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Introduction andALARA PhilosophyRadiological Safety and ResponseRPT-243 -1Radiation Protection TechnologyRPT-243-1Introduction and ALARA PhilosophyACAD-08-006: 3.3.4.12; 3.3.5.5; 3.3.5.6 (partial); 3.3.8.10; 3.3.8.11; 3.3.8.14; 3.3.8.17; 3.3.8.18; 3.3.8.19; 3.3.8.21; 3.3.11.8; 3.3.11.29; 3.3.13.1 DOE: 1.09.03; 1.10.01; 1.10.02; 1.10.03; 1.10.04; 1.10.05 Duration: 2.5 hours (1.15 hr per session)Material Resources Needed: noneEquipment/Supplies: Overhead display for PowerPointAssessment/Evaluation: The learning outcomes should be reviewed at the beginning of the class and should be reviewed periodically and at the conclusion. Examination number 1 will provide a formal assessment of these learning outcomes. The learning outcomes marked with a (PE) are assessed in the PE-1. References Used in Development: Basic Radiation Protection Technology, 5th edition, Gollnick; ISBN 0-916339-11-4Nuclides and Isotopes/Chart of the Nuclides, 16th edition, Baum, Knox, Miller; ASIN: B000BUNFS8Operational Health Physics Training, Moe; ANL-88-26 (1988)DOE Health Physics Training, DOE-HDBK-1122-99 & DOE-HDBK-1122-200910CFR20 & 10CFR835 current revisionsSmith, M. K. (2005) 'Bruce W. Tuckman - forming, storming, norming and performing in groups, the encyclopedia of informal education, www.infed.org/thinkers/tuckman.htm accessed June 21, 2011.TeamSTEPPS Fundamentals Course: Module 6. Team Structure. Classroom Slides. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/teamsteppstools/instructor/fundamentals/module6/slcommunication.htm accessed June 21, 2011.Human Performance Tools for Workers, Curators of the University of Missouri, in collaboration with Linn State Technical College, 2008-2009.http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/http://www.directives.doe.govDOE G 441.1-1C, Radiation Protection Programs Guide, Certified 11-18-10Regulatory guide 8.10, Operating Philosophy For Maintaining Occupational Radiation Exposures As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable Revision 1-RRegulatory Guide 8.13, Instruction Concerning Prenatal Radiation Exposure, Revision 3

7/27/20111The following Learning Outcomes are addressed in Session 1Radiation Protection TechnologyLearning OutcomesUpon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Explain the four common stages of team formation and growth (PE).As assigned by the Instructor, participate as a contributing team member on an RPT Student team (PE).Demonstrate the use of the SLAPPS mnemonic to exercise situational awareness (PE).Demonstrate the proper use of the 3 part communication model including the use of the phonetic alphabet and numeric communication (PE).Demonstrate the proper use of the STAR acrostic to exercise self-checking (PE).

Radiation Protection TechnologyThe following Learning Outcomes are addressed in Session 2Radiation Protection TechnologyLearning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Define and discuss the interrelationship among the following:regulationregulatory guideNUREGrecommendation (health physics position papers)license conditiontechnical specification Radiation Protection TechnologyIdentify the scope, explain the principles and the use of the following standards:10CFR19, Notices, Instructions, and Reports to Workers10CFR20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation10 CFR835, Occupational Radiation Protectionregulatory guides applicable to power reactor radiological protection (such as RG 8.38, RG 8.13, and RG 8.15) Identify the ALARA philosophy for collective personnel exposure and individual exposure. Discuss why radiation exposures to individuals and to groups of workers are to be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe the assumptions on which the current ALARA philosophy is based. Identify the scope of an effective radiological ALARA program. Explain how exposure goals can be used to reduce individual and collective exposures for specific radiological jobs, for work groups, and for the plant. Explain the ALARA concept and how it is applied to radiological work at the plant (for example, time, distance, shielding, engineering controls, and source reduction). Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe the total risk concept as it applies to the prescription of radiological work controls. Describe special precautions to be used when practical to control or reduce exposures during certain radiological conditions, such as: assignment of stay times and timekeepers, continuous radiological protection technician coverage, use of alarming dosimeters or dose rate meters, use of temporary shielding, availability of low dose rate waiting areas, and removal of high dose rate sources. Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe work time reduction techniques that can be used to reduce worker radiation exposure, such as the following:pre-job planning and preparationpre-job mockup training for worker familiarityreview of procedures for workability and efficiencyuse of special tools to improve worker efficiencyimprovement of worker comfort by controlling the environment (temperature, lighting, humidity, space)prefabrication of equipment in low-dose or no-dose areasdecontamination to reduce protective clothing requirements Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe techniques by which increased distance can be used to reduce worker radiation exposure, such as:positioning workers away from hot spots or high dose areas, using remote operators or special tools to increase worker distance from a source, and removing equipment to low dose areas for maintenance.Discuss factors that determine the ultimate effectiveness of installing temporary shielding, such as the cost of installation (dollars and person-rem) versus benefit, physical space limitations, 10CFR50.59 review constraints, floor loading constraints, and pipe and pipe hanger load constraints. Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe the consequences of removing permanent or temporary shielding without proper review and authorization. Explain the responsibilities of the following personnel regarding specifying, complying with, monitoring, and enforcing radiological protection and ALARArequirements:workerworkers supervisorradiological protection technicianradiological protection supervisor Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyOutlineSession 1 IntroductionTeam DynamicsHuman Performance ImprovementSession 2Regulatory Hierarchy and RelationshipsALARA Philosophy and WhyImplementing ALARATotal Risk ConceptUse of GoalsTime Distance ShieldingResponsibilitiesQuestions

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/201112IntroductionRPT-243-1Session 1Radiation Protection TechnologyIntroductionA shift in approach:Up to this point classes have been largely theoretically based with some guided instruction in practical hands-on competenciesNow we move to largely hands-on instruction culminating in performance for evaluation. That is we will revisit some of the tasks you have been exposed to and coached through and will provide an evaluation of your performance as a team and as an individual.Radiation Protection TechnologyIntroductionAdditionally, we will introduce new aspects of previous topics, such as:Regulatory hierarchy and relationshipsMore details from the regulations regarding and implementation of controls for:LimitsPostingsAccess ControlContamination ControlEmergency ResponseALARA and Radiological PlanningUse of the BIG Three TDS

Radiation Protection TechnologyIntroductionHowever, first we will introduce some tools that will help you start to acclimate yourself to the day-to-day life of an RP technician:Team DynamicsHuman Performance Improvement

Radiation Protection TechnologyTeam Dynamics

Radiation Protection Technologyhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Working_Together_Teamwork_Puzzle_Concept.jpg accessed June 21, 20117/27/201117TeamTogether Everyone Achieves MoreMany different ways to look at TEAM function and TEAM theory exist. Arguably, the most popular model is one put forward by Bruce Tuckman in an article first published in 1965.He described four stages of team formation and growth: FormingStormingNormingPerforming

Radiation Protection TechnologyIt can be said that everyone in some shape or form is a part of some type of team possible exceptions would be the individual stranded on a deserted island even then, you are still part of the human race team; maybe you are part of the team trying to get you off of the island.

In any company, all of the employees can be considered part of the larger team that works to make the company profitable. There may be several sub-teams (departments maybe), but they there is a common goal, a common purpose, a reason for existence. There are also specific functions that each part of that team is responsible for. The management team, the maintenance team, the operations team, the radiological protection team. There may even be smaller teams within the sub-teams. Within RP you might have the internal dosimetry team, the operations group, the ALARA Job Planning team, instrumentation.

The point here is, in the work world, you are part of some team and as you can see it can get really microscopic in its structure. Often times, this structure leads to inefficiencies and functional problems. Often times, an individual or even a department might loose sight of the reason for their existence and their contribution to the overall success of the team.

For an individual to contribute such that their sub-team is an effective part of the overall team, there are certain characteristics associated with any TEAM that are helpful to be recognized and understood. Bottom line working together everyone really does achieve more.

Smith, M. K. (2005) 'Bruce W. Tuckman - forming, storming, norming and performing in groups, the encyclopedia of informal education, www.infed.org/thinkers/tuckman.htm accessed June 21, 2011.

The picture, by FredArmitage/flickr is reproduced here under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 Generic license.

7/27/201118FormingTeam members meet each other.Individual expectations as being part of the team are defined.The leaders ability to guide the team most likely is tested during the forming stage.Notes:In a high turnover organization, or one that has undergone reorganization, teams are in some stage of forming on a frequent basisNew employees or new team members always start in this stageRadiation Protection TechnologyForming - Members introduce themselves to each other and begin to define what they hope to accomplish from participating on the team. The leaders ability to guide the team most likely is tested during the forming stage.7/27/201119FormingTips for moving through this stage:Recognize where you and your team mates areStep out and introduce yourself to each otherTake time to get to know each otherSeek out a clear definition of: The teams missionExpectations on the team Individual members roles and responsibilitiesRecognize that not everyone will become comfortable on the team at the same rate

Radiation Protection TechnologyForming - Members introduce themselves to each other and begin to define what they hope to accomplish from participating on the team. The leaders ability to guide the team most likely is tested during the forming stage.7/27/201120StormingThe team begins to understand what the end goal is.However, each member may have a different idea as to how best to proceed toward that goal. Team members personal agendas may become clear as each vies for credit for ideas. Members may start to compete with each other.They may discount each others ideas.Generally, they avoid collaboration.Storming is usually the most difficult stage for the team. Radiation Protection TechnologyStorming - As the team begins to understand what the end goal is, each member may have a different idea as to how best to proceed toward that goal. Team members personal agendas may become clear, as each vies for credit for ideas. Storming is usually the most difficult stage for the team. Suddenly, the tasks that are set before the members may not seem so exciting and seem even more difficult than they did during the forming stage. Team members may begin to compete with each other, negate others ideas, and generally avoid collaboration.

7/27/201121StormingTips for moving through this stage:Stay on task help remind each other what that isLearn and use compromising and negotiating skillsEnsure goals are achievable and realisticUse the good days to share positive feelings and experiences and celebrate successesUse appropriate humor to dampen tensionKeep it positive and upbeat

Radiation Protection TechnologyEncourage team members to stay on taskTeach compromising and negotiating skills to team membersDo not allow members to devise unreasonable or unrealistic goalsAsk team members to share their feelings when the team is having a good day and members are getting along:Why was it a more productive day?What made it that way? Break the tension by introducing fun activities or light-hearted conversation Stay positive!

7/27/201122NormingTeam members: Agree on the focusAre enthusiastic Are goal-drivenAccept each otherTips:Encourage continued graciousness in giving and receiving constructive criticismStay focusedEstablish internal rules and guidelines

Radiation Protection TechnologyNorming - Team members finally agree on a focus, are enthusiastic and goal-driven, and accept each other. Competition will begin to give way to cooperation. Team members role is to:Continue to encourage graciousness in giving and receiving constructive criticismKeep all members focused on the task at handsome team members may become so friendly with each other that they may begin to discuss personal problems, instead of workEstablish rules and guidelines

7/27/201123PerformingTeam members:Identify and solve problemsImplement changesMake measurable progress toward the goalTips:Do not take advantage of each others strengths or weaknessesLook within yourself when problems are encountered Where do I need to change?Work through problems within the teamEncourage each other in taking bite sized chunksSeek to continue to bond as team membersRadiation Protection TechnologyPerforming - It is during the performing stage that team members begin to identify and solve problems, and to implement changes.

TipsDo not allow members to take advantage of others strengths or weaknessesLead others toward positive personal change by encouraging them to look within themselves when problems are encounteredAllow members the chance to work through problems by themselves, and only intervene when absolutely necessary Do not allow members to bite off more than they can chewremind everyone to take it slowly, even though they are excited to get started Continue to encourage bonding among team members

7/27/201124Mature TeamsRecognize that actions speak louder than wordsUnderstand that self-respect is a strong motivating forceAgree that placing a high value on integrity builds support within the teamHave learned that flexibility develops deep trustRecognize the need to renew themselves from time to time.

Radiation Protection TechnologyFour Stages of Team Growth

Radiation Protection TechnologyThe picture, by FredArmitage/flickr is reproduced here under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 Generic license.New employees are injected into the model and must go through the storming stage as they become a viable member of an existing team.7/27/201126Teams in SummaryForming We are watchful, polite, and guarded. We dont really know or understand the boundaries or the rules.Storming and Norming We get organized, develop skills as a team, establish procedures, give and receive feedback, and confront issues after we learn how.Performing We are close and supportive. We tend to be flexible, open, and synergistic.Together Everyone Achieves MoreRadiation Protection TechnologyExpectationsRPT Students will be split into teams by the Instructor.The Teams will stay intact over the semester until the Instructor decides otherwise.The Teams shall perform all Labs and Practical Exercises (PE) as directed by the Instructor.The Teams will be coached by the Instructor on improving team performance.

Radiation Protection TechnologyHuman Performance Improvement ToolsRadiation Protection TechnologyDefinitionAccording to Purdue University one definition of Human performance improvement is:the systematic process of discovering and analyzing important human performance gapsplanning for future improvements in human performance, designing and developing cost-effective and ethically justifiable interventions to close performance gaps, implementing the interventions, and evaluating the financial and non-financial results.Radiation Protection Technologyhttp://www.purdue.edu/physicalfacilitiestraining/human_performance_improvement.htm accessed June 23, 20117/27/201130What that meansFor the nuclear worker it means:An acknowledgement that using radioactive material involves humansThat humans make mistakes (performance gaps)Consequences of mistakes using radioactive material can have significant impact on the worker, the general public and the environmentTherefore, those performance gaps must be studied and tools implemented that will minimize the frequency of the occurrence of the gaps.Good News the tools have been already been developedRadiation Protection TechnologyFundamental ToolsFour Fundamental Tools exist that should become part of how you do business.Integrating these tools into your routine work habits will help ensure a high level of performance in everyday tasks and will assist you in responding to off normal and emergency occurrences.The four tools to be reviewed are:Situational AwarenessCommunicationsSelf-CheckingProcedure Use and AdherenceRadiation Protection TechnologySituational AwarenessRadiation Protection TechnologySituational AwarenessClearly, the workers mindset toward the task at hand sets the stage for excellence. Situation awareness tools help the worker form an accurate understanding of the work and equipment situation fostering an attitude sensitive to the presence of hazards and the possible consequences of a mistake.Situation Awareness Tools to be Considered:Task PreviewJob-Site ReviewQuestioning AttitudeStopping Work

Radiation Protection TechnologyTask PreviewJust as the name implies it is a review of a task prior to attending a pre-job briefing or starting to work.Also it should be used after extended delays in performing an activityReview procedures and related documentsWalk down the work site (may not be feasible because of dose or contamination)Radiation Protection TechnologyTask PreviewTalk to workers that have done the jobLook at old job packages for the same task (job history)Provides a structured, risk-based review from a human performance perspectiveConsider using the SAFER mnemonic to stay on track

Radiation Protection TechnologySAFERS summarize the critical stepsA anticipate errors for each critical step and relevant error precursorsF foresee probable and worse-case consequences should an error occur during each critical stepE evaluate controls or contingencies at each critical step to prevent, catch, and recover from errors and to reduce their consequencesR review previous experience and lessons learned relevant to the specific tasks and critical stepsRadiation Protection TechnologyJob-Site ReviewSometimes referred to as Take TwoUsed to improve situational awareness upon initial arrival at a work site.Take time to look at and understand critical indicators, equipment condition, work environment hazards, and team members condition and location.Helps establish a healthy sense of uneasiness, raising the questioning attitude and accuracy of your situational awareness.Based on review, hazards should be addressed prior to proceeding

Radiation Protection TechnologyQuestioning AttitudeBy definition Attitude is a state of mind or feeling toward a subject or object of interest.A questioning attitude then would a state of mind or feeling toward a subject that involves questioning what might be assumed or otherwise perceived about a job or task at hand.A questioning attitude fosters situational awareness prompting thought before action. Use the following main steps to facilitate a questioning attitude.Radiation Protection TechnologySLLAPSStop, Look, and Listen Stop at the beginning and periodically to search the work situation for warning signs such as, uncertainty, confusion, and doubts. Listen for danger words such as , I assume, probably, I think, maybe, should be, might be, etc.Ask Questions What are the knowns and unknowns? What are the points of confusion and uncertainties? Are the conditions and situations what you expected and were briefed on?Radiation Protection TechnologySLLAPSProceed - only if you are sure. Have your uncertainties be resolved with facts? Otherwise, do not proceed in the face of uncertainty!Stop when you are unsure and when uncertainties, confusion and doubts persist.Stop the workPlace the job site and equipment in a safe conditionNotify your supervisorRadiation Protection TechnologyStop WorkEvery worker has the authority and responsibility to stop any job in which they are engaged where they are uncertain and unclear about what is happening with the task. Additionally, Radiation Protection Technicians have the responsibility and authority to stop any job where, in their opinion, continuation with the work will result in an unsafe radiological situation. (Actual company guidelines will dictate the specifics of exercising that authority.) Radiation Protection TechnologyExpectationsRPT Students are expected to use the tools and techniques discussed here during all Labs and PEs.Specifically the SLLAPS mnemonic is to be used when participating in PEs using the scenario-based training approach.Students should use the thinking out loud techniques encouraged in the RPT-113 course.Students will be graded on the proper use of the SLLAPS mnemonic.

Radiation Protection TechnologyCommunicationsRadiation Protection Technology7/27/201144CommunnicationThe process by which information is exchanged between individuals, departments, or organizationsThe lifeline of the teamMost effective when it permeates every aspect of an organization

Radiation Protection TechnologyBarriers to CommunicationLanguage cultural, professional jargon, generationalDistractions noise, adjacent secondary activities, multi-tasking Physical proximity geographical, spatialPersonalities Otter, Spaniel, Lion, RetrieverWorkload overloaded schedule, collateral dutiesVarying communication styles Conflict at work, at home, at school, wife, husbandLack of information verification communicating information w/o verifying accuracy or validityShift change loss of focus, distractions

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/201146Standards for Effective CommunicationComplete Communicate all relevant information.Clear Convey information that is plainly understood.Brief Communicate the information in a concise manner.Timely Offer and request information in an appropriate timeframe.Verify authenticity.Validate or acknowledge information.

Radiation Protection TechnologyTools for Effective CommunicationUse common language professional, technical information, should be standardized.Use numeric pronunciation that is, one five vs. fifteen (can sound like fifty)Use phonetic alphabet alpha, bravo, charlie, delta Using the phonetic alphabet is unnecessary when using standard approved acronyms, such as RHR (residual heat removal).Radiation Protection TechnologyPhonetic AlphabetA - AlphaB - BravoC - CharlieD - DeltaE - EchoF - FoxtrotG - Golf H - HotelI - India J - Juliet K - Kilo

L - Lima M - Mike N - November O - Oscar P - Papa Q - Quebec R - Romeo S - Sierra T - TangoU - UniformV - VictorW -WhiskeyX - X-rayY - YankeeZ - Zulu Radiation Protection TechnologyTools for Effective CommunicationActive Listening - a way of listening that focuses entirely on what the other person is saying and confirms understanding of both the content of the message and the emotions and feelings underlying the message to ensure that understanding is accurate.

Radiation Protection TechnologyTools for Effective CommunicationUse closed loop communication (three-part communication model) - in all critical communications involving:the operation or alteration of plant equipmentthe condition of plant equipment or the value of an important parameterthe performance of steps or actions using an approved procedure task assignments that impact plant equipment or plant activitiesthe safety of personnel, the environment, or the plantFocus

Radiation Protection TechnologyClosed Loop Communication

Radiation Protection TechnologyTeamSTEPPS Fundamentals Course: Module 6. Team Structure. Classroom Slides. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/teamsteppstools/instructor/fundamentals/module6/slcommunication.htm accessed June 21, 2011.7/27/201152Roles and ResponsibilitiesThe person originating the communication is the sender and is responsible for verifying that the receiver understands the message as intended. The receiver makes sure he or she understands what the sender is saying. First, the sender gets the attention of the receiver and clearly states the message. Second, the receiver repeats the message in a paraphrased form, which helps the sender know if the receiver understands the message. (Many organizations required verbatim repeat-backs.)

Radiation Protection TechnologyHuman Performance Tools for Workers, Curators of the University of Missouri, in collaboration with Linn State Technical College, 2008-2009.

7/27/201153Roles and ResponsibilitiesDuring this exchange, the receiver restates equipment-related information exactly as spoken by the sender. In the event the receiver does not understand, they will indicate it with Say Again.Third, the sender informs the receiver whether the message is properly understood, or corrects the receiver and restates the message.Radiation Protection TechnologyHuman Performance Tools for Workers, Curators of the University of Missouri, in collaboration with Linn State Technical College, 2008-2009.

7/27/201154ScenarioOne of the shift RPTs is in the RCA and identifies a leak on the CVCS. The RPT, using the radio, calls the SS in the Unit 2 CR to report the leak.

Listen to the conversation and see if you can identify some of the tools weve named and the closed loop communication model. Radiation Protection TechnologyUse this scenario description to illustrate the overuse of acronyms in communication. This is always an issue in groups with non-nuclear or non-site personnel in it. Be sensitive to the use of acronyms.

In written communication always spell out the acronym the first time it is used in a document followed by the acronym in parenthesis.In verbal communication follow the same advice pronounce the term fully first before using the acronym alone.7/27/2011553 Part Communication DialogueRPT Shift Supervisor, this is the Shift Radiation Protection Technician.SS Shift RP, this is the SS go ahead.RPT SS, I have identified a Chemical Volume Control System leak on the 3-3-5 elevation of the Unit 2 Auxiliary Building room 2-2-5-2.SS Shift RP, I understand you have a Chemical Volume Control System leak on the 3-3-5 elevation of Unit 2 Auxiliary Building in Room 2-2-5-2.RPT- That is correct. SS Shift RP, what is the approximate leak rate and component identification for the leak.

Radiation Protection Technology3 Part Communication DialogueRP- SS, the leak rate is approximately fifteen drops per minute coming from the packing gland on the 2P-32D Charging PumpSS I understand fifty drops per minute from 2D-52B packing gland.RP That is not correct. The leak rate is one five drops per minute from two papa three-two delta packing gland.SS I understand, the leak rate is one five drops per minute from two papa three-two delta packing gland.RP That is correct.

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/201157CritiqueSenderReceiverPhonetic AlphabetNumeric CommunicationFeedbackVerbatim Repeat BackConfirmation

Radiation Protection TechnologyLead the students in critiquing the dialogue ensuring the following points are brought out:

The conversation starts with the person being called being identified (the RECEIVER) Shift Supervisor (notice it is pronounced completely first and then the acronym is used).The SENDER (Shift RP Technician) is then identified.The RECEIVER acknowledges the identity of the SENDER as well as confirming their own identity with FEEDBACK that they are prepared to receive the message.This clearly identifies the players and their roles in the closed loop modelOnce the identities and roles are established the SENDER states his message using the phonetic numeric rules we discussed. Notice the 3-3-5 pronounced three, three, five. Thats versus three-thirty five. Also notice that throughout the exchange, the person to whom the communication is being directed is identified first.The RECEIVER accepts the message and provides FEEDBACK to the SENDER on what they have received. Usually preceded by, I understand followed by a verbatim repeat back of what they heard.If the SENDER does not understand, he will request Say Again. at which time the message will be repeated by the SENDER.The RECEIVER accepts the message and provides FEEDBACK to the SENDER on what they have received. Usually preceded by, I understand followed by a verbatim repeat back of what they heard.The SENDER listens carefully to the repeat back for accuracy related to the message sent.If the repeat back is correct the SENDER confirms the accuracy with That is correct. In which case the communication is either completed or ready for the next message. If the repeat back is not correct the SENDER replies with That is NOT correct. In which case the message is repeated and the repeat back and confirmation step is repeated.

7/27/201158ExpectationsThe three part communication model will be used in all Labs and Practical Exercises for the RPT Program. Students will be graded on use of the model.The phonetic alphabet will be used when communicating alpha characters during all Labs and Practical Exercises for the RPT Program. Students will be graded on use of the phonetic alphabet.Numeric communication will use the pronunciation of the number, i.e. one-five vs. fifteen. Students will be graded on use of numeric communication.Radiation Protection TechnologySelf-CheckingRadiation Protection TechnologySelf-CheckingSelf-checking enables the worker to focus their attention on a specific step of the task at hand to:Think about the intended action and Understand the expected outcome before acting and then,To verify expected results are obtained after the action has been taken.Radiation Protection TechnologySelf-CheckingUsed most often when:manipulating plant equipmententering data into a computer recording data on a formperforming a calculationwhen assembling components with similar partsUse the STAR acrostic

Radiation Protection TechnologySTARStop Pause and focus attention on performing the self-checkThink engage your mind to consider:do you understand what you are going to do? what the expected result will be? a contingency if the expected result does not occur ?are there questions that need to be answered?Radiation Protection TechnologySTARAct perform the correct action on the intended componentLook at, touch, and read the component labelCompare what is there with documentationMaintain contact and perform the actionReview verify the expected result was achievedIf not, perform the contingency actionNotify the supervisor as appropriateRadiation Protection Technology7/27/201164ExpectationsRPT Students will be expected to employ the STAR acrostic during those Labs and Exercises which require:manipulating plant equipmententering data into a computer recording data on a formperforming a calculationThe students should use the thinking out loud techniques encouraged in RPT-113 PEs.Students will be graded on the use of the STAR acrostic.

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/201165Procedure Use and AdherenceRadiation Protection TechnologyProcedure Use and AdherenceEvery organizations procedure hierarchy and expectations regarding the use of the procedures at different levels within that hierarchy will vary considerably.However, most facilities using radioactive materials will have a procedure structure similar to the following:Administrative Procedures describe the manner in the organizations departments fulfill the vision and mission of the organization as well as satisfying regulatory requirements. Radiation Protection TechnologyProcedure Use and AdherenceMost facilities using radioactive materials will have a structure similar to the following:Administrative Procedures- Implementing Procedures describe the step by step means by which the requirements of the Administrative Level Procedures are satisfied.They may be categorized by the discipline to which they apply.These may have different kinds of procedures:Surveillance ProceduresMaintenance ProceduresOperating ProceduresRadiation Protection TechnologyProcedure Use and AdherenceAdherence means understanding the intent and purpose of a procedure and following its direction. The user follows the steps of the procedure as they are sequenced and as they are written. However, if it can not be followed as written, the work is stopped and the procedure is corrected. The expectation is not BLIND compliance but THINKING compliance. Use means the frequency or degree of reference by the user versus dependence on the users memory or recall.

Radiation Protection TechnologyProcedure Use and AdherenceWithin the categories discussed above, the level of use for the procedure will typically be designated as one of the following:Continuous Use for complex or infrequently performed tasks where an improper action would result in an immediate impact on safety, production, or reliability.Reference Use for complex or infrequently performed tasks where the consequences of an improper action may not be immediate.Radiation Protection TechnologyProcedure Use and AdherenceWithin the categories discussed above, the level of use for the procedure will typically be designated as one of the following:Information Use - for activities, usually administrative in nature, that do not require direct contact with plant equipment or components and do not have immediate consequences when performed incorrectlyRadiation Protection TechnologyProcedure Use and AdherenceHow?Continuous Use Read and understand each step before performing the stepComplete each step before moving to the next stepComplete in the sequence providedUse a place keeping techniqueKeep the procedure document in the presence of the user continuouslyRadiation Protection TechnologyProcedure Use and AdherenceReference Use Review and understand segments before performing any steps, periodically, and as each segment is completedSegments can be performed from memoryUse place keeping as neededKeep the document at the work siteReview the document at the completion of the task

Radiation Protection TechnologyProcedure Use and AdherenceInformation Use Activity can be done from memoryReview the procedure before useKeep the document available and review as needed

Radiation Protection TechnologyExpectationsAs they are made available RPT Students are expected to adhere to the proper use of the procedure as described here and as directed by the Instructor.Radiation Protection TechnologyRPT-243Practical Exercise - 1

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/201176ALARARPT-243-1Session 2Radiation Protection TechnologyLearning Outcomes Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Define and discuss the interrelationship among the following:regulationregulatory guideNUREGrecommendation (health physics position papers)license conditiontechnical specification Radiation Protection TechnologyIdentify the scope, explain the principles and the use of the following standards:10CFR19, Notices, Instructions, and Reports to Workers10CFR20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation10 CFR835, Occupational Radiation Protectionregulatory guides applicable to power reactor radiological protection (such as RG 8.38, RG 8.13, and RG 8.15) Identify the ALARA philosophy for collective personnel exposure and individual exposure. Discuss why radiation exposures to individuals and to groups of workers are to be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe the assumptions on which the current ALARA philosophy is based. Identify the scope of an effective radiological ALARA program. Explain how exposure goals can be used to reduce individual and collective exposures for specific radiological jobs, for work groups, and for the plant. Explain the ALARA concept and how it is applied to radiological work at the plant (for example, time, distance, shielding, engineering controls, and source reduction). Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe the total risk concept as it applies to the prescription of radiological work controls. Describe special precautions to be used when practical to control or reduce exposures during certain radiological conditions, such as: assignment of stay times and timekeepers, continuous radiological protection technician coverage, use of alarming dosimeters or dose rate meters, use of temporary shielding, availability of low dose rate waiting areas, and removal of high dose rate sources. Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe work time reduction techniques that can be used to reduce worker radiation exposure, such as the following:pre-job planning and preparationpre-job mockup training for worker familiarityreview of procedures for workability and efficiencyuse of special tools to improve worker efficiencyimprovement of worker comfort by controlling the environment (temperature, lighting, humidity, space)prefabrication of equipment in low-dose or no-dose areasdecontamination to reduce protective clothing requirements Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe techniques by which increased distance can be used to reduce worker radiation exposure, such as:positioning workers away from hot spots or high dose areas, using remote operators or special tools to increase worker distance from a source, and removing equipment to low dose areas for maintenance.Discuss factors that determine the ultimate effectiveness of installing temporary shielding, such as the cost of installation (dollars and person-rem) versus benefit, physical space limitations, 10CFR50.59 review constraints, floor loading constraints, and pipe and pipe hanger load constraints. Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyDescribe the consequences of removing permanent or temporary shielding without proper review and authorization. Explain the responsibilities of the following personnel regarding specifying, complying with, monitoring, and enforcing radiological protection and ALARArequirements:workerworkers supervisorradiological protection technicianradiological protection supervisor Learning Outcomes (contd)Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:Radiation Protection TechnologyOutlineSession 2Regulatory Hierarchy and RelationshipsALARA PhilosophyWhatWhereWhenWhoWhyImplementing ALARA the HowUse of GoalsTime Distance ShieldingResponsibilities

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/201185DefinitionsRegulationFor our purpose we will define regulation as it applies to our industry. In order to do that, we need a little background.Congress has authorized the formation of the various regulatory commissions by the Executive Branch which exist for the purpose of overseeing highly specialized or technical endeavors. In our case the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).The Department of Energy and other departments serve at the cabinet level to advise the President in specific areas of our society and oversee the administration of the departments.Radiation Protection TechnologyDefinitionsRegulationAll of the agencies, departments and commissions promulgate rules for operating.The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) is the United States federal law that governs the way in which those administrative agencies of the federal government may propose and establish the rules or regulations. Under the APA, the various agencies and commissions are permitted to promulgate detailed rules and regulations through a public "rulemaking" process where the public is allowed to comment. Radiation Protection TechnologyDefinitionsRegulationAfter a period of time, the rules and regulations are usually published in the Federal Register as The Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) and carry the full force of administrative law (regulations).The CFR is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation.The Title that we will focus on here is Title 10 Energy Other Titles used in our profession would be:Title 29 Labor (OSHA)Title 49 Transportation (RAM Shipping)Radiation Protection TechnologyThe Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. It is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. Each volume of the CFR is updated once each calendar year and is issued on a quarterly basis.

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/ accessed July 7, 2011.

http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=1dbd076057b40743d67e226609c8c7f6&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title10/10tab_02.tpl accessed July 7, 2011

Click on the hyper link on Energy in the slide and point out the NRC parts and the DOE parts7/27/201188DefinitionsRegulatory GuideRegulatory Guides (RG) provides:guidance to licensees and applicants on implementing specific parts of the NRC's regulations, techniques used by the NRC staff in evaluating specific problems or postulated accidents, and data needed by the staff in its review of applications for permits or licenses.May be used by DOE when referenced in their implementing guides.Radiation Protection Technologyhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/ Accessed July 7, 2011

Regulatory guides are issued in the following 10 broad divisions:

Power ReactorsResearch and Test ReactorsFuels and Materials FacilitiesEnvironmental and SitingMaterials and Plant ProtectionProductsTransportationOccupational HealthAntitrust and Financial Review General

7/27/201189DefinitionsRegulatory GuideInterestingly enough, RGs are not regulations and do not have to be followed. However, best be sure that you know that you are satisfying regulation with the method(s) you are using.

Radiation Protection Technologyhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/ Accessed July 7, 2011

Regulatory guides are issued in the following 10 broad divisions:

Power ReactorsResearch and Test ReactorsFuels and Materials FacilitiesEnvironmental and SitingMaterials and Plant ProtectionProductsTransportationOccupational HealthAntitrust and Financial Review General

7/27/201190DefinitionsNUREGReports or brochures on regulatory decisions, results of research, results of incident investigations, and other technical and administrative information.Publications Prepared by NRC Staff NUREG-(nnnn)Brochures Prepared by NRC Staff NUREG/BR-(nnnn)Conference Proceeding Prepared by NRC Staff or Contractors NUREG/CP-(nnnn)Publications Prepared by NRC Contractors NUREG/CR-(nnnn)

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/201191DefinitionsNUREGPublications Resulting from International Agreements NUREG/IA-(nnnn)Publications Available in the Agencywide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS)Drafts for CommentNot regulation, rather a communication tool. Radiation Protection Technologyhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/ Accessed July 7, 2011

7/27/201192DefinitionsHealth Physics Position PapersThe Health Physics Positions (HPPOS) Database (NUREG/CR-5569, Rev. 1, 1994) is a compilation of NRC staff positions on a wide range of topics involving radiation protection (health physics). It consists of over 300 documents in the forms of letters, memoranda, and excepts from technical reports. The HPPOS Database was developed by NRC Headquarters and Regional Offices to help ensure uniformity in inspections, enforcement, and licensing actions.Again not regulation, but very valuable to help understand what the regulations mean to accomplish.Radiation Protection Technologyhttp://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/protects-you/hppos/hppos.html accessed July 7, 2011

7/27/201193DefinitionsLicense Condition and Tech Specs10CFR50 DOMESTIC LICENSING OF PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION FACILITIES is the federal regulation that stipulates the application and licensing process to be followed for a nuclear power plant.The regulation requires that the applicant provide a description and safety assessment of the site and a safety assessment of the facility.Radiation Protection TechnologyIt is expected that reactors will reflect through their design, construction and operation an extremely low probability for accidents that could result in the release of significant quantities of radioactive fission products. http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0034.html 10CFR50 also specifies that as part of the application process, the plant must submit a set of technical specifications for the plant. http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0036.html DefinitionsLicense Condition and Tech SpecsRadiation Protection TechnologyIf possible, bring up the following web-site to illustrate the level of detail required for the license application and the administrative controls put in place.Browse through the tech spec section showing the limiting conditions of operation, 7/27/201195The process also requires the applicant develop a detailed Emergency Plan that becomes part of their license. http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0047.html Each licensee is required to develop and implement policies and procedures as necessary to ensure that the plant is operated in a manner that maintains the integrity of the license requirements.This includes Abnormal and Emergency Operating Procedures (AOPs and EOPs)Additional License Conditions may be stipulated in the actual License issued.DefinitionsLicense Condition and Tech SpecsRadiation Protection TechnologyIf possible, bring up the web-sites to illustrate the level of detail required for the license application and the administrative controls put in place.Browse through the tech spec section showing the limiting conditions of operation, Show the E-plan section7/27/201196Specific Regulations and GuidesScope, Principles and UseRadiation Protection Technology10 CFR 19, Notices, Instructions, and Reports to WorkersWorkers rights, responsibilities , and protectionNRCs obligations regarding inspections and reportsLicensees rights and responsibilitiesAddressed in station proceduresApplies to NRC Licensed Operations

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part019/part019-0001.htmlRadiation Protection TechnologyGo to the link at the bottom of the slide to look at the various sections illustrating the bullets7/27/20119810 CFR 20, Standards for Protection Against RadiationEstablish standards for protection against ionizing radiation resulting from activities conducted under licenses issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.It is the purpose of the regulations in this part to control the receipt, possession, use, transfer, and disposal of licensed material by any licensee in a manner that prevents the limits from being exceeded.Implemented by station procedures.http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/Radiation Protection TechnologyGo to the link at the bottom of the slide to look at the various sections illustrating the bullets7/27/20119910 CFR 835, Occupational Radiation ProtectionThe rules in this part establish radiation protection standards, limits, and program requirements for protecting individuals from ionizing radiation resulting from the conduct of DOE activities. Implemented by directives, implementation guides, and site procedures.

http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=a0ed5212bc08d5c0c423998a161a577d&rgn=div5&view=text&node=10:4.0.2.5.27&idno=10#10:4.0.2.5.27.1.82.1

https://www.directives.doe.gov/directives/current-directives/441.1-EGuide-1c/view

Radiation Protection TechnologyGo to the first link at the bottom of the slide to look at the various sections of 10 CFR835 illustrating the bullets.The second link goes to the Implementation Document for 10CFR835 Directive 441.1-1C

Explain the difference between 10 CFR 20 (NRC) and 10 CFR 835 (DOE)Show the exceptions in 10CFR835.7/27/2011100Power Reactor RP Regulatory GuidesRG- 8.13 - Instruction Concerning Prenatal Radiation Exposure - This regulatory guide is intended to: provide information to pregnant women, and other personnel,to help them make decisions regarding radiation exposure during pregnancy. This Regulatory Guide 8.13 supplements Regulatory Guide 8.29, Instruction Concerning Risks from Occupational Radiation Exposure, which contains a broad discussion of the risks from exposure to ionizing radiation.Radiation Protection TechnologyNote that the RGs are issued by the NRC7/27/2011101Power Reactor RP Regulatory GuidesRG- 8.10 - Operating Philosophy For Maintaining Occupational Radiation Exposures As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable - This regulatory guide describes to licensees a general operating philosophy acceptable to the NRC staff as a necessary basis for a program of maintaining occupational exposures to radiation as low as is reasonably achievable.Establishes:The equivalence of collective and individual doses as it pertains to ALARA philosophyTwo main conditions for any organizations ALARA program to be effective (discussed later)Radiation Protection TechnologyNote that the RGs are issued by the NRC DOE may or may not reference their use in directives and implementing guides.

The content of RG 8.10 will be discussed in more depth later in ALARA Section.7/27/2011102Power Reactor RP Regulatory GuidesRG- 8.38 - Control Of Access To High And Very High Radiation Areas In Nuclear Power Plants - This regulatory guide describes methods that the NRC staff finds acceptable for implementing the specific requirements applicable to controlling access to high radiation areas in 10 CFR 20.1601, and additional requirements to prevent unauthorized or inadvertent entry into very high radiation areas which are in 10 CFR 20.1602. Radiation Protection Technology7/27/2011103ALARAWhat, Where, When, Who, and WhyRadiation Protection TechnologyWhat is ALARA?According to 10 CFR 835 - ALARA means "As Low As is Reasonably Achievable," which is the approach to radiation protection to manage and control exposures (both individual and collective) to the work force and to the general public to as low as is reasonable, taking into account social, technical, economic, practical, and public policy considerations.

Radiation Protection TechnologyIndividual and collective will be discussed later in the lesson plan.7/27/2011105What is ALARA?According to 10 CFR 835 As used in this part, ALARA is not a dose limit but a process which has the objective of attaining doses as far below the applicable limits of this part as is reasonably achievable.

Radiation Protection TechnologyReference page 447 in Gollnick, figure 1Discuss 7/27/2011106According to 10 CFR 20 ALARA (acronym for as low as is reasonably achievable) means making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits in this part as is practical consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic onsiderations and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public interest.What is ALARA?Radiation Protection TechnologyWhat is ALARA?So according to the regulations it is an acronym that refers to:an approach, a process, and making every reasonable effort to keep individual and collective operational doses and doses to the general public as low as is reasonably achievable.Radiation Protection TechnologyIndividual and collective doses will be discussed later in this LP.7/27/2011108Where and When is ALARA Required?As noted previously, ALARA is applicable to any activity performed by a licensee while conducting activities associated with that license or while engaged in approved DOE activities.Within 10 CFR 20.1101(b) Radiation Protection ProgramsThe licensee shall use, to the extent practicable, procedures and engineering controls based upon sound radiation protection principles to achieve occupational doses and doses to members of the public that are as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA).Radiation Protection TechnologyWhere and When is ALARA Required?Within 835.101(c) Radiation Protection Programs, The content of each Radiation Protection Program shall be commensurate with the nature of the activities performed and shall include formal plans and measures for applying the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) process to occupational exposure.10CFR835 also requires that ALARA be considered in the design and modification of facilitiesRadiation Protection TechnologyWhere and When is ALARA Required?Both make application of the ALARA requirement to Planned Special Exposures (addressed in the next lecture).10 CFR 20 specifically makes application of ALARA to include TEDE (that is internal as well as external dose equivalent) as well as deactivation and termination of a licensed facility.In daily application, ALARA can be engaged in every activity associated with radiation protection including contamination control and radioactive waster generation.Radiation Protection TechnologyWho Does ALARA Apply To?Both 10 CFR 20 and 10 CFR 835 includes occupational exposure (workers) and exposure to members of the general public.Both include the concept of individual and collective doses.Each individual is tasked with the responsibility for maintaining their dose ALARAEach organization is tasked with keeping their collective doses ALARAUsually taken down to the department and even the section level.Treated as a dose budgetRadiation Protection TechnologyWhy ALARA?As we will study later, the regulations establish limits on personnel exposure well below that which will cause noticable effects.So why have additional requirements to keep the dose received ALARA below those limits?Remember from RPT-103 the various Dose versus Risk Models?Several theories exist regarding at what point dose imposes measurable risk.

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/2011113Dose vs Risk RelationshipsRisk10 remDoseAll statistically significant results involve >10 remRadiation Protection TechnologyRiskDoseLinear-quadratic, no threshold.Dose vs Risk RelationshipsRadiation Protection TechnologyRiskDoseLinear-quadratic, threshold.Dose vs Risk RelationshipsRadiation Protection TechnologyRiskDoseLinear, threshold.Dose vs Risk RelationshipsRadiation Protection TechnologyRiskDoseLinear, non-threshold (LNT).Dose vs Risk RelationshipsRadiation Protection Technology HormesisDoseRiskDose vs Risk RelationshipsRadiation Protection TechnologyRiskDoseLinear, non-threshold (LNT).Basis for regulation, ALARA.Dose vs Risk RelationshipsRadiation Protection TechnologyWhy ALARA?Although the risks and biological effects to human exposures have been shown to not conclusively exist at lower doses ( 1person-rem but < 10 person-rem ALARA Planning Group planning process> 10 person-rem ALARA Group Planning plus review and approval by ALARA CommitteeRadiation Protection TechnologyRWPGeneral RWPs (sometimes called Standing RWPs) are for routine tasks with low radiological impact into areas where radiological conditions are usually considered to be static. Usually dont allow entry into High Radiation, Contaminated, or Airborne Areas.Although the total estimated dose is high, the effective dose rate will be very low. These are usually written for long periods of time, quarterly or annually in some cases.Radiation Protection TechnologyRWPSpecific RWPs are for tasks:in areas not permitted by a General RWPrequiring the breech of a radioactive systemthat may change the radiological conditions of the areaInvolve detailed job planning through the ALARA process

Radiation Protection TechnologyDose AssessmentDetermine effective dose rate for the work area (in rem/hour). Use historical data where available.Determine estimated person-hour for the job in the dose rate area. Use historical data where available.Multiple the two together to obtain the person-rem estimate for the job.

This will determine the level of additional review required (if any).

Radiation Protection TechnologyCost-Benefit Analysis for ALARA ActionsBoth 10CFR835 and 10CFR20 talk in terms of substantial reduction of doses at a reasonable cost.The obvious question to answer is How much is a person-rem worth when doing a cost benefit analysis?Depending on which plant and whether you are DOE or NRC you will come up with differing answers.The average number is placed somewhere around $13,000 per person-rem.

Radiation Protection TechnologyGollnick pg 4487/27/2011144Cost-Benefit Analysis for ALARA Actions - ScenarioLets say that based on the dose assessment, you have a recurring job that will cost 15.0 person-rem to perform every year when it is done.If you install permanent shielding, it will reduce the person-rem received to 10.0 person-rem every year.What is the maximum dollar value for the shielding project to be cost effective from an ALARA perspective. Use $13,000 per person-rem.

Radiation Protection TechnologyGollnick pg 4487/27/2011145Cost-Benefit Analysis for ALARA Actions - ScenarioWhat is the maximum cost dollar value for the shielding project to be cost effective from an ALARA perspective. Use $13,000 per person-rem.

5 person-rem saved every year$13,000 per person-rem= $85,000

Radiation Protection TechnologyGollnick pg 4487/27/2011146ALARABig ThreeThe most effective tools in the ALARA arsenal are still the fundamental ones.Time -anything that can be done to reduce the amount of time spent in a dose rate field WILL reduce the dose received. For example:Pre-planningDetailed plans and proceduresTool listsScrubbing the task to identify the best wayPre-fab outside of dose areaDecontaminate area to reduce clothing requirements (improves efficiency)

Radiation Protection TechnologySee page 452 in Gollnick, Fig. 4

Time - Dose is directly proportional limiting the time of exposure (low dose areas)PreplanningMockupsExperienced workersExternal vs. internal exposure (does PPE increase time in field)Written work plansPre-staging materials and verifying all needed supplies and parts are available at the jobsite

Distance Dose is Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (pt. source)Much more important than Time in exposure controlRemote workExtended tools

ShieldingReview basic rad fundamentals for shielding alpha, beta, gamma, and neutrons and 1/10 value layers

7/27/2011147ALARABig ThreeTime -anything that can be done to reduce the amount of time spent in a dose rate field WILL reduce the dose received. For example:Dry RunsMock-upsUse experienced workersAutomated processes versus manual onesStay time assignment and trackingImprove physical environment (temperature and humidity), increases worker efficiency.Radiation Protection TechnologySee page 452 in Gollnick, Fig. 4

Time - Dose is directly proportional limiting the time of exposure (low dose areas)PreplanningMockupsExperienced workersExternal vs. internal exposure (does PPE increase time in field)Written work plansPre-staging materials and verifying all needed supplies and parts are available at the jobsite

Distance Dose is Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (pt. source)Much more important than Time in exposure controlRemote workExtended tools

ShieldingReview basic rad fundamentals for shielding alpha, beta, gamma, and neutrons and 1/10 value layers

7/27/2011148ALARABig ThreeDistance Obviously, the further from the source of radiation, the less dose will be received. More effective than timeRemember the inverse square law? If the source is a point source, the dose change is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source Use remote handling devicesUse long-handled toolsRemove the work to a low dose rate areaPosition worker away from sourceRobotics (time and distance)

Radiation Protection TechnologySee page 452 in Gollnick, Fig. 4

Time - Dose is directly proportional limiting the time of exposure (low dose areas)PreplanningMockupsExperienced workersExternal vs. internal exposure (does PPE increase time in field)Written work plansPre-staging materials and verifying all needed supplies and parts are available at the jobsite

Distance Dose is Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (pt. source)Much more important than Time in exposure controlRemote workExtended tools

ShieldingReview basic rad fundamentals for shielding alpha, beta, gamma, and neutrons and 1/10 value layers

7/27/2011149ALARABig ThreeShielding reduce the dose rate reduce the dose.Watch the dose required to install it and, if its temporary, to remove it you must be able to show it is a cost-effective installation.Ensure it is the proper shielding dont use lead for high beta dose rates Bremsstrahlung.For temporary shielding engineering evaluations are required for system components and piping.Radiation Protection TechnologySee page 452 in Gollnick, Fig. 4

Time - Dose is directly proportional limiting the time of exposure (low dose areas)PreplanningMockupsExperienced workersExternal vs. internal exposure (does PPE increase time in field)Written work plansPre-staging materials and verifying all needed supplies and parts are available at the jobsite

Distance Dose is Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (pt. source)Much more important than Time in exposure controlRemote workExtended tools

ShieldingReview basic rad fundamentals for shielding alpha, beta, gamma, and neutrons and 1/10 value layers

7/27/2011150ALARABig ThreeShielding reduce the dose rate reduce the dose.For permanent installations station modification process must be followed with requisite engineering and safety evaluations performed. May require a station license amendment.Since all shielding serves such a critical role in enabling dose reduction, unauthorized removal or tampering with it is a major offense and is dealt with as such. RP must approve and be present for any alteration of shielding.

Radiation Protection TechnologySee page 452 in Gollnick, Fig. 4

Time - Dose is directly proportional limiting the time of exposure (low dose areas)PreplanningMockupsExperienced workersExternal vs. internal exposure (does PPE increase time in field)Written work plansPre-staging materials and verifying all needed supplies and parts are available at the jobsite

Distance Dose is Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (pt. source)Much more important than Time in exposure controlRemote workExtended tools

ShieldingReview basic rad fundamentals for shielding alpha, beta, gamma, and neutrons and 1/10 value layers

7/27/2011151Source Term Reduction / RemovalSystem decontamination chemical cleaningFlushing crud from hot spotsComponent replacementStrippable coatingsEngineeringInitial Design and subsequent design changesContainment huts, glovebags, gloveboxesInstalled or temporary ventilation

ALARABeyond the BasicsRadiation Protection TechnologyHow can you reduce the source? Decon, flush, relocate, strippable coatings***Briefly discuss each method.***

EngineeringFacility design ConfinementContainment huts, glovebags, gloveboxes, Ventillation installed, (negative pressure, low contamination to highest contamination flow path) portableShielding

AdministrativeWritten proceduresRadiological action stepsDose limitsPermits (RWP)Stay TimePostings and barricadesAccess controlTrainingPPEPCs (types and limitations)Respiratory (Types and Limitations)7/27/2011152Administrative addressed earlierPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)Industrial SafetyFall protectionHearing protectionEye protectionRadiological safetyProtective clothingRespiratory protection

Bag the source, not the worker. James TisaranniALARABeyond the BasicsRadiation Protection TechnologyHow can you reduce the source? Decon, flush, relocate, strippable coatings***Briefly discuss each method.***

EngineeringFacility design ConfinementContainment huts, glovebags, gloveboxes, Ventilation installed, (negative pressure, low contamination to highest contamination flow path) portableShielding

AdministrativeWritten proceduresRadiological action stepsDose limitsPermits (RWP)Stay TimePostings and barricadesAccess controlTrainingPPEPCs (types and limitations)Respiratory (Types and Limitations)7/27/2011153Whos Job Is It Anyway?The short answer is everyones. Each has a specific role.The individual worker is responsible to conduct their business as described by the procedures, policies, and work documents and to own their dose.The work group supervisor is responsible for ensuring the worker is informed, equipped, and empowered to do their tasks in a manner that controls dose. The supervisor also facilitates tracking and managing the work group dose budget.

Radiation Protection TechnologyWhos Job Is It Anyway?The RP Technician is responsible for the planning, implementation, and monitoring that contributes to the overall safest work environment for the worker. Also responsible for protecting the environment, and the general public from the harmful effects of radiation.The RP Supervisor is responsible for ensuring that the radiological conditions of the facility are monitored and that the appropriate procedures, policies and postings are enacted that communicates the hazards to the working population.

Radiation Protection TechnologyWhos Job Is It Anyway?The RP Supervisor is also responsible for ensuring that the RP technicians are well trained and properly equipped as well as working with the work group supervisors in monitoring and keeping their groups dose ALARA.

Radiation Protection TechnologyVideoWays to Save a MilliremRadiation Protection Technology7/27/2011157What Are Your Questions?

Radiation Protection TechnologyRPT-243Practical Exercise - 2

Radiation Protection Technology7/27/2011159