IntroductiontoArtificialIntelligence

1/18/17

Abitaboutme…

• PleasecallmeBryce• Myresearchisonalgorithmicgametheory

• RelatedtotheAIsubfieldofmulti-agentsystems

• I’maSwattie (classof2008)• Major:CS,(almostfinishedanECONmajor)• Activities:orchestra,windensemble,ultimate,fencing,puckers,ICPC

• MyfavoriteclassatSwatwasCS63withLisaMeeden

AdministrativeStuff

50% Labs

20% Exam1

20% Exam2

5% ClassParticipation

5% ReadingQuizzes

Coursewebpage:cs.swarthmore.edu/~bryce/cs63/s17

Besuretocheckout:• Readings• Resources

Piazzaforum:piazza.com/swarthmore/spring2017/cs63

Grading

OfficeHoursAtsomepointthissemester…

• youwillneedhelponthelabs,and• somethingfromlecturewon’tmakesense.

Whenthishappens,comeaskquestions.• Officehours

• M12:30–4:00,WF12:30–2:00• My door isusuallyopentherestofthetimetoo.

• Piazzaforum

Ihavesetaside6.5hourseveryweekforofficehours.Ifallyouattendis4hoursoflecture+lab,youwillnotgetthemostyoucanoutofthisclass!

Alothaschangedin10years…

• WatsonbeatKenandBradonJeopardy:• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P18EdAKuC1U

• Self-DrivingCarsareprogressingfast:• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsaES--OTzM

• AlphaGo beatLeeSedol atgo:• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUbqykXVx0A

WhatisAIabout?

• Onegoalofstudyingartificialintelligenceistobetterunderstandhumanintelligence.

• Anothergoalistocreatemachinesthatareassmartasorsmarterthanhumans.

• Inpractice,AIisaboutmakingcomputersandothermachinesperformtasksthat(forhumans)seemtorequireintelligence.

Somehistory

“Weproposethatatwo-month,tenmanstudyofartificialintelligencebecarriedoutinthesummerof1956atDartmouthCollege...Thestudyistoproceedonthebasisoftheconjecturethateveryaspectoflearningoranyotherfeatureofintelligencecaninprinciplebesopreciselydescribedthatamachinecanbemadetosimulateit.”-DartmouthAIProjectProposal,1955

“Aphysicalsymbolsystemhasthenecessaryandsufficientmeansforgeneralintelligentaction.”-NewellandSimon,1976

Somehistory

1958LISP

1950sPerceptron Neural Nets

1956Dartmouth Conference

1960sBlocks World

1972 Prolog

1970s Expert

Systems

1980s Backprop

Neural Nets

1980s Probabilistic Reasoning

1990s Machine Learning

1997Deep Blue

vs. Kasparov

2000s Deep Learning

Neural Nets

2010sBig Data

2000s-2010sWidespread Applications

Good old-fashioned AI

AI winter

Whatisthisclassabout?

Learning• Givendata,suchas:

• sensorreadings• pastactionoutcomes

• Constructamodeloftheworldorofhowtoact.

neuralnetworks,reinforcementlearning

Search• Anagent’smodeloftheworldincludes:

• it’scurrentstate• goalsitwantstoachieve

• Whatactionsshouldtheagenttaketomakeprogresstowarditsgoals?

routeplanning,gameplaying

Agents

Entitiesthatmakedecisionsandact.

Input:Theworldgeneratesobservations.

Output:Actionsaffecttheenvironment.

TheAgentFunction

Wecanthinkoftheentireagent,orsomeportionofitasimplementingafunction.

Afunctionmapsinputtooutput,suchas:• RobotInput:sensordata• Robotoutput:motoractions

Sometimesthisfunctiondirectlymapsinputtooutput,sometimesthereisinternalstatethataffectsthemapping.

f(history)=actionf(percept,state)=command

Modeling

Inputtoanagentisn’tacompletedescriptionoftheworld.Theagentislimitedbywhatitcanperceive.

Nowherenearallofwhatcanbeperceivedcanrealisticallybeprocessed.Somesortofabstractionmusttakeplacebeforeagentscanmakedecisions.

Anagentneedstobuildamodelfromwhatitcanperceiveandactbasedonthatmodel.Thesearehardproblems!

Abstractionhappenseverywhere

Choosingtherightlevelofabstractionatwhichtomodeltheworldiscrucial.