Introduction to Introduction to Human Human

Movement Movement

Aim of the sessionAim of the session

To introduce the skeletal systemTo introduce the skeletal system To classify bonesTo classify bones To introduce the anatomy of a jointTo introduce the anatomy of a joint To understand how soft tissue is To understand how soft tissue is

connected to the skeletal systemconnected to the skeletal system To know the classification of jointsTo know the classification of joints To know scientific terminology when To know scientific terminology when

understanding movement around a joint. understanding movement around a joint.

Skeletal systemSkeletal system

The body consists of 206 bonesThe body consists of 206 bones……how many of these can you name?how many of these can you name?

The function of the The function of the skeletal systemskeletal system

ProtectionProtection The bones protect vital organs such as The bones protect vital organs such as

the brain, heart and lungs. the brain, heart and lungs. MovementMovement

The skeletal system support the muscles The skeletal system support the muscles so the body can move. so the body can move.

SupportSupport The skeletal system supports the soft The skeletal system supports the soft

tissue, without it we would be mush. tissue, without it we would be mush.

The function of the The function of the skeletal systemskeletal system

ShapeShape Our gate and posture is determined by Our gate and posture is determined by

the shape of our skeleton.the shape of our skeleton.

Making blood cellsMaking blood cells Long bones harvest bone marrow, blood Long bones harvest bone marrow, blood

cells are made from the blood marrow. cells are made from the blood marrow.

Basic anatomy of a boneBasic anatomy of a bone

All bones begin as cartilage in the All bones begin as cartilage in the womb but gradually turn into bone womb but gradually turn into bone through a process called OSSIFICATION. through a process called OSSIFICATION.

Bones have a tough outer layer called Bones have a tough outer layer called the PERIOSTEUM, why do you think this the PERIOSTEUM, why do you think this is?is?

Inside the bone mainly consists of Inside the bone mainly consists of SPONGY BONE making the bone light SPONGY BONE making the bone light but strong, why is this a good thing? but strong, why is this a good thing?

Diagram showing the Diagram showing the anatomy of a boneanatomy of a bone

The classification of bonesThe classification of bones

Long bonesLong bones Femur, humorous, tibia, fibulaFemur, humorous, tibia, fibula

Short bonesShort bones Carpals, tarsals, wrist bones, ankle bonesCarpals, tarsals, wrist bones, ankle bones

Flat bonesFlat bones Skull, patellaSkull, patella

Irregular bonesIrregular bones Vertebrae, pelvis Vertebrae, pelvis

Variations of jointsVariations of joints

Joints are constructed when two Joints are constructed when two bones meetbones meet

There are three types of joints you There are three types of joints you need to know: need to know:

FIXED, IMMOVABLE JOINTSFIXED, IMMOVABLE JOINTS SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTSSLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTSFREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS

Fixed jointsFixed joints

Certain joints in the body are not Certain joints in the body are not allowed to move due to allowed to move due to vulnerability to injury. These joints vulnerability to injury. These joints are evident in anatomical positions are evident in anatomical positions that require a lot of protection.that require a lot of protection.

TRY AND THINK OF AN IMMOVABLE TRY AND THINK OF AN IMMOVABLE JOINT? JOINT?

Slightly moveable jointsSlightly moveable joints

These joints are allowed to move, but These joints are allowed to move, but only to a certain degree.only to a certain degree.

Each of the bones rest on a cushion of Each of the bones rest on a cushion of cartilage.cartilage.

The sections of the bone are allowed to The sections of the bone are allowed to move but are restricted by ligaments. move but are restricted by ligaments.

TRY ANE THINK WHERE YOU MIGHT SEE TRY ANE THINK WHERE YOU MIGHT SEE A SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINT IN THE A SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINT IN THE BODY? BODY?

Freely movable joints Freely movable joints

These joints are totally moveable, they These joints are totally moveable, they have very little restrictions and a high have very little restrictions and a high Range Of Motion around joints. Range Of Motion around joints.

Sometimes called synovial joints because Sometimes called synovial joints because they contain a synovial fluid inside a they contain a synovial fluid inside a pocket called the synovial membrane. pocket called the synovial membrane.

The synovial membrane lubricates the The synovial membrane lubricates the joint minimising friction.joint minimising friction.

TRY AND THINK OF TWO FREELY TRY AND THINK OF TWO FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS? MOVEABLE JOINTS?

Classification of jointsClassification of joints

Ball and socket jointBall and socket joint Located in the hip and shoulderLocated in the hip and shoulder The joint can move in all directionsThe joint can move in all directions

Hinge jointHinge joint Located in the elbow and kneeLocated in the elbow and knee The joint can move backwards and forwards, but The joint can move backwards and forwards, but

not side to sidenot side to side

Condyloid jointCondyloid joint Located in the wristLocated in the wrist Can move forward, backward, side to side, but Can move forward, backward, side to side, but

not rotationnot rotation

Classification of jointsClassification of joints

Pivot jointPivot joint Located in the superior section of the Located in the superior section of the

spine.spine. The joint only allows rotation.The joint only allows rotation.

Gliding jointGliding joint Located in the tarsels and carpels.Located in the tarsels and carpels. Joint can move in all directions. Joint can move in all directions.

Classification of joint Classification of joint movementmovement

ExtensionExtension FlexionFlexion AbductionAbduction AdductionAdduction Rotation Rotation

Flexion and ExtensionFlexion and Extension

Abduction and Adduction Abduction and Adduction

RotationRotation

Connective tissueConnective tissue

Cartilage Cartilage Found at the end of bones, stops bones Found at the end of bones, stops bones

rubbing togetherrubbing together LigamentsLigaments

Connects bone to bone supporting jointsConnects bone to bone supporting joints TendonsTendons

Attaches to the skeletal system allowing Attaches to the skeletal system allowing the limb to move through the sliding the limb to move through the sliding filament theoryfilament theory

Warm-up questionsWarm-up questions

1.1. How many bones are there in the human How many bones are there in the human body?body?

2.2. What are the functions of the skeletal What are the functions of the skeletal system?system?

3.3. What is the anatomical name for the What is the anatomical name for the thigh bone?thigh bone?

4.4. In joints, what is the name of the In joints, what is the name of the cushioning pad to stop friction?cushioning pad to stop friction?

5.5. What movement does a hinge joint allow?What movement does a hinge joint allow?6.6. What are the classifications of bones?What are the classifications of bones?

Extended readingExtended reading

GCSE Physical education; complete GCSE Physical education; complete revision and practice.revision and practice.

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