Introduc)ontoOutdoorLigh)ng

AndHowitAffectsLightPollu)on

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

ScopeofLesson

•  Wewilldiscussthehistoryofoutdoorligh)ng

•  Itspurpose•  TypesofLamps•  FundamentalsofDesign•  Whytoomuchlightatnightisharmful

•  Ac)vi)estodemonstrategoodligh)ng.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

NighHme

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

DefineNightscape•  Formanycenturiesthenightscapewasthemoonandstars.Duringafullmoonitwouldberela)velybrightandduringanewmoon,ratherdark.

•  Forurbandwellersoverthelast100yearsithascometobedescribedasligh)ngbuildings,streets,andopenspaces.

•  Couldtherebeacompromise?

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

History

•  Streetligh)ngasweknowitbeganapproximately300yearsago.

•  Thesewereoillampsplacedonwoodenpoles

•  Bytheearly18thcenturyoillampsweres)llusedbutthepolesandlampsweremadeofcast‐ironfixtures.

•  Thebeginningofthe19thsawgaslampscomeintouse.

•  Bythe20thcenturyelectriclampswereinwideuse.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Whatisoutdoorligh)ngnow?

•  Streetligh)ng•  Roadwayligh)ng•  Parks•  Stadiums•  Parkinglots•  Landscaping•  Residen)al•  Buildings•  PedestrianandBicyclingPathways

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Purposeofoutdoorligh)ng

•  Provideasafeandsecureenvironmentatnight.

•  Extendtheuseofparksandwalkwaysintothenight.

•  Toenhancehistoric/notablefeatures

•  Toenhancetravelontheroadsandatintersec)ons.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Whatislightpollu)on?•  Itiswastedlightthatperformsnofunc)onortask

–  Suchasskyglow–  Glare

•  Itisar)ficiallightthatgoeswhereit’snotsupposedtogo–  Neighbor’swindow–  Intothesky

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

OutdoorLigh)ng

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Outdoorligh)ngshould…•  Enhancevisibility,notimpedeit

•  Notproduceglare•  Beapartofthetotalnightscape,notallofit

•  Notallowlighttrespassonother’sproperty

•  Haveamasterplan

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Outdoorligh)ngshould…

•  Provideasafeandsecureenvironment•  Createsaferoutesfortraffic,cyclistsandpedestrians

•  Facilitatetheextendeduseofoutdoorspaces

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

ShieldedLuminaires

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

ImportanceofShieldingLight

•  Unshieldedlightsproduce– SkyGlow– Glare

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

TheIssues

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

UnshieldedLuminairesWasteEnergy

•  Lightthatspillsout,awayfromthetaskitneedstobeusedforiswastedenergy,andwastedmoney.

•  Environmentallyresponsibleoutdoorligh)ngreducesthiswasteandcostsnomorethanearliermanufacturedlightfixtures.

•  Below‐theEscondidoEduca)onCenterbeforeonthele^anda^erontheright.Unnecessarylightsontheroofonlyaddedtotheirlightbill,nottothesafetyoftheparkinglot.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Non‐shieldedlightsareunsafe•  Theglaringlamptotherightofthepathwasinstalledtoprotectstudents

atnight.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Wheredidthestudentgo?

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Nega)veImpactonWildlife

•  Animalsandplantslivebyarhythmbasedona24hourcycle.Wildlifeandfishcanbecomedisorientedbytoomuchar)ficiallightatnight.

•  Itinterfereswithmigra)on,ma)ng,foragingforfood,andsleep.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Nega)veImpactonHumanHealth

•  Lighttrespassintobedroomsdisruptssleeppa`erns.

•  Glareinoureyescanbeblindingandreduceournightvision.

•  Newresearchisbeingdonetodiscovertheimpacttoourbiologicalclocks.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Nega)veImpactonAstronomy

•  Lightpollu)onnega)velyaffectsoneofourgreatestnaturallaboratories,thenightskies.

•  Thisisanimportantindustrythathasgivenus

– Cellphonetechnology– X‐rays,MRI’s,andmedicalimaging

– Satellitecommunica)ons

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Solu)ons

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Solu)ons•  Outdoorlightsshouldbe

“fullcut‐off”or“fullyshielded.”Thatmeansnolightabovethe90degreeangle.

•  Fullyshieldedligh)ngcanbepurchasedorretrofi`ed

•  Use)mers,dimmers,andmo)onssensors.

•  Mo)onsensorsinaparkinglotoronahouseprovideanalerttoa^erhoursac)vitythatadusktodawnsensordoesnot.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Lamps

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

TypesofLamps

•  Therearefourbasictypes:–  Incandescent– Fluorescent– High‐intensitydischarge

•  Including:MercuryVapor,MetalHalide,HighPressureSodiumandLowPressuresodium

– LightEmiHngDiode(LED)•  LEDtechnologyiss)llrela)velynew

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

CFLHigh‐PressureSodium

Low‐PressureSodium

Incandescent

•  Mostcommoninhomes•  Ituseselectriccurrenttoheata)nycoiloftungstenmetalinsideaglassbulbtoproducelight.

•  Haveshortlives•  Convertmostoftheirenergyintoheatratherthanlight

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Fluorescent

•  UsedmostlyincommercialseHngs

•  Itproduceslightwhenelectriccurrentisconductedthroughmercuryaninertgases.

•  3to4)mesmoreefficientthanincandescent,andlasts10)meslonger

•  Producesupto100/lumensperwa`(approximately)

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

High‐IntensityDischarge

•  Usedmainlyforlargeareaapplica)ons

•  Providehigherefficacyandlongerservicelife

•  Mostcommontypesaremercuryvapor(MV),metalhalide(MH),andhigh‐pressuresodium(HPS)– MetalHalide–100/lumensperwa`– HPS–upto150/lumensperwa`– MV–beingphasedout

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

HIDcon)nuedLow‐PressureSodium

•  Alsoconsideredahighintensitydischargelamp,butithassomeuniquecharacteris)cs.

•  Usedinoutdoorapplica)ons•  Mostefficientformofar)ficialligh)ng•  Maintaintheirlightoutputbe`erthan

otherlamps•  Oldertechnology,notmanymanufacturers

producingnewproduct•  Producesupto200/lumensperwa`

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

TypesofLuminaires

•  ColumnmountedfiHngs:usedforstreets,carparking,cycletracksandpedestrianareas(pictured:PacificLigh)ngmodelTRL)

•  Wallmountedlanterns:usedmostcommonlyforsecurity(pictured:Ligh)ngbyBrandfordmodelGlarebuster)

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

TypesofLuminaires

•  Ligh)ngbollards:usedforpathwayandarealigh)ng(pictured:ArchitecturalAreaLigh)ngmodelConcretebollard)

•  RecessedfiHngs:usedforpathways,orwhereburiedinthegroundforupligh)ngstructures,treesandotherincidents.(pictured:Deck‐Ligh)ngmodeldecklight)

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Followingsixslidesshowshieldedandunshieldedoutdoorligh)ngexamples

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Recessedligh)ngdonebadly,andRecessed

ligh)ngdonewell.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Fullyshieldedligh)ngatanairport

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Unshieldedligh)ngatanATM

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Atypicalun‐shieldedmercuryvaporluminaire

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Howshieldedligh)ngreducesglare

•  Theimagebelowisatestsiteforfullyshieldedstreetlights.Totheright;thesamelightsshownincomparisontotheun‐shieldedexis)nglights.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Design&Measurements

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

DesigningaLigh)ngAudit•  Weneedtobefamiliarwithsomemoretermsbeforewegoon:– Arealigh)ng:ligh)ngprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly

– Annualopera)ngcosts:costperyearofelectricity,maintenanceincludingreplacementparts&labor•  Thiscontributestohowmuchenergywewanttosave

–  Illumina)on:thedistribu)onoflightonahorizontalsurface,measuredinfootcandles

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Morethingstoconsider

•  Luminance:Thephotometricquan)tymostcloselyassociatedwiththepercep)onofbrightness.

•  Lumensistheoveralloutputoftheluminaire.

•  EnergyUse:Theproductofpower(wa`s)and)me(hours).

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

PowerDensityorLightFootprint•  Powerdensityisameasureofelectricalpowerperunitarea,measuredinwa`spersquarefootorsquaremeter.Manybuildingcodesprescribemaximumpowerdensityvaluesforvariousareasofuseinanefforttopromotetheuseofenergy‐efficientproducts.

•  UnitPowerDensityistheenergyforligh)ng,dividedbytheoutsidearea.UnitPowerDensity(W/sq.^.)=TotalSystemInputWa`age(W)÷TotalArea(SquareFeet)

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

PoleMoun)ngHeight

•  Luminairesonpolescanprovideillumina)onineverydirec)onatdistancesoftwototwoandhalf)mesthemoun)ngheightfromthepole.Thus,luminairesonasinglepolecanserveanareaofaboutfour)mesthemoun)ngheight‐squared.Forexample,a50‐^polecancoverabout40,000sq^anda150‐^poleabout369,000sq^.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

ThankYou

•  Goodluckwithyourac)vi)es,andremember“darkskies”doesnotmean“darkground.”

•  Youarenowunofficialligh)nggeeks.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Let’sgettowork!

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

•  It’llbefun,really!

Ac)vityOne‐Vocabulary

•  Vocabulary–  Theinstructorwillhaveaglossaryofligh)ngtermsthatthestudentsshouldbefamiliarwithbeforebeginninganyoftheac)vi)es.

–  Presenta)onsfromtheac)vi)esshouldincludetheuseoftheseterms•  Knowingthelanguageofligh)ngtermswillenhancetheunderstandingoftheac)vity

•  Forligh)ngordinancestobeenforceable,theyneedtobewri`enwiththeproperlanguage.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Ac)vityTwo–EnergyAudit

•  Auditthetypesofoutdoorlightsonthebuildingsatyourschool.

•  Ul)mately,youwillbemakingrecommenda)onsonhowtobemoreenergyefficientwithoutdoorligh)ng.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Ac)vity3‐Measurements

•  Choose2differenttypesofluminairesfromtheaudit.Foreachlampprepareatleast2ofthefollowingmeasurementsandobserva)onslistedintheworkbook.

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

Ac)vityFour–MasterPlan

•  Producearevisedligh)ngschemeforyourschoolcampusorneighborhood.Usingthematerialyouhavelearned,determine:–  Ifallthelightsinauditarenownecessary

–  Reviewwhattask/purposealampisusedfor

•  Recalculatetheenergyconsump)onofthenewplan.– Havewesavedmoney?

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness

MorePlanConsidera)ons•  Designavisualmasterplanforyourcampus:•  Whatarethegoalsfortheplan•  Showadiagramofthearea•  Considertheseissues(youarewelcometomakeyourown

assump)ons)andaddresseachinyourfinalpresenta)on.–  Howwillitbeused?Alot,ali`le?BallPark?Walk/Cycling

path?Restrooms?Nearbyparkinglot?Sculpture?Fountain?–  Whatarethehoursofuse?–  Whatsafetyprecau)onsareinplace?–  Hasglarebeenreducedoreliminated?–  Whattypeofluminairesareyourecommendingandwhy?–  Whatisaroundyourpark/campus?Residen)al,openspace,

businesses,mixeduse?

IDAinPartnershipwithNOAO,NSFandIYADarkSkiesAwareness