introduction to music - david friddle · •minimalist music with tonality, pulse, repetition....
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Music
Review• Béla Bartók
• Charles Ives
• George Gershwin
•William Grant Still
• Aaron Copland
• Alberto Ginastera
20th-Century MusicMusical Styles since 1945
• Many societal changes since WWII
20th-Century MusicMusical Styles since 1945
• Many societal changes since WWII
• Instant communication has altered the world
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Many societal changes since WWII
• Instant communication has altered the world
• Constant demand for novelty
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Increased use of the 12-tone system
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Increased use of the 12-tone system
• Serialism—12-tone techniques extended
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Increased use of the 12-tone system
• Serialism—12-tone techniques extended
• Chance music that includes the random
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Increased use of the 12-tone system
• Serialism—12-tone techniques extended
• Chance music that includes the random
• Minimalist music with tonality, pulse, repetition
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Increased use of the 12-tone system
• Serialism—12-tone techniques extended
• Chance music that includes the random
• Minimalist music with tonality, pulse, repetition
• Deliberate quotations of earlier music in work
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Return to tonality by some composers
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Return to tonality by some composers
• Electronic music
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Return to tonality by some composers
• Electronic music
• “Liberation of sound”
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Return to tonality by some composers
• Electronic music
• “Liberation of sound”
• Mixed media
20th-Century MusicCharacteristics of Music Since 1945
• Return to tonality by some composers
• Electronic music
• “Liberation of sound”
• Mixed media
• New concepts of rhythm & form
20th-Century MusicIncreased Use of the 12-Tone System
• After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone
20th-Century MusicIncreased Use of the 12-Tone System
• After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone
• Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews
20th-Century MusicIncreased Use of the 12-Tone System
• After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone
• Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews
• European composers heard 12-tone as “new”
20th-Century MusicIncreased Use of the 12-Tone System
• After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone
• Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews
• European composers heard 12-tone as “new”
• 12-tone viewed as technique—not a style
20th-Century MusicIncreased Use of the 12-Tone System
• After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone
• Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews
• European composers heard 12-tone as “new”
• 12-tone viewed as technique—not a style
• Pointillist approach w/ atomized melodies
20th-Century MusicIncreased Use of the 12-Tone System
• After WWII, Europeans explored 12-tone
• Nazis banned music by Schoenberg & Jews
• European composers heard 12-tone as “new”
• 12-tone viewed as technique—not a style
• Pointillist approach w/ atomized melodies
•Webern’s music & style became popular
20th-Century MusicExtensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism
• The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color
20th-Century MusicExtensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism
• The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color
• Tone row ordered relationships of pitches
20th-Century MusicExtensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism
• The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color
• Tone row ordered relationships of pitches
• Serialism ordered other musical elements
20th-Century MusicExtensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism
• The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color
• Tone row ordered relationships of pitches
• Serialism ordered other musical elements
• Result was a totally controlled, organized music
20th-Century MusicExtensions of the 12-Tone System: Serialism
• The system was used to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color
• Tone row ordered relationships of pitches
• Serialism ordered other musical elements
• Result was a totally controlled, organized music
• Relationships often very difficult to perceive
20th-Century MusicChance Music
• Opposite of Serialism
20th-Century MusicChance Music
• Opposite of Serialism
• Composers choose pitches, tone colors, and rhythms by random methods
20th-Century MusicChance Music
• Opposite of Serialism
• Composers choose pitches, tone colors, and rhythms by random methods
• John Cage: 4’33”, Imaginary Landscape
20th-Century MusicChance Music
• Opposite of Serialism
• Composers choose pitches, tone colors, and rhythms by random methods
• John Cage: 4’33”, Imaginary Landscape
• Karlheinz Stockhausen: Piano Piece No. 11
20th-Century MusicMinimalist Music
• Characteristics
20th-Century MusicMinimalist Music
• Characteristics
• Steady pulse, clear tonality, repetition of short melodic fragments
20th-Century MusicMinimalist Music
• Characteristics
• Steady pulse, clear tonality, repetition of short melodic fragments
• Dynamics, texture, & harmony constant over time
20th-Century MusicMinimalist Music
• Characteristics
• Steady pulse, clear tonality, repetition of short melodic fragments
• Dynamics, texture, & harmony constant over time
• Emphasis on simple forms, clarity, understatement
20th-Century MusicMusical Quotation
• Represents conscious break with serialism
20th-Century MusicMusical Quotation
• Represents conscious break with serialism
• Improves communication w/ audience
20th-Century MusicMusical Quotation
• Represents conscious break with serialism
• Improves communication w/ audience
• Quoted material conveys symbolic meaning
20th-Century MusicMusical Quotation
• Represents conscious break with serialism
• Improves communication w/ audience
• Quoted material conveys symbolic meaning
• Frequently juxtaposes quoted material with others, creating an Charles Ives-esque sound
20th-Century MusicReturn to Tonality
• Parallels quotation in implying other styles
20th-Century MusicElectronic Music
• Uses technological advances for new music
20th-Century MusicElectronic Music
• Uses technological advances for new music
• Recording tape, synthesizers, computers
20th-Century MusicElectronic Music
• Uses technological advances for new music
• Recording tape, synthesizers, computers
• Allows composers to skip the middle step of performers to convey their ideas to an audience
20th-Century MusicElectronic Music
• Uses technological advances for new music
• Recording tape, synthesizers, computers
• Allows composers to skip the middle step of performers to convey their ideas to an audience
• Provides unlimited palette of sounds/tone colors
20th-Century MusicLiberation of Sound
• Use of wider variety of sounds than ever
20th-Century MusicLiberation of Sound
• Use of wider variety of sounds than ever
• Some sounds were previously considered noises
20th-Century MusicLiberation of Sound
• Use of wider variety of sounds than ever
• Some sounds were previously considered noises
• Novel & unusual performance techniques are required (screaming, tapping instrument, …)
20th-Century MusicLiberation of Sound
• Use of wider variety of sounds than ever
• Some sounds were previously considered noises
• Novel & unusual performance techniques are required (screaming, tapping instrument, …)
• Use of microtones, clusters, any new sound
20th-Century MusicMixed media
• Visual art often combined w/ music for effect
20th-Century MusicMixed media
• Visual art often combined w/ music for effect
• Often intended to relax concert atmosphere
20th-Century MusicMixed media
• Visual art often combined w/ music for effect
• Often intended to relax concert atmosphere
Rhythm and Form
20th-Century MusicMixed media
• Visual art often combined w/ music for effect
• Often intended to relax concert atmosphere
Rhythm and Form
• Some new compositions ignore rhythmic notation & specify sound in seconds/minutes
20th-Century MusicMixed media
• Visual art often combined w/ music for effect
• Often intended to relax concert atmosphere
Rhythm and Form
• Some new compositions ignore rhythmic notation & specify sound in seconds/minutes
• Traditional forms giving way to new ideas
20th-Century MusicMixed media
• Visual art often combined w/ music for effect
• Often intended to relax concert atmosphere
Rhythm and Form
• Some new compositions ignore rhythmic notation & specify sound in seconds/minutes
• Traditional forms giving way to new ideas
• Some music “unfolds” without obvious form devices
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano “Sonata II” by John Cage (1912–1992)
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano “Sonata II” by John Cage (1912–1992)
Prepared piano is grand piano w/ objects inserted between some strings
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano “Sonata II” by John Cage (1912–1992)
Prepared piano is grand piano w/ objects inserted between some strings
Percussive sounds on some notes
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano “Sonata II” by John Cage (1912–1992)
Prepared piano is grand piano w/ objects inserted between some strings
Percussive sounds on some notes
Polyphonic
20th-Century Music
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965)
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965)
Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processed
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965)
Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processedElectronic and electronically processed sounds
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965)
Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processedElectronic and electronically processed soundsSome tone-like sounds, some noise-like
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965)
Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processedElectronic and electronically processed soundsSome tone-like sounds, some noise-likeEarly electronic composition
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Poème électronique by Edgard Varèse (1883–1965)
Created using recording tape, wide variety of raw sounds electronically processedElectronic and electronically processed soundsSome tone-like sounds, some noise-likeEarly electronic composition
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939)
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939)
Quotation music, each of its five movements uses material from first movement of Handel piece
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939)
Quotation music, each of its five movements uses material from first movement of Handel pieceUse of quoted material
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939)
Quotation music, each of its five movements uses material from first movement of Handel pieceUse of quoted materialBasso continuo, as in Baroque
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Concerto Grosso 1985 by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939)
Quotation music, each of its five movements uses material from first movement of Handel pieceUse of quoted materialBasso continuo, as in BaroqueTerraced dynamics to imply Baroque
20th-Century Music
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Short Ride in a Fast Machine by John Adams
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Short Ride in a Fast Machine by John Adams
Rapid tempo
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Short Ride in a Fast Machine by John Adams
Rapid tempo
Rhythmic drive
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Short Ride in a Fast Machine by John Adams
Rapid tempo
Rhythmic drive
Powerful, colorful sonorities
20th-Century Music
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Shard (1977)by Elliott Carter
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Shard (1977)by Elliott Carter
Jazzlike offbeat accents
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Shard (1977)by Elliott Carter
Jazzlike offbeat accents
Dyads—two tones sounding simultaneously
20th-Century MusicMusic since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
Shard (1977)by Elliott Carter
Jazzlike offbeat accents
Dyads—two tones sounding simultaneously
Harmonics
20th-Century Music
Looking Ahead• Jazz
• Music For Stage and Screen
• Rock
