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Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. [email protected]

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Page 1: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

Introduction to Computer Networks

Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. [email protected]

Page 2: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

Introduction to Computer Networks

Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. [email protected]

Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

Page 3: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian3

Outline

• Satellite Communication

• Modulation and Multiplexing

• Public Switched Tele Network

Page 4: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian4

Tech Networks in the World

1. Satellite Network

2. Public Switched Telephone Network

3. Mobile Telephone Network

4. Cable TV Network

5. Internet

Here, we observe them in physical layer

三网融合

Page 5: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian5

Tech Networks in the World

Page 6: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian6

Satellite Network

Essence:You direct a signal to something way up in the sky, and 

that reflects it back to earth.

Reflection = receipt + amplification + sending back

Question:

Where to put the satellites?

Page 7: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian7

Satellite Network

Page 8: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian8

Satellite Network• GEO, Geostationary Earth Orbit

35 800 km high

40 transponder, 36 MHz bandwidth each

250 – 300 ms delay from one end to another

multicasting 

distance independent 

Page 9: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian9

Satellite Network•MEO, Medium Earth Orbit

GPS, Compass, GLONASS, Galileo

6 hours a circle

low power needed for a transmission

Page 10: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian10

Satellite Network

Page 11: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian11

Satellite Network• LEO, Low Earth OrbitIridium Project  (铱星计划), Motorola, 1990‐1998

750 km, 6 chain, 1.5 hrs

Page 12: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian12

Satellite Network• LEO, Low Earth Orbit

(a) Relaying in space.  (Iridium)  (b) Relaying on the ground.(Globalstar)

Page 13: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian13

Page 14: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian14

Where (not) to use Satellite• BandwidthFiber wins, but access is an issue. 

• Mobility and remote locations

Satellite wins

• Broadcasting

Satellite wins, as it comes for free

• Fast and Reliable

Fiber wins. Satellite are bad due to altitude and rain

Page 15: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian15

Outline

• Satellite Communication

• Modulation and Multiplexing

• Public Switched Tele Network

Page 16: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian16

Modulation and Multiplexing• Baseband Transmission0 ~ f

• Passband Transmission

fb + 0 ~  fb + f

• Multiplexing

Sharing a channel, how to share?

Page 17: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian17

Baseband Transmission• Question

In what format a 0 or 1 is transferred?

How to represent a 0 or 1 in transmission?

How can we encode signals when we 

can effectively use a single frequency?

Page 18: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian18

Baseband Transmission• NRZ  Non‐Return‐to‐Zero

Issue: 

How to handle continuous 0 and 1?

Page 19: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian19

Baseband Transmission

NRZ, Manchester, NRZI,  who wins?

Page 20: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian20

Passband Transmission• MotivationBaseband signaling is unsuitable to be  

transmitted along a narrow band channel

due to

attenuation, delay distortion, and noise.

Page 21: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian21

Passband Transmission• Modulation Techniques

Asin (ωt + φ) A: amplitude,  ω : frequency,  φ : phase

• Amplitude Shift Keying, ASK

• Frequency Shift Keying, FSK

• Phase Shift Keying, PSK

Page 22: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian22

ASK & FSKASK & PSK

Page 23: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian23

Passband Transmission• Another Question:

How to increase the transmission rate, with low baud rate?

2Blog2V

Page 24: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian24

Passband Transmission

E.g. 32 points, each baud encodes ____  bits.  At 2400 

baud, the date rate is ______ bps. 

(a) QPSK              (b) QAM‐16               (c) QAM‐64Q:  Quadrature

正交调相 正交调幅(16点)          正交调幅(64点)

Page 25: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian25

Multiplexing• Question:

1) How to share a transmission line?

2) The bandwidth of a channel can be 

huge, wouldn’t it be possible to divide

the channel into sub‐channels

It is a common question to many domains.

Page 26: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian26

Multiplexing• FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM: Orthogonal FDM, 正交频分复用

• TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

• CDM: Code Division MultiplexingCDMA: CDM Address, 码分多址

Page 27: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian27

Multiplexing• FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

Page 28: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian28

Multiplexing• OFDM

Page 29: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian29

Multiplexing• WDM: wavelength, (FDM for Fiber)

Page 30: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian30

Multiplexing• TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

Page 31: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian31

Multiplexing• CDM: Code Division Multiplexing

Not for today, next time.

Page 32: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian32

Outline

• Satellite Communication

• Modulation and Multiplexing

• Public Switched Tele Network

Page 33: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian33

PSTN• FactPSTN is earlier than Internet, in 1878.

本地回路

中继线

交换局

Page 34: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian34

PSTN•1  Local loop (modem, ADSL, Fiber)

Page 35: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian35

PSTN• 1 Local loop – voice‐grade telephone line

Bandwidth is 3000 Hz, the baud‐rate is 6000.

Question: 

How to encode bits in a baud as much as possible?

Page 36: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian36

PSTN• Solution

V.32,  32 points, 2400 baud/s, 4 bits with 1 bit check

the data transfer rate is ________

Page 37: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian37

PSTN•1  Local loop – ADSL

Why the bandwidth is 3000 Hz?

Because of the switch at the End office…

Solution: 

How about changing a switch without filter?

Now, the B is about 1M Hz. 

Page 38: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian38

PSTN

Page 39: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian39

PSTN•1  Local loop – Fiber

Another excellent link media

Page 40: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian40

PSTN•2  Trunks  – How to multiplexing? T1 Carrier 

[(7+1) x 24 + 1] bit x 1/125 μs x 106 = 1.544 MbpsPCM

Page 41: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian41

PSTN• 2 Trunks  – T1, T2, …, Carrier 

Page 42: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian42

PSTN• 2 SONET– How to make different carriers work together?

810 B x 1/125 μs x 106 = 51.84 Mbps

Page 43: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian43

PSTN• 2 SONET

Page 44: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian44

PSTN•3  Switching• Switching:A measure provided by telecom subnet to determine how to send message from source to destination. 

• Circuit switching: Make a true physical connection from sender to receiver. 

• Packet switching: store‐and‐forward,(1) Split any data (i.e. message) into small packets, (2) route those packets separately from sender to receiver, and (3) assemble them again.

• Message switching: store‐and‐forward, a message is completely received at a router, stored, and then put into an outgoing queue for further routing.

Page 45: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian45

PSTN•3  Switching

Page 46: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian46

Conclusion

• Satellite Communication

• Modulation and Multiplexing

• Public Switched Tele Network

Page 47: Introduction to Computer Networks · Introduction to Computer Networks Tian Song (嵩天), Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.songtian@bit.edu.cn Satellite, Multiplexing and PSTN

School of Computer Science and Technology, BIT, http://cs.bit.edu.cn/~songtian47

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