News SourcesNews Sources

Organization News SourcesOrganization News Sources

• Newspaper story obviously come from many Newspaper story obviously come from many sources.sources.

• They include all available offices of the They include all available offices of the country, the governmental offices, city the country, the governmental offices, city the headquarters of all civil and professional headquarters of all civil and professional organizations. Universities, Ministries and organizations. Universities, Ministries and many individuals, public and private who many individuals, public and private who occupy key positions in business, industry, occupy key positions in business, industry, transportation utilities and other major fieldstransportation utilities and other major fields

Staff reportersStaff reporters

• Staff reporters are the most useful source of news Staff reporters are the most useful source of news storiesstories

• They operate from the newsroom or from branch They operate from the newsroom or from branch offices, and sometimes independently in districts offices, and sometimes independently in districts and are controlled and briefed by news editorand are controlled and briefed by news editor

• Briefings can vary from a simple inquiry by Briefings can vary from a simple inquiry by telephone or personal call arising out of a letter or telephone or personal call arising out of a letter or information, to complicated jobs involving a team information, to complicated jobs involving a team of reporters in several locationsof reporters in several locations

• Some stories can have both home and foreign Some stories can have both home and foreign ends and last all day or several days ends and last all day or several days

Staff reportersStaff reporters

• Reporter’s copy is telephoned or e-mailed Reporter’s copy is telephoned or e-mailed from locations when edition deadline is from locations when edition deadline is pressingpressing

• In big staff organizations a newspaper might In big staff organizations a newspaper might use a number of reporters as an investigative use a number of reporters as an investigative team on long-term news projects under a team on long-term news projects under a leader or editor who collects the material for leader or editor who collects the material for useuse

• This is usually planned into the paper in This is usually planned into the paper in advances as a special news featureadvances as a special news feature

Freelance reportersFreelance reporters

• Freelance reporters are used mainly on Freelance reporters are used mainly on special assignments and are paid per job special assignments and are paid per job or per days or weeks workedor per days or weeks worked

• They are not tied to any paper except They are not tied to any paper except where they have specific contract covering where they have specific contract covering a job or sequence of shiftsa job or sequence of shifts

• Local correspondents:Local correspondents:• They are journalists mostly working for a They are journalists mostly working for a

local newspaper, or in local placeslocal newspaper, or in local places

News AgenciesNews Agencies

• News agencies are vital to the News agencies are vital to the newspaper industrynewspaper industry

• National and international agencies National and international agencies work around the clock to provide work around the clock to provide materials from bureaus and materials from bureaus and correspondents in cities and correspondents in cities and countries, checking and editing and countries, checking and editing and then distributing itthen distributing it

News AgenciesNews Agencies

• The huge agencies in the world are Reuters, The huge agencies in the world are Reuters, Associated Press and Agence France Associated Press and Agence France Presse that controlled news flow for a very Presse that controlled news flow for a very long time and are considered among the long time and are considered among the giant media organization around the worldgiant media organization around the world

• Most countries have their own national Most countries have their own national agencies agencies

• In Egypt our national agency is the Middle In Egypt our national agency is the Middle East agency known as (MENA) East agency known as (MENA)

The internetThe internet

• The internet has exerted influence on the The internet has exerted influence on the way reporters and editors in all media are way reporters and editors in all media are gathering informationgathering information

• The ability to search the internet by topic The ability to search the internet by topic provides an incomparable way of gaining provides an incomparable way of gaining informationinformation

• The internet also provides access to The internet also provides access to thousands of online news sites. By surfing thousands of online news sites. By surfing through news sites, you can gain information through news sites, you can gain information about issues that can tailor to your about issues that can tailor to your communitycommunity

Sources and BeatsSources and Beats

• At most newspapers , as much as 90 percent of all local At most newspapers , as much as 90 percent of all local news news

comes from regular beats and sources. They are the same at comes from regular beats and sources. They are the same at almost every newspaper. Reporters are assigned to them by almost every newspaper. Reporters are assigned to them by

the the city editor to cover daily. They are: city editor to cover daily. They are:

1. The ministry cabinet and the presidency office. 1. The ministry cabinet and the presidency office. 2. The ministries' offices. 2. The ministries' offices. 3. The city police station. city jail, governor's office, police 3. The city police station. city jail, governor's office, police stations, fire department and local hospitals. stations, fire department and local hospitals. 4. The city courthouse. 4. The city courthouse. 5. The cities offices5. The cities offices

Sources and BeatsSources and Beats

6. The governmental building or offices.6. The governmental building or offices. 7. City, private schools; college; universities and labor organizations.7. City, private schools; college; universities and labor organizations. 8. Civic and professional organizations .8. Civic and professional organizations . 9. Chambers of commerce, business firms, industries and labor 9. Chambers of commerce, business firms, industries and labor organizations. organizations.

10. Business and industrial important to the local community. 10. Business and industrial important to the local community.

11. Convention centers, hotels, airlines and other firms engaging 11. Convention centers, hotels, airlines and other firms engaging in tourism or accommodating meeting and visitors, such as the in tourism or accommodating meeting and visitors, such as the local tourist bureau.local tourist bureau.

Sources and BeatsSources and Beats

12. Motion picture theaters, radio and 12. Motion picture theaters, radio and televising stations and all televising stations and all

organizations offering theaters or musical organizations offering theaters or musical productions.productions.

• Many newspapers also have specialized Many newspapers also have specialized beats dealing with the beats dealing with the

environment, agriculture, science news and environment, agriculture, science news and other areas of public other areas of public

concern concern

News OrganizationNews Organization

PublisherGeneral Manager

Editorial department

Mechanical Department

BusinessDepartment

Editorial DepartmentEditorial Department

• The function of the newspaper's editorial The function of the newspaper's editorial department is to gather news from various sources department is to gather news from various sources and to write it into readable, interesting stories, and to write it into readable, interesting stories, edit them and plan how they will displayed on the edit them and plan how they will displayed on the printed plates.printed plates.

• Other functions of the editorial department are to Other functions of the editorial department are to

instruct or influence the public through editorials, instruct or influence the public through editorials, commentary and analysis, as well as to entertain commentary and analysis, as well as to entertain the public through its by-lined columns, comics and the public through its by-lined columns, comics and other features. All the editorial content of the other features. All the editorial content of the newspaper is processed by the editorial department newspaper is processed by the editorial department

Mechanical departmentMechanical department::

• The complicated and highly technical The complicated and highly technical process of transforming the reporter's process of transforming the reporter's stories into type and reproducing them on stories into type and reproducing them on thousands of pages of newsprint is done by thousands of pages of newsprint is done by the mechanical department, which include the mechanical department, which include the composing room and the pressroom. the composing room and the pressroom.

• In the past decade the printing process has In the past decade the printing process has become highly computerized become highly computerized

Business departmentBusiness department::

• To finance the two other departments, To finance the two other departments, advertising space must be sold, subscriptions advertising space must be sold, subscriptions must be solicited and the finished product must be solicited and the finished product must be deliver to the readers. must be deliver to the readers.

• To handle these important duties, most To handle these important duties, most newspapers have separate advertising and newspapers have separate advertising and circulation departments under the business circulation departments under the business department.department.

Business departmentBusiness department

• A third division handles problems of A third division handles problems of management, personnel and business management, personnel and business administration at many newspapers.administration at many newspapers.

• Advertising, circulation and management Advertising, circulation and management may be combined into one unit at small may be combined into one unit at small newspapersnewspapers

• At larger ones, they generally operate as At larger ones, they generally operate as separate unites and report to a business or separate unites and report to a business or general manager.general manager.

Details of OrganizationDetails of Organization

• The organization of newspaper will vary The organization of newspaper will vary considerably, depending on its size.considerably, depending on its size.

• Metropolitan newspapers frequently have Metropolitan newspapers frequently have highly developed organization charts.highly developed organization charts.

• At smaller newspapers some of the duties At smaller newspapers some of the duties of various departments may overlap.of various departments may overlap.

• And in rare cases, there may be no formal And in rare cases, there may be no formal organization chart at all; everyone does organization chart at all; everyone does what has to be done to get the paper out. what has to be done to get the paper out.

The publisherThe publisher

• All papers have a publisher. The title often is All papers have a publisher. The title often is assumed by the owner or the majority assumed by the owner or the majority stockholder in the corporation or it can be given stockholder in the corporation or it can be given to someone hired to serve in that position. to someone hired to serve in that position.

• The degree of involvement by the publisher in the The degree of involvement by the publisher in the daily operation of the newspaper varies greatly.daily operation of the newspaper varies greatly.

• On smaller newspapers a publisher may also be On smaller newspapers a publisher may also be the editor and general manager.the editor and general manager.

• On large newspapers he or she may serve as the On large newspapers he or she may serve as the chief executive officer of the company and chief executive officer of the company and delegate authority for daily operation to a general delegate authority for daily operation to a general manger manger

The publisherThe publisher

• Although a publisher technically has the power to Although a publisher technically has the power to dictate all polices, editorial as well as business, it dictate all polices, editorial as well as business, it usually does not work that way.usually does not work that way.

• Policies are generally worked out among the Policies are generally worked out among the publisher or owners, if the publisher is hired ,the publisher or owners, if the publisher is hired ,the editors and often members of the business staff. editors and often members of the business staff.

• The publisher is ultimately and legally, The publisher is ultimately and legally, responsible for everything that appears in the responsible for everything that appears in the newspaper. newspaper.

• On smaller dailies and weeklies, the publisher On smaller dailies and weeklies, the publisher may be the owner, editor and even one of the may be the owner, editor and even one of the reporters. reporters.

Business managerBusiness manager

• The business manager generally has authority The business manager generally has authority over advertising, circulation and the office over advertising, circulation and the office manager, if the newspaper is large enough to manager, if the newspaper is large enough to need an office manager.need an office manager.

• In many instances the business manager also In many instances the business manager also fills that position. In that type of organization, the fills that position. In that type of organization, the advertising and circulation managers report to advertising and circulation managers report to the business manager, who then reports to the the business manager, who then reports to the general manager or publisher.general manager or publisher.

• On smaller newspaper it is not uncommon for the On smaller newspaper it is not uncommon for the publisher also to act as the business manager publisher also to act as the business manager and an advertising sales representatives. and an advertising sales representatives.

Reporting and editingReporting and editing

• In the past two decades, the process of In the past two decades, the process of getting a story into print has changed getting a story into print has changed dramatically, with the computer. dramatically, with the computer.

• Reporter write their stories on a video-display Reporter write their stories on a video-display Terminal (VDT) or a computer. Copy editors Terminal (VDT) or a computer. Copy editors use VDTs to edit stories and write headline . use VDTs to edit stories and write headline . Graphic artists use personal computers, often Graphic artists use personal computers, often the Apple Macintosh for designs, charts, the Apple Macintosh for designs, charts, graphs and maps and at same papers to graphs and maps and at same papers to design the pages. design the pages.

Computers and compositionComputers and composition

• Computers drive the photocomposition Computers drive the photocomposition machines that produce the finished stories machines that produce the finished stories and headlines on smooth, flexible and headlines on smooth, flexible photographic paper that is glued to page- photographic paper that is glued to page- forms and photographed.forms and photographed.

• The image is produced on newsprint by the The image is produced on newsprint by the offset method .The result is generally a offset method .The result is generally a much sharper, cleaner - appearing much sharper, cleaner - appearing newspaper. The most modern newspaper newspaper. The most modern newspaper presses are computer drivenpresses are computer driven

Computers and compositionComputers and composition

• Major benefits of computerization Major benefits of computerization have been increased speed and the have been increased speed and the reduction of personnel, particularly in reduction of personnel, particularly in the composition and printing the composition and printing operations.operations.

• However. there is still considerable However. there is still considerable debate in newsrooms over whether debate in newsrooms over whether the end product is as good. the end product is as good.

The reporting & editing The reporting & editing processprocess

• The editor of a newspaper works in concert The editor of a newspaper works in concert with the publisher and often the business with the publisher and often the business manager, he or she is primarily responsible manager, he or she is primarily responsible for the running the daily operation to a for the running the daily operation to a managing editor who, in turn, directs the managing editor who, in turn, directs the activities of the city editor and the various activities of the city editor and the various department editors. department editors.

• All local news stories are written by staff All local news stories are written by staff reporters who work under the city editor. reporters who work under the city editor. Stories received from the national wire Stories received from the national wire services are handled by the wire editor. services are handled by the wire editor.

The reporting & editing The reporting & editing processprocess• Correspondents work through the Correspondents work through the

managing editor. Editors in charge of managing editor. Editors in charge of lifestyles, sports, entertainment, business lifestyles, sports, entertainment, business and other editorial departments handle all and other editorial departments handle all the stories for their pages. the stories for their pages.

• However, they work closely with the However, they work closely with the managing editor, the city editor and the managing editor, the city editor and the graphics editor in an effort to coordinate graphics editor in an effort to coordinate their efforts. their efforts.

The reporting & editing The reporting & editing processprocess• Editorials are written by editors and editorial writers. Editorials are written by editors and editorial writers.

Usually, Usually, if an editor has administrative duties, he or she may write few if an editor has administrative duties, he or she may write few editorials. Some newspapers may buy editorials from editorials. Some newspapers may buy editorials from

syndicated syndicated services. services. • In addition, the public relations offices of a number of the In addition, the public relations offices of a number of the national business and professional organizations and other national business and professional organizations and other

special special interest groups send materials for editorials to newspapers. interest groups send materials for editorials to newspapers.

Some Some newspapers use them, but others consider their use unethical newspapers use them, but others consider their use unethical

and and will not print them. will not print them.

• Stories written by staff reporters are carefully read by copy Stories written by staff reporters are carefully read by copy editors not only for errors in spelling, grammar and punctuation editors not only for errors in spelling, grammar and punctuation but also for errors in facts and in style . but also for errors in facts and in style . • Staff members also serve on the rewrite desk. They may take Staff members also serve on the rewrite desk. They may take stories by phone from out-of- the- office reporters working their stories by phone from out-of- the- office reporters working their beats or covering a breaking news event, or they may be given beats or covering a breaking news event, or they may be given press releases to rewrite. press releases to rewrite. • On larger newspapers most headline are written by the copy On larger newspapers most headline are written by the copy editors.editors.• On smaller ones much of the copy reading and headline On smaller ones much of the copy reading and headline writing may be done by the city ,wire and state editors. And on writing may be done by the city ,wire and state editors. And on very small publications, a reporter may write the headline on very small publications, a reporter may write the headline on

the the story he or she has just composed story he or she has just composed

PhotographersPhotographers

• Photographers may serve under a chief Photographers may serve under a chief photographer, but their assignments photographer, but their assignments generally generally

come from a photo editor or one of the come from a photo editor or one of the departmental editorsdepartmental editors

• They may accompany a reporter on an They may accompany a reporter on an

assignment, or they may cover an event alone.assignment, or they may cover an event alone.

• On smaller newspapers reporters often serve On smaller newspapers reporters often serve as their own photographs.as their own photographs.

Department editorsDepartment editors

• Department editors are in charge of special sections devoted Department editors are in charge of special sections devoted to to

such topics as business; sports; and entertainment, including such topics as business; sports; and entertainment, including radio, television, motion pictures, the arts, music and books. radio, television, motion pictures, the arts, music and books.

• Department editors also are responsible for the special Department editors also are responsible for the special sections sections

of most newspapers.of most newspapers. • However, on smaller newspapers coverage of those areas However, on smaller newspapers coverage of those areas

may may be assigned to various staff reporters in addition to their regular be assigned to various staff reporters in addition to their regular duties. The book page editor may be an editorial writer, for duties. The book page editor may be an editorial writer, for example. Or a beat reporter may also for movie reviews example. Or a beat reporter may also for movie reviews

Personal computers and Personal computers and reportingreporting

• The availability of personal computers and the growing use of The availability of personal computers and the growing use of computers to collect data and sort vast collections of computers to collect data and sort vast collections of

government government records introduced a new term to the journalism vocabulary at records introduced a new term to the journalism vocabulary at

the start of the last decade of the 20the start of the last decade of the 20thth century century

• Computer-assisted reporting" .Reporters quickly learned to Computer-assisted reporting" .Reporters quickly learned to make good use of data bases and many have moved on to make good use of data bases and many have moved on to using computer software programs to analyze government using computer software programs to analyze government data bases data bases

• Investigative reporters say computer analysis of data bases Investigative reporters say computer analysis of data bases can cut months or years of hard work can cut months or years of hard work

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