introduction the special plant which is producing bulk electric power is known as power plant or...
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GENERATING STATIONSINTRODUCTION
The special plant which is producing bulk electric power is known as power plant or generating station.Depending upon the form of energy converted into electrical energy generating stations are classified as:1.thermal power stations2.Hydro electric power stations3.Neuclear power stations
What is HEPHEP (Hydroelectric Power) is an
environmentally friendly way to generate electricity.
A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake.Water is allowed to flow through tunnels into the dam,to turn turbines and thus drive generators.Notice that the dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top,because the pressure of the water increases with depth.
Hydroelectric Power Plant
Water in dam (P.E.)
Turbine (M.E.)
Generator (Electrical)
Nozzle (K.E.)
Energy conversion in hydroelectric power plant
Anatomy of A Hydroelectric Power Plant
DAM
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a
reservoir
The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This
water is diverted to turbines in power stations.
SPILLWAY
A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for
spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the
release of flood water from a dam.
It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could
result in damage or failure of dams
PENSTOCK AND TUNNEL
Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines
inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with
gate systems. Water under high pressure flows through the penstock.
A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an
obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a
mountain.
SURGE TANK
Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the
purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes.
The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the
water requirements increase, it supplies the collected water thereby regulating
water flow and pressure inside the penstock.
POWER STATION
Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The
water brought to the power station rotates the vanes of the
turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This
rotational torque is transferred to the generator and is
converted into electricity.
POWER STATION CONTD
The used water is released through the tail race. The
difference between head race and tail race is called gross head
and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head
Advantages
Once the dam is built,the energy is virtually free
Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand
much more reliable than wind,solar or wave power
No waste or pollution produced
Electricity can be generated constantly
Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly unlike other power stations
disadvantages
The dams are very expensive to build,however many dams are also used for flood control or irrigation,so building costs can be shared
Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream,causing problems for animals that used to live there
Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable.
Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life.
Hydrological Cycle
Steam power plants The generating station which convertes
heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is known as thermal power station .
Steam is produed in the boiler by utilising the heat of coal combustion.steam is then expanded in the prime mover and is then condensed in the condenser to be fed into the boiler again. The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.
Steam power station
Major components of steam power plants are 1.Coal and ash handling plant2.Steam generating
plants(boiler,economiser,super heater,air preheater)
3.Steam turbine4.Alternater5.Feed water6.Cooling arrangement
Coal handling system it consists of a coal storage unit ,where coal is
stored in bulk. Clean and dry coal is then transported through conveyor system for further processing in the crusher .crushing and pulverization of coal is important to reduce the size of particles for effective combustion.
BoilerThe heat of combustion of coal is utilised to convert
water into steam at high temperature and pressure.Super heaterThe steam produed in the boiler is wet and is passed
through the superheater where it is dried and superheated
by the flue gases by their way to chimney.
EconomiserIt extracts a part of heat from the flue gases to
increase the temperature of feed water before supplying to the economiser.
Air preheaterIt extracts a part of heat from the flue gases to
increase the temperature of air used for coal combustion before supplying to the boiler.
steam turbineThe dry and superheted steam is fed to the
steam turbine .the heat energy of steam is when passing over the blades of the turbine is converted into mechanical enegy(kinetic). After giving heat energy ,the steam is fed to the condenser .
AlternatorThe steam turbine is coupled to an alternator.
It converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy .
Feed waterThe condensate from the condenser is used
as feed water in the boiler.Cooling towerThe hot water from the condenser is passed
through the cooling tower where it is cooled
Neuclear power plant
The schematic diagram of neuclear power plant is shown in fig.the whole arrangement can be divided into four main sections
1.neuclear reactor2.heat exchanger3.steam turbine4.Alternator neuclear reactor it is an apparatus in which neuclear fuel like
u235 subjected to neuclear fission.it houses the the fuel rod of uranium ,moderator (graphite rod)and control rod(cadmium)
.
Heat exchangerThe coolant gives up heat to the heat
exchanger which is utilised in raising the steam.
Steam turbineThe steam produced in the heat exchanger is
fed to the steam turbine .the heat energy of steam is when passing over the blades of the turbine is converted into mechanical enegy(kinetic). After giving heat energy ,the steam is fed to the condenser .
AlternatorThe steam turbine is coupled to an alternator.
It converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy .
Feed waterThe condensate from the condenser is used
as feed water in the boiler.Cooling towerThe hot water from the condenser is passed
through the cooling tower where it is cooled
Block diagram of typical supply system
There are two systems of tapping from the mains
1.tree system2.distributed system In tree system sub circuits are tapped from the
main circuits at some convenient place .now a days this system is out of practice.
AdvantagesThe length of the cable required for the installation
of wiring is less. So the initial cost is less .DisadvantagesFuses in the installation are scattered and location
of the fault is not easy.Voltage available at different points of load will
vary.Appearance of the system isnot so good.
Distribution system this system is most commonly used.in this system
the main distribution circuit is brought to one or more distribution boxes from where it is further distributed to different branch circuits.
Advantages1.Fault finding is easy2.The voltage available at different points of the
circuit will be the same3.Extension of the circuit is easyDisadvantagesThe length of the cable required for the installation
of wiring is more. So the initial cost is more .
Arrangement of tree system
Distribution system
Grounding/earthing
Enclosure connected to neutral wire
Ground wire connected to enclosure
System grounding