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Biologi – Achadiah Rachmawati 1

Plant Growth n Development

Achadiah Rachmawati

Introduction

• There are six plant processes that effect growthwhich are….• Photosynthesis• Respiration• Absorption• Transpiration• Translocation• Reproduction

Photosynthesis

• Process by which greenplants manufacturefood.

• The beginning of thefood chain for all livingthings on earth.

Photosynthesis

• Carbon dioxide and water are combined in thepresence of light to make sugar and oxygen.

• The Formula is….6CO2 + 6H2O + 672Kcal C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon Dioxide Water Light Glucose Sugar Oxygen



Respiration

• The process through which plant leaves, stems,and roots consume oxygen and give off carbondioxide.

• Plants produce much more oxygen throughphotosynthesis then they use throughrespiration.

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

Absorption

• The process by which plant roots take in water,air, & nutrients and conduct them to the stem.

Transpiration

• The process by whichplants roots lose waterfrom leaves and stemsthrough evaporation.



Translocation

• The process by which food and nutrients aremoved within a plant from one plant part toanother.

• Water and minerals move from the roots up tothe leaves and food moves from the leavesdown to the roots.

Translocation

Reproduction

• The plant process that increases plant numbersusually from seeds.

Plant Processes

• Photosynthesis• Respiration• Absorption• Transpiration• Translocation• Reproduction



Plant Cell Growth

Plant Cells

• Are the basic unit of life.• Nucleus and a mass of protoplasm contained with a

plasma membrane.

Nucleus

• Location of the plant’s genetic and hereditarymake-up.

Protoplasm

• The living matter of the cell.• The gel matrix inside the cell.



Plasma Membrane

• Surrounds protoplasm and allows for exchange ofnutrients and gases into and out of the cell.

Cell Wall

• The rigid structure thatprovides support for thecell and thus the wholeplant.

Other Cell Structures

• Chloroplasts• Vacuole• Plastids• Mitochondrion

The Plant Cell



Plant Tissue

• A group of cells with similar origin andfunction.

• Classified according to their….• Origin• Structure• Physiology

Origin & Function

• Meristematic• Near the tip of stems and roots where cell division

and enlargement occur.

• Vascular Cambium• Increase growth in diameter of stems.

Structure

• Simple• Usually one type of cell.

• Complex• Several types of cells.

Simple Tissues

• Epidermal• One-cell thick, outer layer, protects, prevents water

loss.

• Sclerenchyma• Have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give

strength and support to plant structures.



Complex Tissues

• Collenchyma• Have thick cell walls that strengthen and support

plant structures.

• Parenchyma• Fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients.

The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative

• Vegetative• Growth and development of buds, roots, leaves,

and stems.

The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative

• Cell elongation• Stage when cells enlarge.

• Cell differentiation• Stage when cells specialize.

The Asexual Cycle - Reproductive

• Reproductive or flowering• Plant develops flower buds that will develop into….

• Flowers• Fruits• Seeds



Stages of Plant Growth

• Juvenile• When the plant first starts to grow from a seed.

• Reproductive• When plant produces flowers, seeds, and fruits.

• Dormant• When plant rests or grows very little if any.

Growth Hormones

• Plants produce chemical substances calledhormones that inhibit or promote growth.

• Common plant hormones are….• Inhibitors• Cytokinins• Gibberellins• Auxins

Inhibitors

• Hasten fruit ripening,inhibit or restrain seedgermination and stemelongation.

STOP

Cytokinins

• Hormones that work with auxins to stimulatecell division.



Gibberellins

• Hormones that stimulate cell elongation,premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.

Grapes (Gibberellins)

WithWithout

Auxins

• Hormones that speed plant growth bystimulating cell enlargement.

Auxin and Root Development



Effects of Light, Moisture,Temperature, & Nutrients

on Plants

Light

• Necessary because ofphotosynthesis.

• Photoperiodism• The response of plants to different amounts of light

regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles.

Light

• Insufficient light causeslong, slender, spindlystems.

• Excessive light causesplants to dry out faster.

What are Tropisms?

• A plant tropisms is a growth response• Evidenced by a turning of a root or shoot toward or

away from an environmental stimulus• Hormones mediate the shifts in rates at which

different cells grow and elongate to cause theoverall response



Types of Tropisms

• Gravitropisms: is the growth response togravity– shoots grow up, roots grow down.• Auxins, together with a growth—inhibiting

hormone, may play role in promoting, or inhibiting,growth in strategic regions

• Statoliths, which are unbound starch grains in theplastids, respond to gravity and may trigger theredistribution of auxin Roots moving down toward gravity

Continue (Tropisms)…

• Phototropisms: is a growth response to light• Bending toward the light is caused by elongation of

cells (auxin stimulation on the side of the palnt notexposed to light).

• Flavoprotein, a pigment molecule probably plays arole because of its capacity to absorb bluewavelengths of light



Continue (Tropisms)…

• Thigmotropism is shift in growth triggered byphysical contact with surrounding objects.• Prevalent in climbing vines and in the tendrils that

support some plants• Auxin and ethylene may have roles in the response

Turgor Movement

• Temporary plant movement that results fromchanges in internal water pressure in a plantpart• Examples: Leaves of the sensitive plant and Venus

flytrap



Moisture

• Needed in large amounts becauseplants tissues are mostly waterand….• Water carries the nutrients.

• Turgid• When a plant is swollen or filled with moisture.

• Wilted• When a plant is limp because it does not have enough

moisture.

Moisture

• Too much water causes small root systems anddrowning.• Which is the result of air spaces in soil being filled

with water.

• Too little water causes wilting and stuntedgrowth.

Temperature

• Needs vary depending on types of plants.• Either too high or too low will have adverse effects.

vs.

Nutrients

• Essential for optimum plant conditions.• Have little effect on seed germination.



Combined Effect of Light,Moisture, Temperature, & Nutrients

• Ideal quantities and quality will give optimumplant growth.

• Each has an effect on the other factors.• Unfavorable environmental conditions for

plant growth causes diseases to be moresevere in their damages to plants.

Turgor and Tropisms

• Turgor movements are temporary plantmovements

• Tropisms are permanent growth responses

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