now make small things controllably and repeatedlyb) We can now see what we made

6. Key ideas

Page 33: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

If nanotechnology has been practiced by humans for almost 2000 years, why is it taking off

now?

Why is it so “big” now?

Page 34: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Because we have learned what’s going on-

• We can now controllably and repeatedly make things in the nano-size range.

• And finally we can now see what we have made.

Page 35: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

• For example, today’s transistors are nano-scale structures. In fact, the advanced transistors in production in 2008 are 45 nm in length!

• Today more nano-scale transistors are made in a year than there are grains of rice grown in a year—now that’s control and repeatability!

• We have really learned how to build at the nano-scale!

We can controllably and repeatedly make things in the nano-scale range

Page 36: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

The following picture is a cross-section of an actual man-made transistor (circa 2002). This is a FET transistor in which, in the on-state, electrons travel from the source to the drain by going down the 50 nm long “channel” under the gate of this transistor.

This sample has been made by cutting a chip containing millions of transistors and looking at the cross-section to focus on one transistor. The imaging is done with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Page 37: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Adapted from Linda Geppert, The Amazing Vanishing Transistor Act,

IEEE Spectrum, October 2002, Vol. 39, Number 10, pg. 28-33

Page 38: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

We can now see what we have made!

We can even routinely see atoms now!

Page 39: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

• The next view graph shows 48 atoms that have been dragged across a surface (itself, of course, made of atoms) and arranged into a circle (a corral). This arrangement has been given the name “Quantum Corral”.

• If you look closely, you can see the individual atoms of the corral, all of which are sitting on the underlying surface. If you look very closely, you also can see the atoms that make up that underlying surface.

• The dragging of the atoms and the imaging is done using a scanning tunneling microscope.

Page 40: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

M.F. Crommie, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler. Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface.Science 262, 218-220 (1993).

Quantum Corral

Page 41: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

• Because of the advances that have very recently been achieved in what we can make and what we can see, nanotechnology is now manufacturable. That is, nanotechnology can now produce things in huge numbers and economically--not just a few cups, windows, and plates for the very rich, as before.

• Because nanotechnology is now manufacturable, it can make products that will affect every man, woman, and child on the planet.

Page 42: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Outline

1. Where does the word “nanotechnology” come from and what does it mean?

2. Some size rangesa) The macroscaleb) The microscalec) The nanoscale

3. Nanotechnology – “the builder’s final frontier”4. How old is nanotechnology?5. Why is nanotechnology taking off now?

a) We can now make small things controllably and repeatedlyb) We can now see what we made

6. Key ideas

Page 43: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

Key Ideas• The nano-scale refers to sizes from 1nm to

about 100nm (or from the size of a few atoms in a row to the size of a virus).

• Nanotechnology is the making and using of “things” which are in this size range.

• Nanotechnology is “the builders last frontier”.• Nanotechnology has actually been around

awhile – almost 2000 years !• Nanotechnology is emerging now because

1. We’ve learned how to see what we’ve made (to check it, understand and manipulate it).

2. We’ve learned how to make things that small with control and repeatability.

Page 44: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

• Because of the advances that have very recently been achieved in what we can make and what we can see, nanotechnology is now manufacturable.

• Nanotechnology can now produce things in huge numbers and economically.

Key Ideas (continued)

Page 45: Introduction to Nanotechnology Module #1 Nanotechnology: What Is It, And Why Is It So “BIG” Now? Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash Nanotechnology is Impacting

Copyright 2008 Stephen J. Fonash

This module, produced by the Center for Nanotechnology Education and Utilization at

The Pennsylvania State University, is one of a series developed to introduce nanotechnology and its applications to a broad audience. Each module, its component

viewgraphs, and the companion glossary are copyrighted 2008 by Stephen J. Fonash and

The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved.

This module series and companion glossary were created by: Prof. Stephen J. Fonash

with contributions from Amy Brunner, Dr. Shawn Keebaugh, Dr. Yinghui Shan, Dr. Wook Jun Nam, Dr. Huinan Liang,

Bill Mahoney, Robert Ehrmann, Lisa Daub and Darlene Fink.