introduction to agricultural research

8/10/2019 Introduction to Agricultural Research

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Research Methodsand Technical Writing

By:

Eva R. Orlina

ASU-CAFES


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ntrod!ction to Agric!lt!ralResearch

TheUniversal"eed

#orResearch

$ t concerns everyone %ho hasthe ca&a'ility to cond!ctscienti(c %or)s to ena'le !s to)ee& to a co*#orta'le anda'!ndant li#e and a sa#e and

ha'ita'le &lanet earth+


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ResearchAchieve*ent in

Agric!lt!re $,enerated enor*o!s a*o!nto# relevant in#or*ation %hich#or* &art o# agric!lt!raltechnologies and innovation

!sed #or i*&roved &rod!ction+


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ResearchAchieve*ent in

Agric!lt!re

"e% high yielding varietiesAda&tation trials

Water n!trient &ests andenviron*ental *anage*entand !se

Econo*ic ret!rnsOther agric!lt!ral

'rea)thro!ghs


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The"eed#or More

ResearchinAgric!lt!re

At this &oint in ti*e it isi*&erative that research

!nderta)ings have to 'edirected to ne%er and *orechallenging (eld s!ch asco*'ating h!nger thro!gh

s!staina'le #ood &rod!ction!nder the co!rse o#!n&redicta'le cli*ate.


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The "at!re and Sco&e o#Agric!lt!ral Research

/e(nitiono#Research

Research is a ter* derived #ro* a French%ord $cerchier+ %hich *ean to see) orsearch.

A *ethod or &rocess %hich see)s ordiscover (nd o!t and e0&lain &heno*enathat are not #!lly !nderstood orso*ething that is not )no%n

n scienti(c co**!nity it is an activity

characteri1ed as a diligent !n'iased ande0ha!sti'le in2!iry o# a &artic!lar&heno*enon or other s!'3ect o# interestto increase o!r )no%ledge o# science.


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/e(nitiono#Research

Scienti(c research- e*&loys

the &rocess and &roced!res o#scienti(c *ethods"on scienti(c does not

e*&loys scienti(c *ethods


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Ai*so#Research

To serve as tool in the contin!ed search #or *ore)no%ledge to advance the #rontier o# science

and satis#y c!riosity inherent to in2!isitive *inds. To enhance grater !nderstanding o# h!*an'ehavior environ*ent and their relation shi&and interactions To generate and develo& *ore e4cienttechnologies and innovations essentials #or socio-econo*ic develo&*ent and i*&rove*ent To test veri#y *odi#y or eval!ate ne% and

e0isting technologies and innovations in the (eldso# agric!lt!re (shery #orestry and other

sciences and ind!stries. To test )no%n theories and hy&othesis #or theirvalidity.


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Characteristicso#Research

5ro'le* solving activity/evelo&*ent o# ne% &rinci&lesand generali1ations

E*&irical o'servationCollection o# novel in#or*ationRe2!ires ti*e reso!rces ande0&ertise

Syste*atic and %ell &lannedactivity"eeds a virt!o!s %or)erRe2!ires validation and testing


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BasicClassi(cation

o#Research

5!r&ose

F!nda*ental research 6 'asic researchA&&lied Research 6tries to &ro'e #!rther thetheoretical conce&t advance 'y #!nda*entalresearch !nder act!al conditions

-geared to%ards develo&*ent o# *oree4cient technologies or &artic!lar %ays o#doing things in agric!lt!re and other (elds

Action Research- advances the ai*s o# 'asicand a&&lied research to the &oint o# !tili1ation- generates technologies and innovations #or

a&&lication to s&eci(c technological sit!ations


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BasicClassi(cation

o#Research

Methods

7istorical research- see)s to doc!*ent anddescri'e &ast events/escri&tive research- intends to descri'e &resentconditions

- the data and o'servation are ta)en #ro* thes!'3ect $as they are+E0&eri*ental research - ai*s to (nd o!t %hatha&&ens 8in the #!t!re9 a#ter a certain varia'le is*odi(ed or changed as di erentiated #ro* the(rst t%o ty&es o# research. ts i**ediate ai* isto o'serve %hether the controlled e0&eri*ental#actor %o!ld &rod!ced an o'serva'le e ects.E0&eri*ental research is the *ethods !sed inthe cond!ct o# agric!lt!ral e0&eri*ents


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Ele*entso#

Research

;. The research &ro'le* - the s!'3ect o# interest theresearcher %o!ld li)e to investigate 8the research title9


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Ele*entso#

Research

Independent variableTreatment (X, thecause)

Dependent variable(Y, the efect)

Rice varieties ,rain yield &lant height

Methods o# %eeding Bio*ass %eed s&ecies

5lant densities in rice ,rain yield &lant height

Methods o# &lanting rice ,rain yield &lant height

Relative h!*idity?s F!ngal gro%thight intensities Chloro&hyll develo&*ent

@inds o# de%or*er Body %eight


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Ele*entso#

Research

. The hy&othesis- &rovides a te*&orary or&rovisional state*ent o# relationshi& thate0ist 'et%een the de&endent an

inde&endent varia'les. There are t%o

ty&es:

a. "!ll hy&othesis 87o9 - &redictsa'sence o# relationshi&

'. Alternative hy&othesis 87a9 -&redicts the &resence o# relationshi&'et%een or a*ong varia'les


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Ele*entso#

Research

. Relations - &ositive negative or no relation 5ositive

relation

=

> >

=

"egative Relation

=

> "o Relation


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Ele*entso#

Research

. E0&eri*ental Unit - a !nit o# the e0&eri*ent%here a treat*ent is a&&lied in social scienceresearch they are )no%n as !nit o# analysis.

The e0&eri*ental !nit are i*&ortant sincethey are 'asic so!rces o# the e0&eri*entaldata and !nits #or co*&arison. They areli)e%ise needed in the disc!ssion o# varia'le'eca!se val!e o# res&onse varia'le can &ossi'lyvary not 3!st 'eca!se they %ere a&&lied %ithdi erent treat*ents '!t even those that %eres!'3ected to the sa*e treat*ent.


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TheResearcher

5!nct!ality e0&erience a'ility to reasonco*&etence health originalityreso!rce#!lness conciseness honestyinterest diligence selDessnessAre yo! the one


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The 5rocess o# Research;. O'servation

O'servation is i*&ortant in the li#e o# the scientistsince this gives hi* an o&&ort!nity to ca&t!re aresearcha'le s!'3ect o# interest #ro* nat!re.Agric!lt!ral research !s!ally o'serve this &ro'le*in the la'oratory in the (eld in a &lantation ina &ro3ect or any%here else o!tside his o4ce

%here they *a)e the so called sit!ationalanalysis.O'servation is the *ost 'asic so!rce o#&ro'le*s #or research &!r&oses.


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The 5rocess o# Research


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The 5rocess o# Research. Selection o# the

test *aterials

n *any instances &ro'le*s are identi(ed %ith s&eci(c*aterials or organis* '!t in si*ilarly n!*ero!s

circ!*stances the st!dy co!ld 'e done !sing othertest *aterials or organis*s.

# %e hy&othesi1e #or e0a*&le that the ca!se o#yello%ing o# the rice &lant is nitrogen de(ciency %ecan al%ays !se other *aterials instead o# rice to

&ro'e the sa*e.# %e have a ne% 'rand o# #oliar #ertili1er and i# %e

%o!ld li)e to test its e4ciency %e have al%ays the#reedo* to choose the test &lant %hich %e 'elieve is*ost a&&ro&riate #or the st!dy


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. S&eci(cation o#vario!s treat*ent

The s&eci(cation o# treat*ent levels sho!ld 'eco*&rehensive eno!gh to yield the researchin#or*ation neededA&&ro&riate &ara*eters *!ch also 'eidenti(ed at this &oint

The selection o# &ara*eters and *eas!re*entneeds thoro!gh eval!ation since this things %ill'e !sed to assist %hatever e ect thetreat*ent have !&on the test organis*s


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. S&eci(cation o#e0&eri*ental design

The s&eci(cation o#e0&eri*ental design a&&ro&riate#or the st!dy.

- Single Factor T%o #actor etc - CR/ S/ RCB/ - Analysis o# variance

Si*ilarly other (eldtechni2!es and &roced!res toincl!de c!lt!ral *anage*ent

&ractices data gathering&roced!res and other (eldactivities necessary #or thecond!ct o# the st!dy can no%'e s&eci(ed at this &oint.


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. ,atheringo# data ando'servations


G. The &hysicalcond!ct o# the

e0&eri*ent

Ma)es !& the '!l) o# theresearch &rocess

t is in this stage o# the(eld e0&eri*entation %here

the test *aterial H organis*is gro%n and a&&lied %iththe desired treat*ent .As the e0&eri*ent&rogresses the needed dataand o'servation aregathered #ollo%ing

esta'lished &roced!res


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I. /ra%ingo#

concl!sions


J. /ata &rocessingand statisticala&&lication

As soon as all the desired in#or*ationare collected the data are &rocessedand a&&lied %ith a&&ro&riate statisticaltest and &roced!res to ena'le theresearcher to *a)e acc!rate

inter&retation and dra% theconcl!sions th!s generating ne%)no%ledge


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;K.Leri(cation


Leri(cation st!dies nor*ally #ollo% a#ter a&artic!lar st!dy has yielded very signi(cantin#or*ation to con(r* the validity o# s!chin#or*ationMoreover d!ring the cond!ct o# the st!dy theresearcher is li)e%ise e0&ected to o'serve other

researcha'le &ro'le*s related to his st!dy

%hich necessitates #!rther investigation toveri#y his res!lts or to &rovide *ore in#or*ationthat %o!ld *a)e his (ndings clearer.Cyclic #ashion o# research


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The 5rocess o# ResearchO'servation

Res!ltLeri(cation

5ro'le*denti(cati

on

,eneration

o# ne%)no%ledge

Conce&t!ali1ati

on and#or*!lation o#hy&othesis

,ro%th o#Science

E0&eri*ental/esignHother(eld&roced!re Treat*ent

and&ara*eters&eci(catio

n

Test *aterialselection

/ra%ing o#concl!sion

Res!lt

inter&retation/ata &rocessingand statisticala&&lication

/ata collection

Cond!ct o# (elde0&eri*ent

,regorio


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Re erences:

Research Methods and Technical Writing inAgric!lt!re 'y: , ,regorio

ect!re ,!ide in Scienti(c Writing'y: MM Teodosio

introduction to agricultural research

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