introduction to hydrology (3)
TRANSCRIPT
7/25/2019 Introduction to Hydrology (3)
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Water and Environmental
Engineering:Water Resources
Dr John WilliamsPO2.62
X2404
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Personal Introduction
1988 - 1993: PhD Student Dept of Civil
Engineering, Portsouth
Pol!technic"#niversit!
Post Doc 1993 -199$
%ecturer" Senior %ecturer " Principal
%ecturer &eader in Environental 'echnolog!
(Sc, PhD, )CI*E), C*E), CEnv, +E
&esearch: .aste .ater treatent
reed /eds,
sustaina/le drainage, pharacuticals in .aste .ater and sludges,
sustaina/ilit! appraisal
SCES &esearch Cordinator
10 PhD Copletions
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JW !ectures and "utorials
# $: %ntroduction to &'drolog'
# 2: Water (ualit'
# ): Water and Waste*ater "reatment
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Water Engineering
Quantity + Water ,u--l'
+ lood /ontrol
+ ridge Design
+ avigation1Ports
Quality
+ Pollution /ontrol + Drining Water
+ Waste*ater "reatment
+ Dilution
+ 3straction
+ Runo55
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!ecture
# /onsider &'drologic /'cle
# ate o5 Rain
# Runo55 # River 5lo*
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&'drologic /'cle
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Reservoir % of
total
Exchange Rate
(y)Oceans 7.0 )000
%ceca-s and glaciers $. 8000
9round*ater 0.62 000
3tmos-here 0.2 0.027
!aes1inland seas 0.0$ 7
,oil moisture 0.004 $
Rivers 0.000$ 0.0)$
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9round 3ir is heated and rises
/ool 3ir
Preci-iation
/ondensation1"hunderstorm
/ool 3ir
Preci-iation
;ountain
/ondensation
Warm 3ir
Wind
Drier on !ee*ard
Wetter on Wind*ard
Convective
Orthographic
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9round
Cold Front
Preci-iation
/ondensation1"hunderstorm
Warm 3ir 5orced to
Rise 3ru-tl'
/old 3ir
&eav' ,hort Preci-itation
9round
Warm Front
Preci-iation
/old 3ir
!ight !ong Preci-itation
Warm 3ir Rises
Cyclonic
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$2.7cm
)0.:cm
! "tandard #auge
8 da' chart
loat
alance
Weighing #auge
8 da' chart
Float #auge
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3real 3nal'sis
# umer o5 gaugesneeded related tovariailit' + ,mall mountanous islands
<2m2=
+ Plains1deserts <$>000$00>000 m2=
+ ?@ + 60m2
# "otal volume o5 rain 5allen# De-th A area
# ;ean# Weighted ;ean
+ "hiessen Pol'gons + %soh'etal
9auges
Pol'gon 5or 9auge 3 3
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ate o5 Rain
# ,ur5ace Pool
# Eva-orate
# %n5iltrate across soil
sur5ace + ,oil ;oisture
+ 9round*ater
# Runo55 + Develo-ment can
a55ect alance
5 B 5 c C <5 o 5 c=et
5 B in5iltration rate <mm1h=5 c B 5inal in5iltration rate
5 o B initial rate
B em-irical constant
t B time <h=
t
5 5o
5c
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River lo*
Plan ie* o5 /hannel
Width> elocit' Distriution
3cross /hannel
De-th> ';ean lo* at 0.6'
elocit' Distriution *ith De-th
ertical ,ection
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i$ i
'i$ 'i
,tri-
River
B 5lo* measurement
Q v v y y b bi i
i
n i
i i
i
=+ +
−−
=
−∑ −( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1
2 2
1
e.g. ;ean 3rea ;ethod
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De-th> '
ertical ,ection
De-th> '2
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'$
'c
'2
v$vc
v2
/ritical .lo*
or an' given 5lo* the energ' o5 the river is a com-onent o5 the de-th and the velocit'.
"his energ' can change de-ending on the nature o5 the 5lo*.
"here is ho*ever a de-th at *hich the inetic and gravitational energ' are at a minimumF
this de-th is no*n as the critical de-th.
"he energ' o5 a river is re-resented ' the dimensionless roude numer> de5ined as:
%5F
r G $ lo* is slo* and tranHuilF ,ucritical
r B $ Energ' is at a minimumF /ritical
r I $ lo* is 5ast or shootingF ,u-ercritical
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$ypes of Flumes and Weirs
# Flumes narro*ing o5 channel
causes critical conditionsF
good 5or small streams and
sediment> + ( B @ & )12
+ Bthroat *idth> @Bcoe55icient
# "harp Crested Weir good 5or
clean *ater in small streams or
narro* man made channels
+ Rectangular notch
+ ( B @ &)12 (B @ tan<12= &:12
+ B angle o5 notch <usuall' 4 or
0 deg=
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# &road Crested criticalconditions over *eir sur5ace>eas' to construct
+ ( B @ &)12
# Crump ('*) "riangular -ro5ileF$:2 u-stream $: do*nstream.,imilar 5lo* -attern over rangeo5 discharges. /ontrolled um->
high modular range. 2$K o5 ?@*eirs
# Flat + ;odi5ication o5 crum- togive more accurate measure o5lo* 5lo* and allo* sediment to-ass> $:2 side slo-es. $)K o5
?@
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R%ER
,tilling Well
/onduit
loat
8 da' chart recorder
&ut
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& <m=
( <m)1s=
Rating Curve
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E3 9auging et*or and Data
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&'drogra-hs
# Plots o5 discharge against time
Reveal the nature o5 the river
+ lash'
+ Reliale
( (
t t
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,torm &'drogra-hs
( m)1s
t
i> mm1hr
t
ase5lo* <ground *ater=
Runo55 Recession /urve
Rising !im4
!39
E55ective Rain
&'drogra-h o5 i <mm1h= e55ective rain over time <t=
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Base Flow Separation by Log plot of Curve of Recession
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"ime ?nit &'drogra-h
# ,-ecial h'drogra-h -ro-osed in $)2 '
,herman
# $ ?nit o5 e55ective rain 5alling over $ ?nit o5
time
# /an e used as a model 5or stream 5lo*
5rom all rain5all events
# Derived 5rom historical records
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(
t
i $
$
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(
t
i $
$
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continious rain
(
t
,/?RE
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"raditional ?ran Water Engineering
/ulverts> /hannels>/omined ,e*ers>,torm ,e*ers
9et 5lood *ater asHuicl' as -ossile toa river L
&idden /ontrolled
,e-aration o5 -eo-le5rom aHuaticenvironment.
,almon roo L
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&'drogra-hs
<utler M Davis> 2004=
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,e-arate ,e*ers
<utler M Davis> 2004=
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Prolems
looding + increased runo55
Huantit' and s-eed + riss to
-ro-ert' and li5e
Pollution + runo55 5rom roads andstreets + metals> h'drocarons>
organics C /,Os <e.g. Eastne'=
Ecological damage sim-li5ied
haitats and -h'sical damage tomarginal aHuatic areas
Reduced amenit' + less
-leasant uran environments.
i bl i
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Sustainable Drainage
o* reHuired ' -lanning: Planning Polic' ,tatement 2 5or
England on Develo-ment and looding
uilding Regulations: 3--roved
Document & Drainage and Waste
Dis-osal
Design 9uidance 3vailale /%R%3: "he ,?D, manual </67=
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47
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Waterlooville ;D3 e*lands
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Runoff Event 22/1/10
id
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Road Runo55 35ter ,*ale Pond Out5lo* River
video
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"utorial $: Water Resources
# "?& &'drogra-h /alculation
+ "utorial
# EA-lain ho* *eirs measure 5lo* in rivers <)00*ords=.
# Watch NDesigns that &old Water Parts $>2 and
) on ou "ue. + %n less than 400 *ords eA-lain ho* develo-ment can a55ect
runo55> the -rolems *ith traditional drainage and the
advantages o5 ,?D,.