MSE 4372: Introduction to Materials Science & EngineeringMaterials Science & Engineering

Course Objective...Introduce fundamental concepts in MaterialsIntroduce fundamental concepts in MaterialsScience

You will learn about:• material structure• how structure dictates properties• how processing can change structure• how processing can change structure

This course will help you to:• use materials properly• use materials properly• realize new design opportunities

with materials

Chapter 1 - 1

LECTURESLecturer: Francisco C. Robles Hernandez, PhDTime: Tue & Thur from 4:00 to 5:30 pmTime: Tue. & Thur. from 4:00 to 5:30 pm Location: Room 120H (Technology Annex)Activities:

• Present new material• Announce reading and homework• Announce reading and homework• Take quizzes and midterms*

*M k i l f i*Make-ups given only for emergencies.*Discuss potential conflicts beforehand.

Chapter 1 - 2

LABORATORY SECTIONSInstructor: Mr. Gautam Ashutosh

Location: 120 LaboratoryPurpose: To learn more about materials by relating lecture material with observations. Also to learn to properly formulate and write engineering reports and proposalsformulate and write engineering reports and proposals.

Chapter 1 - 3

TEACHING ASSISTANT

N Offi E ilNameAshutosh Gautam

OfficeRoom 106

E-mailashutoshgautam15@gmail.com

Ashutosh will• participate in recitation sessions laboratory quizzes• participate in recitation sessions, laboratory, quizzes, marking.

• have office hours to help you with course material have office hours to help you with course materialand problem sets.

Chapter 1 - 4

Office Hours

Wednesdays from 10:00 am to noon.Instructor: Francisco C Robles HernandezInstructor: Francisco C. Robles HernandezRoom 230 G Technology Building

T d Th f 1 00 2 00Tue. and Thur. from 1:00 to 2:00 pmTeaching Assistant: Gautam AshutoshR 106T2

Activities:

Room 106T2

Activities:• Discuss homework, quizzes, exams• Discuss lectures, book

Chapter 1 - 5

COURSE MATERIALSRequired text:

• Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction W D Callister Jr 7th edition John Wiley and SonsW.D. Callister, Jr., 7th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2007).

Optional Material:• The Science and Engineering of Materials by D. Askeland and P. PhuleAny editionAny editionAdited by Cengage Learning• Introduction to Material Science for Engineersby ShakelfordAny editionEdited by Pearson, Pretice Hall

Chapter 1 - 6

y ,• Other relevant material (websites, magazines, scientific journals etc.) can be consulted at your discretion.

COURSE WEBSITES

Course Website: https://accessuh.uh.edu/login.php•Syllabusy•Lecture notes•Answer keys•Grades (Blackboard)•Grades (Blackboard)

Chapter 1 - 7

GRADINGQ iQuizzes

Held (usually during the lab. essions) at the beginning of classBased on core homework problemsYour lowest quiz grade will be dropped

Midterm #1 25%Tentatively scheduled for:Tentatively scheduled for:Material covered:

Midterm #2 25%Midterm #2 25%Tentatively scheduled for:Material covered:

Final Exam 40%Tentatively scheduled for: December 13, 2013The final exam will be comprehensive.

Chapter 1 - 8

Homework, quizzes and participation 10%

READING SCHEDULEWeek

12

TopicGeneral Intro; Atomic Bonding

Crystalline Structure; Imperfections

Chapter1,23 42

345

Crystalline Structure; ImperfectionsDiffusion; Mechanical Properties

Strengthening Mechanisms; FailurePh Di

3,45,67,895

6Phase Diagrams

Kinetics & Phase TransformationsProcessing & Applications of Metals

91011

789

g ppStruc., Prop., Proc., Applic. of CeramicsStruc., Prop. of Polymers; Composites

Corrosion; Elec & Thermal Prop

12,1315,16

17 18 19*910

Corrosion; Elec. & Thermal Prop.Magnetic & Optical Prop.

Materials Selection; Econ. & Envir. Issues

17,18,1920*,21*22*,23*

Chapter 1 - 9

Lectures: will highlight important portions of each chapter.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

• What is materials science? • Why should we know about it?• Why should we know about it?

• Materials drive our societyy– Stone Age from 2,600,000 to 10,000 years ago – Bronze Age (3300 to 1200 BC)

I A (1500 BC t d t ?)– Iron Age (1500 BC to date?)– Now?

• Silicon Age?• Polymer Age?

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_age • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_age

Chapter 1 - 10

p p g _ g• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age

Example – Hip Implant• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.

Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Chapter 1 - 11Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements– mechanical

strength (many cycles)

– good lubricity– biocompatibility

Chapter 1 - 12

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

Example – Hip Implant

Chapter 1 - 13Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.

Hip Implant• Key problems to overcome

– fixation agent to hold Ballgacetabular cup

– cup lubrication material– femoral stem – fixing agent

(“glue”)– must avoid any debris in cup

AcetabularCup and Liner

must avoid any debris in cup

Femoral

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,

Femoral Stem

Chapter 1 - 14

p p p g p g pChapter 22, Callister 7e.

Example – Develop New Types of PolymersPolymers

• Commodity plastics – large volume ca. $0.50 / lbEx. Polyethyleney y

PolypropylenePolystyreneetc.

• Engineering Resins – small volume > $1.00 / lbEx. Polycarbonate

NylonyPolysulfoneetc.

Can polypropylene be “upgraded” to properties (and price) nearCan polypropylene be upgraded to properties (and price) near those of engineering resins?

Chapter 1 - 15

Structure, Processing, & Properties

ex: hardness vs structure of steel• Properties depend on structure

N)

00

600

(d)

30m

Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,and from Fig. 11.14 and associateddiscussion, Callister 7e.ss

(BH

N

300

400

500 30m(c)

4m

(b)(a)

,Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister 7e.

Har

dnes

100

200

300 4m

30m30m

Processing can change structure

H

Cooling Rate (ºC/s)

1000.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Chapter 1 - 16

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel• Processing can change structure

Types of Materials• Metals:

– Strong, ductile– high thermal & electrical conductivityhigh thermal & electrical conductivity– opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of e’sPolymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of e s– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density– thermal & electrical insulators– Optically translucent or transparent– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides carbides nitrides sulfides)& non metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)– Brittle, glassy, elastic– non-conducting (insulators)

Chapter 1 - 17

The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required PropertiesProperties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required ProcessingProcessing: changes structure and overall shapeProcessing: changes structure and overall shapeex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping

forming, joining, annealing.

Chapter 1 - 18

ELECTRICAL• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:

Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.6

g(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); andC.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,McGraw-Hill Company, New York,1970 )

4

5

y,

m)

1970.)

2

3

esis

tivity

0-8

Ohm

-

1

2Re

(10

0

• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

T (°C)-200 -100 00

Chapter 1 - 19

• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.

THERMAL• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity Space Shuttle Tiles:

--Silica fiber insulationoffers low heat conduction.

Thermal Conductivityof Copper:--It decreases when

you add zinc!you add zinc!

ivity

400

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 19, Callister 7e. (Courtesy of LockheedMissiles and SpaceC I )

l Con

duct

i(W

/m-K

) 300

200

Company, Inc.)

Composition (wt% Zinc)Th

erm

a (

100

00 10 20 30 40

Adapted fromFig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace C S

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.(Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, ( ) S f

Composition (wt% Zinc)

Chapter 1 - 20

Ceramics Systems, Sunnyvale, CA)(Note: "W" denotes fig. is on CD-ROM.)

(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 315.)

100m

MAGNETIC• Magnetic Permeability

vs. Composition:--Adding 3 atomic % Si

• Magnetic Storage:--Recording medium

is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Simakes Fe a betterrecording medium!

g yrecording head.

tizat

ion Fe+3%Si

Fe

M i Fi ldM

agne

tAdapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, andA.S. Tetelman, The Principles ofEngineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,1973. Electronically reproduced

Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e.(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin,Vol XV No 3 p 31 1990 )

Magnetic Field

Chapter 1 - 21

1973. Electronically reproducedby permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)

OPTICAL• Transmittance:

--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, oropaque depending on the material structureopaque depending on the material structure.

single crystalpolycrystal:low porosity

polycrystal:high porosityg y p y g p y

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,Callister 7e.(Specimen preparation,P.A. Lessing; photo by S. Tanner )

Chapter 1 - 22

Tanner.)

DETERIORATIVE• Stress & Saltwater...

--causes cracks! • Heat treatment: slows

crack speed in salt water!

)

“held at 160ºC for 1 hr before testing”

spee

d (m

/s “as-is”

10-10

10-8

Alloy 7178 tested in

Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and

increasing loadcrac

k s10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in

saturated aqueous NaCl solution at 23ºC

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 17, Callister 7e.(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) 4m--material:

Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)

material:7150-T651 Al "alloy"(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Chapter 1 - 23

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing CommercialAirplane Company.)

Classification of Materials-Based on Structure

A Crystalline material is a material comprised of one or many crystals.

Each crystal, atoms or ions show a long-range periodic arrangement.Single crystal is a crystalline material made of a SINGLE Crystal, it

it h i b d imeans it has no grain boundariesPolycrystal is a crystalline material comprised of many crystals Grain boundaries are regions between grains of a polycrystalline materialmaterial.In chemistry, mineralogy, and materials science, a crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating pattern extending in all three spatialregularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.

GalliumQuartz Steel Al-18+wt%Si

Chapter 1 -24

SUMMARY

• Use the right material for the job

Course Goals:

• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered• Recognize new design opportunities offeredby materials selection.

Chapter 1 - 25