Introduction to Basic Principles

Types of Level Measurement

1. A STICK/SOUNDING TAPE/SITE GLASS2. MECHANICAL FLOATS3. CAPACITANCE4. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE5. RADAR/SONAR

Typical Level Sensors

Hydrostatic Pressure

• PRESSURE-FORCE/AREA• Water Column• Density and Specific

Gravity• P=h*SG/27.68• Sensor Ranging

Pressure vs Volume

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

volume

height

volu

me

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

psi

psi

height

pres

sure

Pressure is a

function of height

Volume is a function of shape

• Dimensions• Calibrations• Sounding Chart• Application nData Sheet

Scale Calculations

4-20mA Basics

• Can be run long distances with minimal loss ~1,000 ft+

• Varying impedance or supply voltage will not affect the signal.

• Low electromagnetic susceptibility• Only requires 2 wires to operate

Typical 4-20mA Loop

Remote Indicator Loop

KING Filters

• Single stage or dual stage• Main Line or Point of use• Polisher Selection• Scrubber Selection

Coalescing Filtration

• Compressed air enters• Travels through filter media• Oil and water attach to

fibers• Grow into droplets and fall

off into bowl• Replace elements yearly or

as needed

King’s Outside to Inside Flow

• More surface area for particulate

• Nozzle shaped outlet for better discharge

Removing Oil/Water Vapor

• Using desiccants to remove vapor through adsorption

Desiccant Dryers

• Compressed air passes through an adsorbent media (desiccant) such as activated charcoal, silica gel, or molecular sieve.