introduction to analysis. why a person should not fear statistics
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to ANALYSIS
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Why a person should not fear
Statistics
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Even babies can love statistics…..
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And even professors lovebabies…
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Statistics is a way to get INFORMATION from data.
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It may look complicated….
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London Heathrow Airport
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http://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/
http://www.x-rates.com/d/CAD/CNY/graph120.html
Some other statistics….
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
Let’s take a look at what statistics are and what they do.
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Charles Darwin1809-1882
Francis Galton1822-1911
Charles Spearman1863-1945
Karl Pearson1857-1936
History
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Statistics:Getting information from data.
Who (what) are we studying?Population 1. Census 2. Sample
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Statistics:Getting information from data.
Who (what) are we studying?Population 1. Census 2. Sample
a. Describeb. Infer
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Statistics:Getting information from data.
Who (what) are we studying?Population Sample
Two types of analysis 1. Descriptive 2. Inferential
Probability
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Statistics:Getting information from data.
Inferential The Probability that what we find in the Sample will apply to the whole Population.
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Statistics:Getting information from data. Inferential Whenever a sample is utilized, there will always be a “sampling error.”
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Statistics:Getting information from data. Inferential Whenever a sample is utilized, there will always be a “sampling error.”
That “sampling error” will increase as thevariability of the measure increases.
That “sampling error” will decrease as thesize of the sample increases.
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Statistics:Getting information from data. Inferential The “sampling error.”
SE nx /
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Most inferential statistics are simply the number of sampling errors a finding is from what was expected.
TestF ind ing Expecta tion
Sam plingE rror
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THIS is the universal statistic….
TestF ind ing Expecta tion
Sam plingE rror
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The universal statistic….
For example, the t-test is:
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tx
n
0
0
Or:
TestF ind ing Expecta tion
Sam plingE rror
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Ferguson’s Epitaph for a Statistician
With no applause from saint or devilHe was significant at the .05 level.He squeezed life’s data, but when doneHe failed to reach the .01.
Fergusons, G. A. (1981). Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education(5th Ed.). McGraw Hill: New York.