introduction to computer in tamil
TRANSCRIPT
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EP
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K : I OM, I
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I , , M C EP. EPJ G . EPJ M . E, Y .
F, QQ J, F I M FA EP. QQ OA. I C bF A. EPJ MM. Q ,G, A .
EP . EP , C b
K . , EP K C.
FJ,
1. , , F P.
2. EP A P .
3. EPJ F E J
O .4. I, F N
H P .
F K, EPP P J.
iii
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EP I P A. PF O . , .
P P , OK , , FJ F .
FJ CK, e F, O K I
F. O K .
EP , I F EP Q F F A. .
( I)
, F
iv
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1 EP P 1
1 .1 EPJ 1
1 .2 , , G 8
1 . 3 , 10
1 .4 EP 15
2 25
2 . 1 P 25
2 . 2 H, 26
2 . 3 FG 27
2 .4 G 28
2 .5 FG 29
2.6 FG - G 30
2. 7 FG H G 33
2.8 FG - FG 34
2 .9 E 35
2.10 Pf 36
2 .1 1 G E 40
2 .1 2 L E 45
3 EPJ 58
3. 1 EPJ
F 58
3 .2 61
3 .3 E - (ALU) 65
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3 .4 G 67
3 .5 k, Of 70
4 J 92
4 . 1 J 92
4 .2 L H 106
4 .3 113
4 ,4 115
4 .5 HO 118
4 . 6 IQ E 121
5 144
5 . 1 P 144
5 . 2 A 149
5.3 I M 151
6 EP K 159
6. 1 P 159
6 .2 159
6.3 C A 159
6 . 4 J 160
6 .5 J 160
6 .6 J 161
6 .7 J 162
6 .8 J F 164
6 .9 164
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6.10 K A 166
6 . 1 1 K 168
6. 12 (MODEM) 168
6 . 13 169
6 . 14 K 169
6. 15 171
6 .16 K P 171
6.17 GA ? 172
6.18 F F 172
6 . 19 F 172
6.2 0 175
6.2 1 J 178
6 .22 , O 179
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1
1
EP P
1.1 EPJ
1.1.1 P
EP Q J A FA. N , C, M, ,
C, , , , M, F O EP FA. EP A.
EP ? C CI OA? L, C,F P . . EPJ FF OM.
EP I F. , N,, E . I . HF . MJ J P .
1.1 EP
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2
E, EP. L, I F. LHP .
Q F FF . MO O ,C AN A. O WP . C , E F.
H A. F A. M L
J M, I M . I EP. C P K FJ .
1.1.2 F
A.. 2500 - v
EF H M v
. F L, P E . F () G, E F P. M F A E P. Lv , N . H , MK.
1.2 v
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3
A.H. 1,614 - H C
M . H (John Napier) v . F F C .
C, A M .
A.H. 1,633 - (Slide Rule)
1.3 H C
ML (William Oughtred) A. K (logarithm) J A. O G , M . F ,, , N .
1.4
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4
A.H. 1,642 - E
Hv v (Blaise Pascal) H P . EP . F H P (levers and gears) . J E M v A. .
A.H. 1,822 - v T (Difference Engine)
1.5 E
v x (Charles babbage) A. E PJ OP. EPJ A, EPJ A.
1.6 v T
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5
A.H. 1,890 - K IS(Hollerith Tabulating Machine)
J , P , C
M.1.1.3 EPJ
EP N F O, C I A. EPJ F, , FK. M . A N OJ EPJ HK. P .
- 1,940 - 1,956: P
P (vaccum tube) IP, G F EP A. M K, F .
F I .F EPJ
1.7 K IS
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6
. EP NJ (Machine Lan-guage) . ,
A k (input) . Of(output) P N C O. EP F E F .
Q (Universal Automatic Com-puter - UNIVAC) Q GK (Electronic Numerical Integrater and Calculator - ENIAC) PH .
- 1,956 - 1,963: Cv
P F Cv (Transistor) . , I . Cv F OJ, EP
C O . JL PJ.
F k , Of P . EP NJL ON (Assembly Language) P. F C .
1.8 P
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7
F (COBOL), (FOR-TRAN) G NO (High Level Languages) F . J GF (magnetic core) . I, GF N P.
- 1,964 - 1,971:
Cv A, CL (chip) A
(Integrated Circuits). EPJ F, I FF F.
1.9 Cv.
1.10
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M (keyboard), F (monitor)k, Of . EPJ F GA (operating system)P. F b .
- 1,971 - : L
CL A L (Microprocessor) . EPJ F F G .
EP . EPO A. M (Internet) .
- Q : P
CF P (Artificial Intelligence) A. EP A C A.
1 .2 , , G
EP C b . (Data) (Instructions) , O , A.
1.11 L
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9
O F F . GM , C F (Information) . , ,
GM F
N
O
OF J . F . . , , , O .
. K . , A, K A. K P .
,
EF
OL P
(Algorithm) E KF, . , K
1.12 , ,
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10
. L,E . EP N P, C .
EP G (Program) , PH C b O . , O c A G.
G (Programmer), C FK b, N
. G NJ . G, EPNJ , bA.
, C b CL P, b . L CL P . M E P . GK P, K .
1 .3 ,
1.3.1 P
EPJ A F . (Hardware) (Software). P . , E P .
1.3.2 EP
EP , k (Input) ,, P OJ (Output) . H I (Storage) .
EPJ H W .
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11
, G EPJ F k . M (Keyboard), (Mouse), (Scanner) k .
(Central Processing Unit - CPU) , E I A. E
A. GM GF,
F , A F G (Memory). EP I G, GF I cA M. N G (Volatile Memory) .
E O Of . F (Monitor) P Of .
GM , I GML N G (Storage) . EP A.
EP k, Of,
, M (Peripheral Equipment) .
G
GG
k
Yd Of
1.13 EP
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12
1.3.3 EP
E NO . , , W , , FI, K
F . (System Software), (Application Software) .
EPJ F F K J . MJP EP . EP, .
M . , EP J MA. (OperatingSystem), (Complier) J .
1.15
EP
1.14
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I F M L. OF K FM. J IIO. F F. , IA. L O, F, , I, C .
O A FF A J. M
L, O F, P A. (function) . P, M . M, MK. , MO P, M K FA. . v 1-2-3, (Excel) MK.
Y J A (Data Base) . F O F . O, Y . A, M, J F O AA.
L QEP
O . (Microsoft Word), P (Word Perfect), vO, C (Word Star)
MK , ,A L, E (Microsoft, Excel),v1-2-3 . (Lotus 1-2-3)
, F v (Microsoft Access) A (Oracle)
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1. 4 EP
1.4.1 P
I EP P NJ HK HK.
, , , G A
1.4.2 N
(analog), (digital), H (hybrid) F .
F M
EP . x, , ,
.
L L , J
M .
0-1, -, K- , -
G J
EP. GO K A
. , M L A.
N J E
EP
H
1.17 EP
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16
A. , N (0), (1) A. MO J F. C, N
, , O
EP A.
Q C b
EP . C EP
. A C b
EP . ,
G F C b. EP .
H
C
, F,
J H .
,
.
. J C
K HKM , , A.
. M
EP A.
A. G E
. G P P
KM.
Q
A.
1.4.3 N F, , G , , M
EP
HK. - e EP (Super Computer), G
EP (Mainframe Computer), C EP (Mini Computer), EP (Micro Computer).
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e EP
F MJ I . MJ .I F E , C, F C C , QPM, A.
G EP
F K . M C
. P M F. F M . A, M G, JG, M , M PA.
C EP
G EPJ M F ,M F . F . M , F . G EPM MJ, F . , M MJ I EPO F FK, C EP MF.
EP
A C
GEP
1.18 EP
EP
eEP
CEP
EP
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L, EP PF. EP C EPM M .
EP HK.E G, EP, EP, F CP EP HK.
, F , P - k, , Of.
E G
E F . H C F . EG. EPM F . EP N (Computer Aided Design - CAD), C O (simulation) P K A.
EP 1.19 EPO
EP
E
G
EP
EP
1.20 EG
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19
() EP
EP dn (PC) EP. EP A. Q A F J M I . L, C A.
EP
1.21 EP
C M . M , EP A . EPJ F, O , I . F A.
1.22 EP
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20
CP
, C CJ F k EP . EP , M (PersonalDigital Assistant - PDA) A. EPI CP, F N A.
EP I F. , N,
, .
v E .
Hv v A E, EPJ .
v x EPJ A.
EP P O, G .
J P FCv .
J .
1.23 M
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J A CL L.
O HL E .
O HL .
E KF .
C b G
A.
EPJ , A .
E O GA.
EP J A. F , .
EPJ .
E .
EP F .
EP, QQ G F .
C H .
e EP MJ .
G EP MJ .
M C EP.
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22
L ( C Yd) EP A.
EP, EG, EP,EP CP HK.
JC
I. F
1 . ___________ EPJ A.
2 . ___________ H.
3 . EP ___________ P, ___________ G F
4. ___________ EPJ .
5. ___________ EPJ PA
6. EP k, Of
___________ .7 . ___________ EP G
P.
8 . ___________, ___________ HK.
9 . ___________ EPJ GO .
10 . ___________ G, G A.
1 1 . ___________ F A,YF , A.
12 . ___________ EP S , (Integration) .
13. EP ___________, ___________, ___________ HK.
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23
14 . ___________ FI .
15 . ___________ EPJ k A.
16 . ___________ EP k A.
17 . EP ___________ A.
1 8. dn ___________.19 . ___________ O, Y, C
A.
2 0 . E ___________.
II. W K, .
1 . I EP H.
2 . I F EP e EP .
3 . SA Hv v
4 . K v T .
5 . G NJL P N A.
6 . L .
7 . EP .
8. k F A.
9. , O C A H .
10 . EP EP .
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III. W M M .
1. EP ?
2 . x x F ?
3. M ?
4 . .
5 . .
6 . ?
7 . L ?
8 . H ?
9 . EP ?
1 0. EP ?
IV.W M MK MO.
1 . EPJ , P A M.
2 . , M
M.
3 . , MK.
4 . e EP, G EP, C EP EPO A M.
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2
2.1. P
O . , , F, , L,OC . J , C Pf . F , . , LJ . OCJ .
EP K J . EP , O .
, HK. J F C, O . L, P J.
J O F QQ . G O K PH.
EP A.
H (Bit) (Byte) J A. N (0) (1) H . H F . EP F H A, GM , H A. , EP 32-H L, 128 G (RAM)
40 A . F E (Arith-
metic Logic Unit -ALU) , A. EP O A. (Integer) H (Fraction). FH I O J (Floating Point Representation)
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A. O. H . QQ .
A P H, P, P P C.
2.2. H
PHA, F
AA . F . FG. ( decimal) . .
G J (binary) , EP M . G , E (octal), FG (hexa decimal) P C.
H(Bit) BInary digiT . 0, 1 F . G
HO K .
H K. 8H 256 K . 0 255 , W P .
0 = 0000 0000
1 = 0000 0001
2 = 0000 0010
3 = 0000 0011
..
.
254 = 1111 1110
255 = 1111 1111
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J A , F C Pf, PH. vA Pf (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange - ASCII). EPO A. F 0 127 J F A. A O WG 26vA Pf 65 90 , 0 9 48 57 , PHA. O Pf (Space) 32.
GO A , . K J A J (1,000) P. , EP J 1,024 (2 10 ) P.W OF A.
()
A (Kilo) K 2^10*
(Mega) M 2^20
A (Giga) G 2^30
(Tera) T 2^40
d (Peta) P 2^50
(Exa) E 2^60
n (Zetta) Z 2^70
(Yotta) Y 2^80
*
2GB (A ) 2,147,483,648 I. . n, O K M.
2.3 FG , F
J (radix) . 0 9 J . F PH
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A. F F F, A. Pf (posi-tional notation) . Pf FM . FL F, F ( power of 3) .
948 FG E F A . WPf A.
94810 = 9 X 102 + 4 X 101 + 8 X 100H PH. F F
O (decimal point) HF FJ . , 948.23 F A .
948.2310
= 9 X 102 + 4 X 101 + 8 X 100 + 2 X 10-1 + 3 X 10-2
,
X = { .x2x
1x
0. x
-1x
-2x
-3. },
F E FHX =
ix
i10i where i = .2, 1, 0, -1, -2, .
A .
2.4 G
G J 0, 1 . F PH . (radix). J E F Pf AA. FG
J F , J 2A. 10111
2 G
2310 F .
101112
= 1 X 24 + 0 X 23 + 1 X 22 + 1 X 21 + 1 X 20
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 2310
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G J H, F GJ PH FH. ,
0.10112
= 1 X 2-1 + 0 X 2-2 + 1 X 2-3 + 1 X 2-4
= 0.5 + 0 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 0.687510
2.5 FG
O F , PH A. 23 , FG J , G J PHA. FP J E .
F? 24= 16. .
EP OA .
FG 16 . K 0 9 . eF ? A, B, C, D, E, F Pf 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15 F PH .
J D 13 FG P. 10
16 F P. 2C 44
10 P.
2C16
= 2 X 161 + C X 160
= 32 + 12
= 4410
H F . G , 0 F F AA. H FG .
0000 = 0 1000 = 8
0001 = 1 1001 = 90010 = 2 1010 = A0011 = 3 1011 = B0100 = 4 1100 = C0101 = 5 1101 = D0110 = 6 1110 = E
0111 = 7 1111 = F
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I A. , G , I O FG . . FL A H . N . Q H F FG P . . ,
1100 1001 1101 = C9D16
C 9 D
FG E , , K P, J C . O G F E M.
2.6 FG - G
G FG O. A .
FG G N .
2.6.1
FG , eF 0 1 . FF ,eF K . I A G A. M r
1 eF, M A
. F r1 0 1 . ,
M = 2 * M1
+ r1
r1
= 0 1
M1 , eF r
2, M M
2
.
M1
= 2 * M2
+ r2
r2
= 0 1 M = 2 (2 * M
2+ r
2) + r
1
= 22M2
+ r2
* 21 + r1* 20
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M2 . M M
3, eF r
3
M2
= 2 * M3
+ r3
M = 2 (2 * (2 * M3
+ r3) + r
2) + r
1
= 22(2 * M3
+ r3) + r
2* 21 + r
1* 20
= 23 M3
+ r3
* 22 + r2
* 21 + r1* 20
F F .M 0 .
M = 1 * 2k + rk
* 2k-1 + . + r3
* 22 + r2
* 21 + r1* 20
-23
10 G .
eF23/2 11 1 (LSB)
11/2 5 1
5/2 2 1
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1 (MSB)
vH ( LSB - Least Significant Bit) C F H, vH (MSB - Most Significant Bit) F
H P. G ,
eF WN , I .
2310
= 101112
G E ? M , CP H . ., 23 E 5 .
16 < 23 < 32
24 < 23 < 25
J, G J , F A P. 36 . ,
32 < 36 < 64
25 < 36 < 26
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32
, 36 G E 6 H .
2.6.2 O
FG , O H , . , 36 .
. M CP , H.
3610
> 3210
. 32 F 1 . , EL, N.
36 - 32 = 4
. 32 16, eF (4) MF. 16 4 N . ,16 F 0 .
. 16 8, eF (4) MF. 8 4 N . ,8 F 0 .
. H F 4. eFJ (4) N . eF 0. 4 F 1 .
. eF 0 , F 2( = 2 1) , 1 ( = 2 0) O 0 .,
36 = 1001002
.
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 36 32 = 4
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 4 4 = 0
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 3610
= 1001002
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33
:
9110 F G
.
91 CP K 64,
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 91-64 = 27
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 91-(64+16) = 11
32 > 27 , 32 H 0 . 16< 27 , 16 H 1 . ,
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 91-(64+16+8) = 3
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 91-(64+16+8+2) = 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 91-(64+16+8+2+1) = 0 9110
= 10110112
2.7 F G H G
1/2, 1/4, 1/8 H G L . O J .
0.510
= 1 * 2-1 = 0.12
0.2510
= 0 * 2-1 + 1 * 2-2= 0.01
2
0.12510
= 0 * 2-1 + 0 * 2-2 + 1 * 2-3 = 0.0012
5/8 = 4/8 + 1/8 = 1/2 + 1/8
5/8 = 1 * 2-1 + 0 * 2-2 + 1 * 2-3
= 0.1012
O H
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C. FP H CP, M K, E F GJ . 948 F G , .
(163 = 4096) > 948 > (162 = 256)
162 161 160
3 948 (3 * 256) = 180
162 161 160
3 B 948 (3 * 256 + 11 * 16) = 4
162 161 160
3 B 4 948 (3 * 256 + 11 * 16 + 4) = 0
, 94810
= 3B416
F F F J G W:
16 , eF A. 0 15 eF F
G PH. N , eFJL
FG .
:
eF
948 / 16 = 59 4 (LSB)
59 / 16 = 3 11 (B)
3 / 16 = 0 3 (MSB)
94810 = 3B416
2.9. E E 8. J 0 7
. E F G , F A,
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M .
:
7118
E F F ?
7 * 82 + 1 * 81 + 1 * 80 = 45710
F F , F JL E . G;
F , eF P. eF E ( 0 7
) .
N F F M .
6410
E ?
eF
64/8 8 0 (LSB)8/8 1 0
1/8 0 1 (MSB)
, 6410 = 1008
2.10 Pf
F Pf F, G OF . F EP . O F Pf - .
EP 0, 1 M K. , G E H
Pf F. 0 . 1 F.
2.10.1 Pf + PH
Pf PH O N, H, F 1 . n H , F eF n - 1 H
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E P. H F,
0100 = +41100 = -4
J C . , N O PH.
0000 = +010
1000 = -010
, N , MO K . Pf Q, E Q F Q . I F.
, M C A . G Cb .
2.10.2. G
Pf G
, Pf.
F G N .
. G E H, 1 0 , 0 1 .
. M . , F ( HO) G .
G K . PH c G . , F N . E e . H. A.
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EPJ 8 HO PHA . 2310 G . G C W PH .
N
23 G => 10111.
=> 01000
=> 01001
N 8 => 00001001 => +9K N
23 G 101 11
N 8 H => 00010111
=> 11101000
=> 11101001 => -23
2.10.3. G O N
1. F . 1 , , F .
2. H , N , N P . E c L K .
1.
-4 , 4 H, G .
4 G , O => 0100
P , , => 100
, , P => 1100 => -4
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39
2
-23 H H, G .
-23 G , O => 0001 0111
P => 1
=> 1110 1001 => -23
2.10.4. Pf
G O F, GJ Pf . Pf G . A E F . , 1110 0110 F .
Pf G , F 230.
111001102= 230
10
, G J F -2610.
H I A. F , O FH .
,
x = 1001,
y = 0011 ,
y M x K?
M J . Pf , x = 9, y = 3. x > y.
, G J , x F , y . y > x.
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2.10.5. O i
H , Pf, 0 15 P. H F , H 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 MF . n H 2n . 0 2n-1 PH .
Pf J , 2n O F
, eF N F . 0 2n-1 J , -1 2n-1 F P.
2.11 G E
J EP A. G J A. Pf G A. E .
2.11.1 G - Pf
J , M C O PH . . , 9 + 7 =16. F 6 (sum) , 1 F , (carry) A
G E , , 0 1 . ,
0 + 0 = 0 0
0 + 1 = 0 1
H H
1 + 1 = 1 0
H H
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H
M HO F, F H H, F F H H .
1
1100 1011
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
H
H
2
10111 + 10110 A.
Carry bits
1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
, (Augend) , (addend) A.
2.11.2. G - Pf
Pf ,
cF A. FF F H Pf A K.
1
2 + 5 G Pf .
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+2 0 0 1 0
+5 0 1 0 1
+7 0 1 1 1
H
Pf H
M J I , K M .
2: G J
H H, G J -75 .
L -7 G .
G J 7, 01 11
H 1000
1001
1 0 0 1 (-7)0 1 0 1 ( 5 )
1 1 1 0 (-2)
M G J .
C O, O PH cM, MJ c F. F H MM, K M A! ?
Pf K.
3:4 H H GJ -4 +4
1 1 0 0 ( G J -4)0 1 0 0 (+4)
1 0 0 0 0 = 0
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F, F H A. Pf , MM. H K M .
F H MF
Pf M Pf , F A . F M ., F, M, PH F.
4
-7 -5, 4 H H, G J .
1 0 0 1 ( G J -7)
1 0 1 1 ( G J -5)
1 0 1 0 0 (=4) M
F . M (0100)J . ( H H ). , FH A. M A.
2.11.3 G N
N . EL NA N (minuend) . NA N (substratend).
C G O N W .
0 0 = 0
1 0 = 1
1 1 = 0
10 1 = 1
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NJL N, FF HL A. F H, N . F N , P . N . FL, N, .
1
N : 1101 1010
0 1
1 1 0 1 (N )
- 1 0 1 0 (N )
0 0 1 1
F H PN, F, N E 0 .
, F A. F 10 N, eF 1 A. 10 - 1 = 1. 0 A.
2
N : 1000 101
0 1 1 A H P N 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 10
- 1 0 1 1 0 1 (N )0 0 1 1 N H eF
N MF . N E F, G J F, N .
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(+2) - (+7) (+2) + (-7) ?
.
3:
4 H H (+2) - (+7) N
0 0 1 0 (+2)
0 1 1 1 (+7)
1 0 0 1 ( G J -7)
0 0 1 0 (2)
+ 1 0 0 1 (-7)
1 0 1 1 (-5)
4:
4 H H N (-6) - (+4)
-6 1 0 1 0
N -4 1 1 0 0
G J 1 0 1 1 0
F. M ( H ) J A. F H Q. F H MFJ M . -10 4 H PH M .
N F .
EPJ (circuit) .N F.
2.12 L E
x (George Boole) A M E . EPJ G J E
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(circuit) F L E. Pk, Of H A.
EF P (variable), PL (constant), (function) A (operators) . 0, 1 , PL . L P FO . P PL A . ,
AND, OR NOT. , , . O, P, vH P (over bar) PH.
A AND B = A . B
A OR B = A + B
NOT A = A (or Aa
)
L P, PL A , L (Boolean expression) .
AND OR A M H (oper-and) . 1 F ,AND A 1 M . O 0 M .
P F 1 OR A 1 M . 0 M 0.
(OR) A M HJe . M HJ F P . 1 0 , 0 1 P M.
AO O K. (Truth Table).
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2.12.1. L A
AND A
AND A . M H (1) (1) M . W . A, B M H. Y M.
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
P L
Y = A B .
OR A
OR A, MH (1) M (1) . -
A B Y
0 0 00 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
A, B M H. Y M.
P L Y = A + B .
NOT A
A M HJ e .
FH P OJ. A MH. Y M.
A Y
0 1
1 0
AJ , Y = Aa PH.
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:
D = A + (Bb.C) L . A (1), Bb.C D J F1 . O 0 . Bb.C , B = 0, C = 1 1 ., A= 1 ,, A = 0, B = 0, C = 1 D = 1 .
NAND A
NAND AND NOT . LAND
A OJ M,NOT
A POJ.
Y = Ac.BC
PH.
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
A NAND B = NOT (A AND B)
NOR A
NOR OR NOT F . LOR A OJ M, NOT A P. , W .
Y = A+B
A B Y0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
A NOR B = NOT (A OR B)
2.12.2. L E MF
L E F L O. , I O
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O E . I P F . L O .
L
MF
1 0 , 0 1 .
1 : A = 0 , Aa = 1.
2 : A = 1 Aa = 0
3 : AJ F A. Abd= A
AND AJ
4 : A . 1 = A
A = 0 , M H 1 M 0.
A = 1 , M H 1 M 1.
, M A .
5 : A . 0 = 0
M H 0 , A ,M 0.
6 : A. A = A
O A M O.
7 : A.Ac= 0
A F , M 0.OR AJ
8 : A + 1 = 1
AJ F , M H 1 , M 1 .
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9 : A+0 =A
MJ F AJ F .
10 : A+A = A
MJ F AJ F
11 : A+Ac = 1
AJ F , M 1 .
2.12.3. L O
O C E K .
G (Literal)
L P GH G .
(Product term)
G LA AND A .AND Pf O .
- ABc
, AC, Ac
Cc
, Eb
C (Min term)
Q P, GH , C . L K X, Y, Z P , XYZ, XaYZ,XcYcZc C . (standard product term) .
(sum term)
G OR L
A , A .: A + Bc + D.
(max term)
K P, GH , .
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x, y, z P , x + y + z, x + ya + za . (standardsum term) .
O (SOP- sum of products)
OR A , O .
: Ac+ AB + AcBcCc
C
C .: ABC + ABCc+ AcBCc
O (POS - product of sums)
AND A , O .
: (A) (A+B) (A+D)
, C .
: (A+B) (A+Bc) (Ac+Bc)
12: MF (commutative law) M H A, M H
K , M , MF A . , , L A AI. 5 + 3 = 3 + 5. MF. , MF .
N, MF .AND, OR A MF .
A + B = B + A,
AB = BA
13. MF (Associative Law)
A , P A L M A, A MF .
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, MF . N, .
5 + ( 3 + 2 ) = 10 = ( 5 + 3 ) + 2
5 . ( 3 . 2 ) = 30 = ( 5 . 3 ) . 2
5 - ( 3 - 2 ) = 4; ( 5 - 3 ) - 2 = 0
8 / ( 4 / 2 ) = 4; ( 8 / 4 ) / 2 = 1
AND, OR A MF .
A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B ) + C
A ( B C ) = ( A B ) C
14: A MF (Distribute Law)
A , P P MF .
L EF A MF .
A(B+C) = AB+AC
A+(BC) = (A+B) (A+C)
EF, MF . MF Q .
MF L EF A W F.
A B C BC LHS A+B A+C RHS
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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O (minimum sum of products)
L O F EJ , O A.
W
Ac B Cc+ Ac B C + A Bc Cc + A Bc C + A B C
MF F
= (Ac B Cc + Ac B C) + (A Bc Cc + A Bc C) + A B C
= Ac B(Cc+C) + A Bc(Cc+C)+ABC
11 F
= Ac B (1) + A Bc (1) + ABC
4 F
= Ac B + A Bc + ABC
, O F. L 10 .
AcB Cc + Ac B C + A Bc Cc + A Bc C + A B C + A Bc C (A Bc C + A Bc C = A Bc C)
= (Ac B Cc + Ac B C) + (A Bc Cc + A Bc C) + (A B C + A Bc C)
= Ac B (Cc + C) + A Bc (Cc + C) + A C(B + Bc)
= Ac B + A Bc + A C
L MO O .
W L /O
AcBCc + AcBC
x = AcB, y = Cc
, ,
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x y + x yc
= x(y + yc)
= x = Ac B
A + A?B = A + B GH
A MFJ,
A + AcB = (A + Ac)(A + B) = 1 (A + B) = A + B
W L .
Ac Bc Cc + Ac B Cc + Ac B C + A Bc Cc
= Ac Cc(Bc + B) + Ac B C + A Bc Cc
= Ac Cc + Ac B C + A Bc Cc
= Ac(Cc + BC) + A Bc Cc
= Ac(Cc + B)(C + C) + A Bc Cc
= Ac(Cc + B) + A Bc Cc
= Ac Cc + Ac B + A Bc Cc ( A .) K, , .,
Ac Bc Cc + (Ac B Cc + Ac B C) + A Bc Cc
= Ac Bc Cc + Ac B(Cc + C) + A Bc Cc
= Ac Bc Cc + Ac B + A Bc Cc
= Bc Cc(Ac + A) + Ac B
= Bc Cc + Ac B (I A .)2.12.4
15: A + B = AcBc
16: AB = Ac + Bc
L EF F . GH.
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f (A, B, C, D) = DAcB + ABc + DAC L HGH H
fc (A, B, C, D) = D Ac B + A Bc + D A C
( 15)
= (D Ac B) (A Bc) (D A C)
( 16)
= (Dc + A + Bc)(Ac + B)(Dc + Ac + Cc)
A, L , O . GH O .
O, W A. L K, W , F .
1. P P GH .
2. AND A OR A
3. F GH .
E O , , E O , PL , L F . L E P. L N . F I F .
JC
I G
1 . H ________ O .
2 . E ________ , F G ________ A.
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3 . n H Pf , ________ EL, P.
4 . LSB, MSB ________ , ________ PL .
5 . L ________ , ________ PH.
6. NL M H ________, ________.
7 . 5864 FG E G ________, F G ________.
8 . HO NJ G ________.
9 . EPJ E ________, ________ O A.
10 . ________ H.
11 . IL MB , 1 HLH ________ PHA.
12 . 68 M K, CP ________. 68 G F ________ .
II. H M MO.
1 . W FG , G, E F G .
. 512 . 1729 . 1001 . 777 . 160
2 . -2710
8H GJ .
3 . Pf : +1510 + 36
10. 8 H G
.
4 . Pf 8 H O K,CP, F G O.
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- 3
EPJ
3.1 EPJ F
3.1.1. P
EP Q H. ,
, , I , GML .
Q , , , , , A. JA A. H GM A. QA.
EPJ A.
, Q . G . G (CPU - Central Pro-cessing Unit).
3.1.2. EPJ
EP , , . k, Of ,, G . GO O .
3.1.3. EPJ
EP M . EPJ JP , F J
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.
EP .
, G .
GM , .
GL PH, F, .
, F HK. -
k
Of
G
I L I H .
. H 3.1 MA
k
, G KI , EPJ . M, ,O, F C k.
G
k
Of
3.1 EPJ
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Of
EP OJ , Q J P Of . F, P K Of.
(CPU - Central Processing Unit)
EPJ .F E , (logical operations) F .
E ( ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit) . , E , AND, OR .
F, G k, Of F, , L F . (Control Unit) .
FO PL H F. HO (BUS). , I QQ .
G
E , , G, EPJ GF
E,
F
3.2
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. EP M .
G, I GGM . I GMG . P H G A A. G (Secondary Storage) . I F, M .
3.1.4 G
(John Von Neumann)
K . A :
n EH , G GF.
n E A, GL F .
n QK f .
n G GF
FJ P .
3.2
3.2.1. F E
EPJ . A.
n EPJ F F A.
n E A.
YdM K F . -
n E ( ALU- Arithmetic Logic Unit)
n (Control Unit)
n F (Register)
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E F, , E , AND, OR,
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3.2.2 YdM E
G, Yd A .
G, , P OJ. F
1. a F ( M N).
2. b F ( M N).
3. = a + b
4. J F FJ OJ
G F G .
1 . L G EPJ A. E F F A.
2. K A. M HHA.
3. a FH M N
A.4. GF, a K
F HHA. G A.
5. G 2 4 F b P A.
6. E . , a, b F G F
O I HHA. a, b F FO GA., M A.
7. F , M F A. , , GF FH
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I A. GF A.
8. , F GMF HHA. GF , F FJ HA.
9. GL G,G A.
F , 3.4 A.
3.4 YdM
kF
/OJF
J K
b K
a K
J F
b F
a F
M
F
I
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3.3. E -
EH E , N,, , C Pf H, AND,OR, NOT F .
, E bQ, HH
.
3.3.1. E
E , PH FO . I , F , P N . P M M F . , , QQ .
F G W.
1. ( 5, 8 ) GF O .
2. , O , FO A.
3. , A.
4 . M ( 13 ) GMF (memory buffer)A.
5. M, GMF F A
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3.3.2.
H , CP, K , AND, OR, NOT F .
3.3.3 E M
, , AND . F (AREG), O F(ACCUM - ) F .
K M e A.
3.5 E
3.6 M E M.
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3.6 M E H HA. E I A. FO , E , (enable) I KMA. HJ 1 H H, E A.
3.4 G
GO . -
G (Random Access Memory - RAM) G(Read Only Memory - ROM), G G (Pro-grammable Read Only Memory - PROM), I N G G (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read OnlyMemory - EEPROM).
G (RAM)
EPO G . P , G FA. , FL M . I G, F
N M.
G (ROM)
F , CL F. . I F N. EP
3.7 G
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GO A.
G G (PROM)
N G. F . CL F. Q G .
N G G (EPROM)
CL, GA N . ( ) O NA. N G.
I N G G(EEPROM)
N G. N O J. I F NM. N G. Hw G (flashmemory) . G .
G GF G. K . MFJ , O C . P . P . K JL K .
PH K J F
. ,F .
GF , (write) , FL , (Read) PH. G G A.
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EPJ G, ROM G.
8 H F (Byte) . GO . EPO 4MB ( ) , KEPO GB (A ) G A. GF (access time) C (cycle time) MO .
G . C .
G GO HK.
F M F. E A . A.
GJ w (cash) G. F . , F
M . G M F. Yd G A.
GJ RAM G.
C F G .
G G, N . C N (I G). EPH O A. E
, , G, O GFL GF .
O GF I F. , MI . GO F M. , F, w, G, OG KJ P M .
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3.5 k, Of
EPJ A . EP J k, M OJ Of A. P .
3.5.1. k
, EP
A. EP k. , EP KMF H .
M
O F M. F J M. A , , O G Pf, C M . F M vA Pf (ASCII) EP A.
L , AF Mouse A. FJ (cursor) A. J C . J e . , .
3.8 M
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, I EP H .
, e ,J . AO . e .
(Scanner)
, O . e AF EP . F , , P C(OCR - Optical Character Recognition software) .
3.9
3.10
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Pf (Bar Code Reader)
P (, M) O J M O F C. Pf . , Q . , O , M EP . C O K A. EO I A
, EP . . . EP F .
3.11 Pf,
3.12
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F (Touch Sensitive Screen)
FJ H P P , M e M . F , EP .
3.13 F
(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR)
C AO K A.F A , J C. F, . IA. .
3.14 C
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O N (OCR - Optical Character Recognition)
C , J , ON . C J. .
C O N K, PH H C . P M
K . A, I N K . K , P .
O N Pf (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)
3.15 O
3.16
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C C O C . P C J G . , - G EP K-M. J C E -F O . K MFK FHA. NO F .
O (Light Pen)
M F . FJ e , O A, P. O F. F F. FJ C.
(Magnetic Reader)
, . (credit card), (ATM card), (petro card) LP K M .
3.17 O
3.18
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(Smart Card)
J C LJ F . P . HEP . J, A F F A.
P (Notes Taker)
F , P FA. P F OJ. F, H (clip) FJ . FL EP . , LP O,K AA. FL PQ . ,I P A.
3.19
3.20 P
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C (Micro Phone)
L EP . C, P . M, K . I .
N F G M. CO C G .
3.5.2. Of
EPJL O OJ
EP . PF, P A.
F (Monitor)
F M Of . CF A. EP F, C .
3.21 C
3.22 F
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F F (Monochrome)F P. . A. FJ O O , . O H (pixel - picture element) .
OO E 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024x 768 MO . F OO E. W OO E. 4 : 3 MAF
. MA (aspect ratio) . OO E F F L K
P (printer)
(hard copy) , C EPJL P. , P . P HK. (Inpact), (non-inpact) .
J, C H AF e O . . , AF M
P
KP
O EP
P
dP
P
3.23 P
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(ribbon) . FL F .
O E (Dot Matrix) J 14 8 CH , , .K PJ, F K .
PO
J AF e O/
A. M, C I F
CF K A.
F .
F.
, .
O O C .
J, O, , , O, d A.
PO
, F.
.
O OF .
F .
O O C .
. F A.
K P (Line Printer)
I M, F K C F. , GIF 150 3,000 K
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C. P . -
M C
F
, F , I O F .
O E P (Dot Matrix Printer)
C H O , , . I . , , P F M . M 300 C.
3.24 K P
3.25 O E P
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P (Thermal Printer)
O F I FKA. C , , O O A. L(Fax), E (calculator) P A. K O, O F. C O F CA M. I
P (Laser Printer)
O,
. I CP O F . F C. , F O .A 300 2,400 J O O F .
3.26 P
3.27 P
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d P (Inkjet Printer)
F J I C O O dCA. I K J HA. O AF e A. (cyan), (magenta), (yellow) G A. G . G Q HJ (catridge) .
LA (Speaker)
L J, OJ LA. JL Q . Of, M G,A, Q P A.
3.28 d P
3.29 LA
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M (Plotter)
i , P O K M .
3.5.3 (Storage Devices)
F , F F A F, EP . (backup storage)
. , A , , Y (CD ROM)
. K , IM I F P PF .
(Hard Disk)
F O . . (track) .
HK (sector) HK.
F F . GIF 3,600 . , I A () . L F G. H F HKM . . .
? O (), PH . 0 ,F 0 A., , O ., , 0, 1 A A.
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, PH F G CP . H, , HK, J . (Rotational Latency) . K FF. HK / . HK A MM .
. L
. O . F QQ / . C O O F.
3.30 F HK
3.31 A
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M A.O E x O E x F HKO E x HKM O E. A M . , HK (for-matting) .
(magnetic tape)
Hv M e . P M 7 9 O
. K , M . OJ , 0 1 . 9 O , F O,eF OO 0 ( 1) J P. OJ HM.
F M K F . F / . F. W . ,M M ,
. K (sequential) A. F , K . , A. - Q . , I A.
3.32
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A (floppy disk)
A L Hv O O . . , F G. F . HK HK.
C, , .
. GIF 360 .
8' F A, H 51/4' A, 31/
2'
AM. 1.44 H (MB).
FF e e FN M , . J C F, AC F . A .
A
M L
O
3.33 A
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(Compact Disk)
Y (CD ROM) Compact Disk- Read Only Memory . F A O FL C .F 0, 1 , , . O . A O A.
Y HK. K - . F .
- F . EP . F N . J EPJ . F N, F e .
F (650 MB, 700 MB), I M P FK.
, A , GML , C , EP
Q H. EP
, .
k, Of, , G O .
3.34
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G, O .
k N, EP A.
EPO, F, P M Of.
Yd EPJ A.F E , , G
(F) . k, Of, G, E
F GA F
, , E , E .
GF G, A. EP G JA. P .
CP H . 0 1 F . Binary Digit FL .
, I A G G G .
I k M.
J .
F F M Of.
- , A , .
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JC
I. G.
1 . EP ________ , ________ A.
2 . ________ EP OA.
3. Yd ________ .
4. ________ .
5. (RAM) ________ .
6. (ROM) ________ .
7. G A ________.
8. G ________ A.
9 . GF F ________ , ________ PHA.
10. GF ________.
11. FJ , ________.
12 . O ________.
13. FF ________.
14 . FJ C O ________ A.
15. P ________, ________ HK.
II. W K .
1 . .
2 . M Of .
3 . F k.
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4. G N G.
5. E .
6. F G G.
7. Pf k .
8. O k .
9 . d P P.
10 . Y Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
.III. W M MO.
1 . EP Q ?
2. EPJ A F ?
3. EPJ F ?
4 . G J A ?
5. F A ?
6. GF ?
7. GF , M.
8. G ?
9 . EPROM M EEPROM J C?
1 0. ROM A?
11 . k ?
12 . k ?
13. Of ?14 . C Of .
15 . ?
16. F C .
17 . M E ?
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- 4 J
4.1 J
I O J. J H k A. H Of OA
. k/OfO F HJ, F IF .
I A M, , A+5 ( O ) 1 P. A I M , , A 0 , 0 P. I L M, 0, 1 L PH . J C. E L A.
1
0Output
Input Signal
InputLogicGate
Time
1
0
1
0
Output Signal
F J, H I k A. H Of A. , , x I PA. kO F 0 1 A. , O
4.1
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f F 0 1 .
JO (AND), (OR), (NOT) J. , NAND, NOR,XOR XNOR . P NAND, NOR J, J . J .
JO C, Q .
J(AND gate)
k (1) Of (1) . O Of . . J C 4.2 .
JL L .
C = A AND B
L EF, Pf O PA.
C = A.B
C = AB
O . C A, B C equals A, and B . k , MOO. 00, 01, 10 11. , k 0 .
A
B
C = AB
4.2 JL C
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C A B .
F A, B k 1 ,
C = A + B = 1 + 1 = 1 .
JL W .
J (NOT Gate)
k . kP . 0 1 , 1 0 P. C,
Input Output
A * +
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
4.2 JL
JL PHC = NOT A
L EF , J .
C = A?
C = AA
4.4 JL C
k Of
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, C A C equals NOT A .
A = 0 , C = 0? = 1
A = 1 , C = 1? = 0
J
J (NOR Gate) ( J) JL O M
J H, FL O
JL . F, k 0 , Of 1 . M k 0 M .
JL , CW .
Input Output
) +
1 0
0 1
4.3 J
A + B C = A + B
A
B
A
BC
4.5 JL
4.6 JL C
k Of
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JL ,
C = (A + B)
PH. , C A B . C equals Not of A or B . k 0 ,
C = ( 0 , ,,+, , 0, ), = 0? = 1
JL W
I J ( Bubbled And Gate)
J 4.7 MA.
Input Output
) * +
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
4.4 JL
C = A . B
A
B
A
B
4.7 I J
k Of
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JL ,
C = A? . B?
. Q C .F, J k O C
.
k, J A .
A = 0 B = 0 C = ( 0? . 0? ) = 1 . 1 = 1
A = 0 B = 1 C = ( 0?. 1? ) = 1 . 0 = 0
A = 1 B = 0 C = ( 1? . 0? ) = 0 . 1 = 0
A = 1 B = 1 C = ( 1? . 1? ) = 0 . 0 = 0
C
A
B
4.8 I JL C
4.5 I J
k
A B C
0 0 10 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Of
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I JL , JL . , J, P F . ,
( A + B ) = A? . B?
Q GHA.
J (NAND gate) ( J) JL O F,
JL H, A M, JL Of . k , Of . O Of . 4.9 JL MA.
JL CF, J , Of F C .
A
B
(A . B) C = (A . B)
4.9 JL
JL
C = ( A . B )A
PH. C , A, B , , C equals NOT of A And B .
, k 1 ,
C = ( 1 . 1 ) = 1? = 0
A
B
C
4.10 JL C
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JL W .
I J (Bubbled OR Gate) -
k
A B C
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Of
4.6 JL
A
B
A
B
C = A + B
P Of .
C = A? + B?
P, JL k OC PH.
4.11 I JL
CB
4.12 I JL C
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-
, . J,P F . ,
( A . B ) = A? + B?
Q GHA.
J (XOR gate)
(OR)
JL, k 1 , M 1 . A (Inclusive OR) , k 1 , 1 Of .
. . Of - . , ,F . .
. , F - , F F , G F . , A J .
Exclusive OR . P .
4.7 I JL
k
A B C
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Of
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k , Of 1 . -
C = A + B= A?.B + A.B?= AB + A? B? (Using De Morgans Theorem)
L EF, N O, v APHA. ,
C = A B
C,
4.15 v J
v JL W .
4.16 v JL C
k
A B C
0 0 10 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Of
4.9 v J
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J F, C . CL J . N , CL JO E FK .
JO C, .
Truth TableLogical Gates
XOR
AND
NOT
NOR
NAND
OR
XNOR
A B A B0 0 00 1 01 0 01 1 1
A B A+B0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 1
A A0 11 0
A B AB0 0 10 1 11 0 11 1 0
A B A+B0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 0
A B A+B0 0 00 1 11 0 1
1 1 0A B A B0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 1
4.10 JO
Symbol
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, JO
, , , J , L . JO J P F M . L H J . J J (Universal gate) A. , J J.
J ,
J A.
4.17 JL
4.18 JL
BB
B
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4.2 L H
L H O . . . (I) . .PL . C .
L L
L, M k
Of .D = (A B) + C?
. k . 23 = 8 M k A.
k, Of A. , H Pf A O. EF .
M E . A= 0, B = 0, C = 0, ,
M A L E O. H .
D = ( A . B ) + C?
= ( 0 . 0 ) + 0?
= 0 + 0?
= 0 + 1
= 1
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F L .
) )
D
P Of J H A Of . JL k A Q. MFJ, FA. P L A AI.
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PL L
P L H.
I . J kO , OJ FH PH. ,
CJ Of H . k A, B, C , Of D PH.
, -
D = A B + B C
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L L
NO . C F, AJ , O N.
GO . L k C F . , kO K . J O . . PH k k 0 F A, kO e
. C F. PH k 1 FH Q. 1010 k k . A, B, C, D , A.B?.C.D? CF. 1110 C F A.B.C.D?.
Input Output
) B C D
0 0 0 10 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
L O Of 1
. k, QQ CF . W HA.
k Of
4.11
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C F A A M.
D = ( A? B? C? ) + ( A? B C? ) + ( A B? C?) + ( A B C?)
Input Output
) B C D Minterms
0 0 0 1 A B C
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 A B C
0 1 1 01 0 0 1 A B C
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 A B C
1 1 1 0
F G . L A.
, O kOf PA. (Block diagram) A.
, A. M k A A.
, L A.
, A.
k Of C F
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C , C , FA. .
G 1 :
k, Of . P k 1 Of 1 . O Of 0 .
G 2: k Of P.
F k , Of KA. A, B, C. ,
A
BC
G 3: K
k 4 M k .
k
A B C
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Of
G 4: L
Of 1 K CF .
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A .
Input Output
A B CMinterm
0 0 0
0 1 1 A B
1 0 1 A B
1 1 0
D = ( A=
B ) + ( A B=
)
(Half adder)
E F . G , G A.
M k . W .
D = A B + A B
)*
*
)
*
)A
B
A ,
G 5: L . -
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10
k Of CF
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P OA.F A. F , G - PA. K O 0 .
, Of -
L -
A B S C
0 1 1 A.B 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 A.B 0
1 1 0 0 A.B
1
1
A.
S = A>. B + A . B>C = A . B
4.19 J
k LCF
LC F
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A .
J, J . F , , F OJ.
4.4 (Full Adder)
, . GJ , . .
A,B . C
1 GJL
. S , C2
PH . k 8M k . L 8K M Q . K Q .
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4.12
k Of
A B C1
C2
S
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 01 1 1 1 1
S = A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1
C2 = A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1
kO 1 , 1 A. kO, J( ) 1 , 1 A.K kO 1 , 0 A.
CF ,
F L .
= ( A B + A B ) C1 + ( A B + A B ) C1
= ( A B + A B ) C1(A B) C1
= ( (A + B) (A + B) ) C1 + ( A B + A B ) C1
= ( (A B) (A B) ) C1 + ( A B + A B ) C1
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C2 = A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1
= ( A B) C1 + A B
= ( A B + A B) C1 + A B ( C1 + C1 )
S = ( A B ) C1 and
C2 = ( A B ) C1 + AB
, k , J, J
A. .
4.20 J
C2
Half adder
( A A>= BB> = 0 )= S
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, , J .
F k Of (Combination circuit) . P O Of P Of (seqnential circuit) .
, . HO
(Flip Flop) .KP . PH P
k Of F (Synchronous Sequential Circuit) .
kO Of , F ( AsynchronousSequential Circuit) .
4.5 HO (Flip Flop)
H GM F, P GO . I .
HO
J HO H . . O HO H F G(0, 1) . J GJc. I H F,
G ( GM N P) OJ . H k G P .
J HO
J F
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HO A.
Q
Q
R
S
4.21 J HO
OfO Q , Q\ . kO S(set) , R(Reset) . P O Of, F P k .
k 0 GJ . G k .
F S = 1 , R = 0 . Q = 0 A. Q = 0 J A. R = 0 , Q = 1 OA. Q = 1, F JA. S = 1 , Q F .
S = 1, R = 0 , Q = 1, Q? = 0 GA. S I GF, S= 0 , Q = 1, Q> = 0 .
, S = 0, R = 1 , Q = 0, Q?
= 1 . S = 0, R = 0 A, Q = 0, Q? = 1 .
S = 1, R = 0 , Q = 1 GM . S = 0, R = 1 , Q = 0 GM .
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L -
S = 1, R = 1 O, Q,Q? 0 . , k M.
HO GO GA. Q = 1 G G (Set state) , Q = 0 N G (Resetstate ) .
J HO
HO H
J
.
S R Q Q
1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 (afterS = 1and R = 0)
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 (afterS = 0and R = 1)
R
QS
Q
4.22 J HO
S = 1, R = 0 H
S = 0, R = 1 H
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P
S R Q Q>
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
J S, R 1 F
P. I A F S = 0 A, H S = 1 AMA . Q = 1, Q?> = 0 A. HO G G A.
( S = 1, R = 1 ), A FR = 0 A, H F R =1 AMA . Q = 0, Q> = 1 A. HO H NG A.
S = 0, R = 0 0 , Q, Q?
1 . k M .
HO O, R-S , J-K , D , T . . O P Of GM P G A. ,EPJ O A A.
4.6 IQ E
4.6.1 PIQ , P
, IQ E A. F , J K , P K .
S = 0, R = 1 H
S = 1, R = 0 H
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M v . F M (Drag and drop) . A, M C . , L .F , H .
C (MultiSim) IQ E . F P F .
4.6.2
CI F , J P .
J C CP A, .
P ( Logic Converter) F MO .4.6.3 J
1. Start, Programs P A L C . CI - 4.23 .
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4.23 CI
2. H K. , File, Save as ( 2.24). L File Name J Circuit1 F,
(OK) AO . E J W F K ( 2.23).
4.24
Filename
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3. Place, Component K ( 4 .25). FO L, F F (Data base), M (Group), F (family) , H FO P (4.26).
4.25
4.26 F
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4 . F , L ,EJF (workspace) F M. FJ e AO . F FJ , PH ( 4.27).
M , FJ e AO .
4.27 F
4.6.4 O
J, H L , CP
P F G .F
J F W NO E J .
(i) Place, Component AO .
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(ii) E J AO , O PlaceComponents K ; , Ctrl + W MJ . Ctrl M PA.
F
FJ e AO . F P . F F J F, F W F , J M . F F .
F F (highlight) .
F
F Edit, Copy . Ctrl + C . Edit, Paste K, H J F E
J M . , F .
F
1. F , Circuit K , F P .
2. FJ AO .F . P . H Accept AO .
F
F . , F M. F H PM.
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F c
F , Edit, Delete Edit, Cut AO . c ? H c.
P
H
L H FJ J AO A , HJ
F M. H K .
P C
File, Print . F C K .
P I
P K I File, Save . K I, File, Save as . F, H .
I P F
File, Open K , F H , F AO .
J, J P .
L J EJ . J K . E J
J , . Paste , F . FO 4 .28 , H .
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4.28
4.6.5 P
CI L , , P PL .
1 . C
2 . C L
3. C A L
4 . L C 5 . L C
6 . L C J
P Simulate, Instruments, Logicconverter K ( 4.29).
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4.29 P
PJ C 4.30 EJ . F W CP O 8 k, Of P F 8 k Of .
4.30 EJ P
PJ CF AO , EJ PJ 4.31
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.
4.31 PJ
8 Input Terminals(A to H) 1 Output Terminal
8 k A H J K . Of Out P. F W :
Boolean expression goes here
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C
4.6.6 PL
1. P F .
CL
CA L
L C
L C
L C J
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2. P k , Of W F H .
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3. PJ F L . PJ F .
4.6.7 L L L
.
a L P .
a A HJ k PC AO .
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a A,B,C . kK KA. Of ? P A.
a ? PJ e AO 0 . AO 1 . AO Of .
AO , F J J L A .
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F L
AA. A GH A PHA. F .
4.6.8 L A L
C L A . L L , AO .
M F WFJ J . AC + AB + ABC .
ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
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4.6.9 L K
L , F J J FM, AO . A. L A+BC+B .
4.6.10 L K
L , F J J FM, AO, E J . AB+BC+ABC .
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4.6.11 L K J
L , F J J FM , AO, , J E J . AB+BC+ABC .
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W M N A.
From To Options
Truth Table BooleanExpressions
Simplified BooleanExpressions
Logic Circuit
NAND-gate onlylogiccircuit
BooleanExpressions
Truth Table
Logic Circuit
NAND-gate onlylogiccircuit
Simplified BooleanExpressions
Logic Circuit Truth Table
BooleanExpressions
Simplified BooleanExpressions
4.13
F
. .
A ..
..
..
L . .
..
...
...
. .
..
...
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JC
I. G1 . k J
L Of ________ .
2 . k JL Of ________ .
3 . ________ .
4 . J , J ________ J .
5 . ________ J , J J .
6 . ________, ________ J, J.
7. ________, ________, ________ J.
8 . G ________
9 . , ________ ________ J .
10 . O HO ________ F G .
II. W K, .
1 . J k .
2 . J Of .
3 . J.
4 . J.
5 . J J .
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6 . , J .
7 . J .
8 . J J J .
9 . HO G A.
III. P KO MO.
1 . J ?
2 . J ?
3 . J J- A?
4 . J J ?
5 . J J ?
6 . k J
7 . ?
8 . ?
9 . ?
10 . ?
1. E = A> + ( B . C ) + D>
IV W M MO.
L K .
2 . W L .
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3 . P L .
4 . L P
5 . P F G?
6 . JO ?
M? C?
V.FE
1 . J , P P , JO K .
E = A> B + B>C + A B C
k Of
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2 .
P A, , H. P .
3. P F AC + AC + A C + AC P .
4 . , PJ M H.
Input Output
A B C D
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 01 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
k Of
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5
5.1 P
EPJ , , , J H. , J. P . O . EPJ F
(SystemSoftware) . EP .
E (Application Software) . EP I C . A. P , A, GA M . K , H EH , HO AM.
, GA F O M, A.
F G EPF. EPJ KA, CF , FA. P, P , OA . (Operating System)
. F C OJ K M. OJ , .
, , OAJ (interface) A.
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, O A ? ? MJ? J? ? F ? FH ? AC ? C C A . F. C Mc , H A Al. , , , C, P K. , . J , M, Al.
. , , C , O .
EP I CP P P, K P O A A .
EP OA. F, EPJ I F
M . O . PM. EP .
H .
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1. EPJ O.
2. K G O .
3. EPJ FO F F M.
EPJ OA , C M F .EPJ O PF C i . , ,
F, , N PJA. MO M
. .
M FO . K Yd CGA F .
F , F . P .F . G F, G H .
O . F N . .EJ I A. AA M ! G , G G FJ G J GF .
OF E F . P M . O C. J, M . M, O F .
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H
F G EP G A. PM C P. F , F . GO ,G .
G , EPJ C. EP EP E (Computer Operator) P.
G EP M. G A, GL F 6 E F G .
YdM M I F , F J E P. FK E F, K . H, E F , G, E O J.
EP H EK I . Yd C O .
, Q E K (Automatic JobSequencing)P. E (ResidentMonitor). H .
PM EO, A F . Yd F . k, Of . E EO k, Of F . CdI .
M O C F JP A. , CJ , i .
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F O . , . I -. Yd JP .
, F EP . , GGF (Buffer). , KEP FL . Of G GF F .
K EP JP . (Direct Memory Access) F
. F YdM MJP, GF,FL N . (spooling) N A. F, G F , P QQ, k, Of . O , E , Of, K O F M. GL AM ,
M GO E . YdM i .
Of O , PJ F, C. G G - M C .
J, E EP F . G (Multi Programming).F , G PH A . A (Time sharing) . F C J, G A. O(terminal) G , E EP A .
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5.2 H A
5.2.1.
F .
1.
vv (MS DOS- Microsoft Disk Operating System) .
2. F .
A J A. Qv (Unix) .
5.2.2 k, Of
G . G . , Y . G EJF , G P M. F.
G GM . GL , GM . , G , M. KA.
, k, Of G . H A.
L G , ? F O . P M. L I . FK GJA E .
G , k Of
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G . F, G , G . G F CJ, P H, PJ, M O !
EPJ , G, k Of, G . GL
? ?
GF , K, G K K H, M. K M G .
kFL GL . . F H (system call).
, , .
k, Of P NJ ? H. K, GM. , k,Of C M G , G IA.
G , J, , H
, E M.
5.2.3 P
EP AI A N A. EP C AF FK
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A. F, P . P G F M . F C . A.
, G C , P . Q F . O K F
G. K H Q G . O C C .
EPJ . G. PQ K, GM . G A .
5.3 H I M
5.3.1 Q
. F F . O . , , .
(Graphical User Interface - GUI) IA. C . G , O M K . , AO MA.
L (Linux) A. F
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P C H:
1. O . F MMF.
2. . C , .
3. K F F .
4. OF F G .
F F . .
5. .
6. F FF .
G M H F . EP J. O . , , L F ,
.5.3.2 G
O , F . G F HK, . A. O , HGF . OGF N.
G F HK F O. G F HKA, FF , . G, GF . C .
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FK O G(Virtual Memory) F A. F, GF . GF , O GFL . GM , I F G .
C K J.
F .5.3.3
. F (process) . , F P . N . P C-
1. FIFO
2. SJF3. K
4. K
L L (FIFO- First In First Out)
KJ GA. L L A. CKFF KJ G . KJ G J FA.
A. PH. KJ, . , .
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CP L (Shortest Job First)
M CP E . L L , CP E, c . C K EF CP E F , M. K ECP F J. , F A, B E G. F A
J 5 A, B J 8 A . F L A O. H B .
K (Round Robin)
F E CP Yd . , E K. F E M ,E e KJ CJ G, F Cd . , A,B,C E , , A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B ..... .. .. . KJ Yd .
K
J K A. O K F A, Yd . ,A K 5 , B 7 , L B Cd .
Yd W (CPUScheduling) . :
1. Yd F .
2. PH M . .
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. K O A.
5.3.5 H
H (Robust) . , . H M, E . H I C.
5.3.6. F
K F .
5.3.7.
J EP . K . EP .
EPJ E, J EP JP , Q . EPJ
. . P K . C E . EPJ , G .
(Distributed Operating System) . Q F J . EP Q , FJ
. O H
P .
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O, , .
, .
, J A.
H, , .
k, Of . , .
GFL GF , YdM P .
C OJ GA . G G M
C.E J, G F
.
H M :
1.
2. G
3. E
4.
5.
6.
7. H
8.
9. .
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JC
I. G.
1 . ________ .
2 . , EP J ________ MA.
3 . ________ .
4 . ________ EP
.
II.W K, .
1 . G F H E.
2. H .
3 . F K E, KE M M A.
4. H, EPJ K KF .
III. W M MO.
1 . EPJ ?
2 . v (OS) ?
3. v F (role)A?
4. vR A E ?
5 . E, G A?
6. k, Of A?
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7. P P .
8. H C A .
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6
EP K
6.1 P
F . F, , , PHPf H . , , F, C , F EP F A.
EP , H, , , C (Infra Red) GA. EP P, M 1965 G. , EP M A FA.
6.2 (Network)
EP, IH, O, , C N , A. EP (node) . , (resource) A , G KP A.
6.3 A
* A: L I, M FF A . - M P EPJ .
* A: EPJ F. EP FL . EPJ i. M.
* : EPJL EP O, M .
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, OJ M, MP , , F EP . , P (update) . OJ .
6.4 J
W O K A.a IQ N Ka (tele conference)a Ca H Ca , Ma M, J, CQ, P Fa Fa (QA P ATM)a A
E G, M G J A. A F, F EO EF K OA.
6.5 J
a C Q .
a A , G F.
a A F .
a M A .
EP A .
(Safe) - H I .
(Secure) - H P
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.
(Reliable) - H K H F .
6.6 J
a (Local Area Network, LAN)
a (Metropoliton Area Network, MAN)
a (Wide Area Network, WAN)
A EP . C H . QH HJ . A H (twisted pairs), H (coaxial cables),O (optical fibre) .HJ J , A. J EPO J A. HJ H
.
6.1
J L EP. J, , A . Q
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, OEP, (file server) (network server) .
F EP (MAN).
A O EP (WAN). F EP, H, O , NO .
6.7 J J EP (node)
A. EP T (Network Topology) . H . F, F, HO , .
J . F, ,, H, H (FDDI)
A.F (Star Network)
F . EP , H(Unshielded Twisted Pair -UTP) ( 6.2).
6.2 F
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H (Hybrid Network)
, H .
H (FDDI Network)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface . I. M F. F ,L , O L C M A.
6.8 J F
J A F .
1. (Network Services)
O . , .
2. K (Transmission Media)
EP H, HJ A PA. N KGA.
3. MF (Protocols)
MF MF, A F. MFO J K IP A.
6.9 (Common Network Services)
O .
6.9.1
J K C . F GA A.
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K - H , , , M F F . - C F. C O H ,I C . , O OJ, C E F M C. , G G , M , O GF K .
- H O .F O P . , O G (File archiving)- H O . , O , H K G .
6.9.2
J P G, . P C
- J EPJL P . PO E .
- F , F PJ C.
F C - E, KJ C. PJ M.
M P A - F, C , K M
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MF . MF(Protocols) . EPH, CL .
1978 , G, v (OSI- OpenSystem Interconnection) MF PF.F G . P E 6.5 .
2 Data link
Transmits data to
Different networks
7 Application
Purpose for communicating:
e-mail, file transfer,
client/server
5 Session
Starts, stops and governs
Transmission order.
4 Transport
Ensures delivery of
Complete message
6 PresentationRulesfor data conversion
3 Network
Routes data todifferent networks
1 Physical
Passes bits on to
Connecting median
6.5 MFJ G
2. G- K
3. G -AN
1. G-H K .
4 . G -
G
5. G- K A,F,
6 . CG- G
7 . G-K O G
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6.11 K
F .1. ,2 . .
J F. , C . F IF (x) P .
EP KF K A. F I A (On), (off) G, 0, 1 PA. I , 6 .6 ,A. K, M F , .
6.6 J
6.12 (Modem)
CJ J A. L, I HN A. J eL A. L KFCP , J.
. C N
Fd. G P C N . J, GJ , GP .
0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1
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EP A. C P EP, C J. (MODEM - Modulator, demodulator).
6.7 EP, , C G H.
6.7 F
F E MKA, F
C , F . FL A.
6.13
F N F A MJ H (Bits per second) A. .
6.14 K
F ( 6.8)
(a) N
(b) N
(c) N
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6.14.1 N (Simplex Mode)
F F J .J . FJ . F FJ . C L L . L/O
G, . L/C . F . L GF, L J F .
J NJ A.
6.14.2 N (Half Duplex mode)
F , . F, , . F .P P . . F J
1. N
2. N
3. N
6.8 K
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. A A J Fd. .
6.14.3 N (Full duplex mode)
F , F F , . C . F F NO .
K EPO A. e NJ A.
6.15 (Internet)
A M, CP K, EP . 200 O , 50IL EP . F EPO
. K C-,CK,C,G, P E, E.
F EP (host). F EP K. , EP . K O O
. F P (Internet Protocol - IP) .
6.16 K P
F K (Packet Switeching) J A. F,
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C A. P, K, K . QQ H . J CI. A NJ, K EP .
F KF,PL , P.
NJ, Yd, d P. F Yd (TCP - Tranmission Control Protocol) HK, F F .
d (IP - Internet Protocol) EPJL EP A bQ P A.
6.17 GA ?
F Q G . G A G. F F K F A. (ICANN - International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) G K F GAA. , F A.
6.18 F F
20 A I
C A. , P ;
;
C, NF K FK.
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6.19 F
F C A Q .
M (Word Wide Web)
F F . F F . A , . F,, L, , .
F, . (web pages) . F . (website) . H , (home page) . F P . , , J . 6.9 vM(ISRO- Indian Space Research Organisation) HA.
6.9 vM
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F Q K . (URL - Uniform Resource Locator) A.,
http:// www.country-watch.com/India
. http Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) . www World Wide Web . F country_watch.com F . , F
J , H .J , (Browsing)
. M (Browser) ., O , FJ HA. v(Internet explorer) v M (Netscpe Navigator) F M.
O . C . QF H. e . F I (Hyper Link) PA. F AO . M PH A,FJ .
M J I A . CAOO A O F, FJ ,
KF F!
I (Email)
H O I. , OF, MKP . F Q
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K . K , F . J . F, F F . L , F , N IL .
v F(Usenet News Groups)
PH O I . v user network . PH
H F F OJ.
(Mailing List)
I J . I M H .
d(FTP)
File Transfer Protocol . F, EPJL EP
. O, M, , , .
(Telnet)
P EPJL M EP A. EP EP A.
6.20
O N . :
n EP
n C
n
n vd ( )
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vd (ISP - Internet Service Provider) , F J G. CP F, O . W O.a - Q a -
, a I K - Q K.
I K a C - C E
A.
FK , (dial-up connection). 6.10 , J F H. F K O , F 8 ( * PJ - ), C . F Dial AO , N, vd
.
6.10
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C , H (cable) N,HJ J (w i re less ) .
NO . F K, MJ KJ AO . K KM J. PO (Search engines) M K H . , FJ C A PJ ,
(C O A!)O K, M(!) . F KJ e AO , F F F . F F, i .
(yahoo), v (Lycos), Mv (Altavista),(Hotpot), vpv (Ask Jeeves), A (Google) C P.
6.11 J
v MJ, M O,M C .
6.12
1 2 3 4 5
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C G, d, FK PL . , .
www.encarta.com
www.ipl.com (Internet Public Library)
www.loc.gov (Library of congress)
(Chatting)
F KP .
(Freeware)
C O M, L A.
NM
M G O F F. i . , NJ M A.
N
Y F , O M , A GA, J , M M A.
GO, F P A. G , J F A A. PH G . G O F. C G .
6.22 , O (Intranet, Extranet)
GF EP, O .
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EPO , , GO A . , Yd/d F A. F O , GF A. - (Intranet). F F I, , d, F .
MKF, GF , M, F J F O (Extranet) A. FPH O F. H C F M I.
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JC
I. G
1 . ________ A FO .
2 . ________ H EP H .
3. M J ________
A.4. KF M ________ .
5. v H ________ G.
6. EP ________ JA.
7. ________ I C F .
8. ________ K .9. EP EP
P ________ .
10 . A , P ________ .
II. W M MO
1 . F ?
2 . EP C .
3. EP KF ?
4. O ?
5 . (WAN) M
6. MO A?
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7. KF ?
8 . Yd (TCP) ?
9 . Q (ICANN) ?
10. (URL) ?