introducción al control de procesos

7/24/2019 Introducción Al Control de Procesos

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UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA TERRITORIAL“JOSÉ ANTONIO ANZOÁTEGUI”

EXTENSIÓN ANACOPNF EN ELECTRICIDAD

INSTRUMENTACIÓN INDUSTRIAL

IINTRODUCCIÓN AL CONTROL DE PROCESOS YPATRONES BÁSICOS DE MEDICIÓN Y CALIBRACIÓN.

Int!"#nt$%Maita, Héctor C.I.:25.250.836

Marín, José C.I.: 20.190.474Vasq!", José C.I.: 22.874.301

O&t'(" )*+,

-NDICE

P!.



INTRODUCCIÓN 3

+. INTRODUCCIÓN AL CONTROL DE PROCESOS.

1.1. #!scri$ci%n &! sist!'as &! contro(, contro( &! $roc!sos. 41.2. Caract!rísticas &! (os sist!'as (in!a(!s. 4

1.3. C(asi)icaci%n &! (os sist!'as (in!a(!s. 5

1.4. #ia*ra'a &! +(oq!s $ara (a r!$r!s!ntaci%n &! (os sist!'as &! contro(. 61.5. #!)inici%n &! aria+(!. 7

1.6. -i$os &! aria+(!s: aria+(! 'ani$(a&a, aria+(! '!&i&a, aria+(! contro(a&a

$nto &! r!)!r!ncia. 7

). PATRONES BÁSICOS DE MEDICIÓN Y CALIBRACIÓN.2.1 #!)inici%n &! $atr%n ti$os. 82.2 #!)inici%n &! '!&ici%n. 9

2.3 /(canc!, !actit& $r!cisi%n. 92.4 I&!nti)icaci%n &! (as )ncion!s &! (os !(!'!ntos !n n $roc!so &! '!&ici%n. 10

2.5 '$(!o &! so)tar! &! si'(aci%n. 12

CONCLUSIÓN 13

BIBLIOGRAF-A 14

INTRODUCCIÓN

( tér'ino $roc!so ti(i"a&o !n contro( &! $roc!sos o $roc!sos in&stria(!s, s!

r!)i!r! a ca'+iar o r!)inar 'at!rias $ri'as $ara (o*rar n $ro&cto )ina(. a 'at!ria

$ri'a, q! $!&! o no ca'+iar &! !sta&o )ísico &rant! !( $roc!so, !s trans)!ri&a,

'!&i&a, '!"c(a&a, ca(!nta&a, !n)ria&a, )i(tra&a, a('ac!na&a o 'ani$(a&a &! a(*na

'an!ra $ara $ro&cir !( $ro&cto )ina(

( contro(ar n $roc!so, s! r!)i!r! a co'o s! contro(an aria+(!s in!r!nt!s a(

'is'o $ara: !&cir (a aria+i(i&a& &!( $ro&cto )ina(, incr!'!ntar (a !)ici!ncia,

r!&cir !( i'$acto a'+i!nta(, 'ant!n!r !( $roc!so &!ntro &! (os (í'it!s &! s!*ri&a&

q! corr!s$on&a, !ntr! otros.

2



#!ntro &! !stos $roc!sos son !'$(!a&as arias &! !rra'i!ntas co'o (os sist!'as

(in!a(!s (os &ia*ra'as q! (os r!$r!s!ntan *r)ica'!nt!, así co'o &i)!r!nt!s ti$os

&! aria+(!s $ara s 'an!o. #! i*a( 'an!ra, s! !nc!ntra (a ca(i+raci%n '!&ici%n

&! (os instr'!ntos !'$(!a&os !n (os $roc!sos in&stria(!s, (os ca(!s son &! *ran

i'$ortancia $ara s !!cci%n.

n (a $r!s!nt! in!sti*aci%n, s! tra+aar con (os conc!$tos ant!rior'!nt!

no'+ra&os, aon&an&o !n ss &!)inicion!s, caract!rísticas a$(icacion!s.

+. INTRODUCCIÓN AL CONTROL DE PROCESOS.+.+. D$&"/0&/1n 2 $/$t3#$ 2 &4nt"456 &4nt"45 2 0"4&$4$.

n sist!'a &! contro( !s n connto &! &is$ositios !ncar*a&os &! a&'inistrar,

or&!nar, &iri*ir o r!*(ar !( co'$orta'i!nto &! otro sist!'a, con !( )in &! r!&cir (as

$ro+a+i(i&a&!s &! )a((o o+t!n!r (os r!s(ta&os &!s!a&os. ;or (o *!n!ra(, s! san

sist!'as &! contro( in&stria( !n $roc!sos &! $ro&cci%n in&stria(!s $ara contro(ar

!qi$os o 'qinas.

ist!n &os c(as!s co'n!s &! sist!'as &! contro(, sist!'as &! (a"o a+i!rto

sist!'as &! (a"o c!rra&o. n (os sist!'as &! contro( &! (a"o a+i!rto (a sa(i&a s! *!n!ra

&!$!n&i!n&o &! (a !ntra&a< 'i!ntras q! !n (os sist!'as &! (a"o c!rra&o (a sa(i&a

&!$!n&! &! (as consi&!racion!s corr!ccion!s r!a(i"a&as $or (a r!troa(i'!ntaci%n. n

sist!'a &! (a"o c!rra&o !s ((a'a&o ta'+ién sist!'a &! contro( con r!a(i'!ntaci%n.

os sist!'as &! contro( 's 'o&!rnos !n in*!ni!ría ato'ati"an $roc!sos !n +as! a

'cos $ar'!tros r!ci+!n !( no'+r! &! contro(a&or!s &! ato'ati"aci%n

$ro*ra'a+(!s =;/C>.

( contro(ar n $roc!so, s! r!)i!r! a co'o s! contro(an aria+(!s in!r!nt!s a(

'is'o $ara:

3



? !&cir (a aria+i(i&a& &!( $ro&cto )ina( ? Incr!'!ntar (a !)ici!ncia

? !&cir i'$acto a'+i!nta(

? Mant!n!r !( $roc!so &!ntro &! (os (í'it!s &! s!*ri&a& q! corr!s$on&a

+.). C#"#&t"7$t/&#$ 2 54$ $/$t3#$ 5/n#5$.stricta'!nt! a+(an&o, (os sist!'as (in!a(!s no !ist!n !n (a $rctica, a q! to&os

(os sist!'as )ísicos son no (in!a(!s !n a(*@n *ra&o. a 'aoría &! (os sist!'as &! (a

i&a r!a( ti!n!n caract!rísticas no (in!a(!s. os sist!'as &! contro( r!a(i'!nta&os son

'o&!(os i&!a(!s )a+rica&os $or !( ana(ista $ara si'$(i)icar !( an(isis &is!Ao.

Can&o (as 'a*nit&!s &! (as s!Aa(!s !n n sist!'a &! contro( !stn (i'ita&as !n

int!ra(os !n (os ca(!s (os co'$on!nt!s &!( sist!'a !i+!n na caract!rística (in!a(,

=!s &!cir q! s! $!&! a$(icar !( $rinci$io &! s$!r$osici%n>, !( sist!'a !s!s!ncia('!nt! (in!a(.

Bísica'!nt! a+(an&o, ana(i"an&o (a r!s$!sta &! n sist!'a, n sist!'a !s (in!a( si

(a sa(i&a si*! )i!('!nt! (os ca'+ios $ro&ci&os !n (a !ntra&a. n (a 'aoría &! (os

sist!'as &! contro( (in!a(!s, (a sa(i&a &!+! s!*ir (a 'is'a )or'a &! (a !ntra&a, $!ro

!n (os casos q! (a sa(i&a no !ri)iq! (a 'is'a )or'a &! (a !ntra&a, $ara s!r

consi&!ra&o n sist!'a (in!a( (a sa(i&a &!+!r r!)(!ar (os 'is'os ca'+ios *!n!ra&os

!n (a !ntra&a. ;or !!'$(o, n int!*ra&or $ro, !s n o$!ra&or (in!a(, ant! na !ntra&a

!sca(%n $ro&c! a (a sa(i&a na s!Aa( ra'$a, (a sa(i&a no !s &! (a 'is'a )or'a &! (a

!ntra&a, $!ro si (a !ntra&a !sca(%n aría !n na constant!, (a ra'$a &! sa(i&a s! !r

'o&i)ica&a !n (a 'is'a $ro$orci%n. #! (a (in!a(i&a& &!( sist!'a s! &!s$r!n&!n &os

$ro$i!&a&!s i'$ortant!s:

a> Di (as !ntra&as son '(ti$(ica&as $or na constant!, (as sa(i&as ta'+ién son

'(ti$(ica&as $or (a 'is'a constant!.

+> os sist!'as (in!a(!s s! caract!ri"an $or !( !co &! q! s! $!&! a$(icar !(

$rinci$io &! s$!r$osici%n.

+.8. C5#$/9/&#&/1n 2 54$ $/$t3#$ 5/n#5$.S/$t3# In:#"/#nt n 5 T/304% n sist!'a s! &!no'ina inariant! !n !(

ti!'$o si (a sa(i&a !s si!'$r! (a 'is'a ant! na 'is'a !ntra&a, sin i'$ortar !(

4



instant! &! ti!'$o !n !( q! s! a$(ica &ica !ntra&a. n otras $a(a+ras, n sist!'a s!

&!no'ina inariant! !n !( ti!'$o si

stos sist!'as corr!s$on&!n a na i'$ortant! c(as! &! sist!'as !n !( an(isis &!

)!n%'!nos r!a(!s, a( $!r'itir 'o&!(ar co'$orta'i!ntos co'$(!os con !rra'i!ntas

'at!'ticas tan $o&!rosas co'o (as trans)or'a&as &! Bori!r a$(ac!.

S/$t3# 2/n3/&4% Dist!'a co !sta&o !o(ciona con !( ti!'$o. os sist!'as

)ísicos !n sitaci%n no !stacionaria son !!'$(os &! sist!'as &in'icos, $!ro ta'+ién

!ist!n 'o&!(os !con%'icos, 'at!'ticos &! otros ti$os q! son sist!'as

a+stractos q! son sist!'as &in'icos. ( co'$orta'i!nto !n &ico !sta&o s! $!&!

caract!ri"ar &!t!r'inan&o (os (í'it!s &!( sist!'a, (os !(!'!ntos ss r!(acion!s< &!

!sta )or'a s! $!&! !(a+orar 'o&!(os q! +scan r!$r!s!ntar (a !strctra &!( 'is'o

sist!'a.

+.;. D/#!"#3# 2 (54<'$ 0#"# 5# "0"$nt#&/1n 2 54$ $/$t3#$ 2 &4nt"45.n &ia*ra'a &! +(oq!s !s na r!$r!s!ntaci%n *r)ica a+r!ia&a &! (a r!(aci%n &!

casa !)!cto !ntr! (a !ntra&a (a sa(i&a &! n sist!'a )ísico. ;ro$orciona n 'éto&o

@ti( con!ni!nt! $ara caract!ri"ar (as r!(acion!s )nciona(!s !ntr! (os &i!rsos

co'$on!nt!s &! n sist!'a &! contro(. os co'$on!nt!s &!( sist!'a s! ((a'an &!

'an!ra a(t!rna !(!'!ntos &!( sist!'a. a )or'a 's si'$(! &! n &ia*ra'a &!

+(oq!s !s n so(o +(oq!, con na !ntra&a na sa(i&a.

( int!rior &!( r!ctn*(o q! r!$r!s!nta !( +(oq!, sa('!nt! conti!n! (a

&!scri$ci%n o !( no'+r! &!( !(!'!nto, o !( sí'+o(o &! (a o$!raci%n 'at!'tica q! s!

a a !)!ctar so+r! (a !ntra&a $ara $ro&cir (a sa(i&a. as )(!cas r!$r!s!ntan (a

&ir!cci%n &! (a in)or'aci%n o )(o &! (a s!Aa(

as o$!racion!s &! a&ici%n sstracci%n ti!n!n na r!$r!s!ntaci%n !s$!cia(. (

+(oq! s! coni!rt! !n n $!q!Ao círc(o, ((a'a&o $nto &! s'a, con !( si*no

a$ro$ia&o 's o '!nos, asocia&o con (as )(!cas q! !ntran a( círc(o. a sa(i&a !s (a

s'a a(*!+raica &! (as !ntra&as. Ca(qi!r n@'!ro &! !ntra&as $!&! ((!*ar a n

$nto &! s'a.

5



os +(oq!s q! r!$r!s!ntan (os &i)!r!nt!s co'$on!nt!s &! n sist!'a &! contro(

!stn con!cta&os &! n 'o&o q! caract!ri"a ss r!(acion!s )nciona(!s &!ntro &!(

sist!'a. n (a )i*ra 3.6 s! i(stra (a con)i*raci%n +sica &! n sist!'a &! contro(si'$(! !n 'a((a c!rra&a =r!troa(i'!nta&o>, con na so(a !ntra&a na so(a sa(i&a

=a+r!ia&a D E!n in*(és, DIDFG> $ara n sist!'a con s!Aa(!s continas

@nica'!nt!.

n)ati"a'os q! (as )(!cas &! na 'a((a c!rra&a, q! con!ctan n +(oq! con otro,

r!$r!s!ntan (a &ir!cci%n &!( )(o &! (a !n!r*ía &! contro( o in)or'aci%n, q! a

'!n&o no !s (a )!nt! $rinci$a( &! !n!r*ía $ara !( sist!'a.

+.,. D9/n/&/1n 2 :#"/#(5.as !ntra&as sa(i&as &! n $roc!so son &!no'ina&as aria+(!s, &!+i&o a q! !stn

int!rr!(aciona&as con !( 'is'o !n na )or'a !sttica o &in'ica. s i'$ortant!

c(asi)icar (os &i)!r!nt!s ti$os &! aria+(!s q! int!ri!n!n !n n $roc!so, !stas son:

aria+(!s 'ani$(a&as, aria+(!s contro(a&as, $!rtr+acion!s.

+.=. T/04$ 2 :#"/#(5$% :#"/#(5 3#n/0'5#2#6 :#"/#(5 32/2#6 :#"/#(5 &4nt"45#2# >

0'nt4 2 "9"n&/#.

V#"/#(5$ 3#n/0'5#2#$% a, aria+(! 'ani$(a&a !s (a canti&a& o con&ici%n q! !(

contro(a&or 'o&i)ica $ara a)!ctar !( a(or &! (a aria+(! contro(a&a. ;or (o co'@n, (a

aria+(! contro(a&a !s (a sa(i&a =!( r!s(ta&o> &!( sist!'a. Contro(ar si*ni)ica '!&ir

!( a(or &! (a aria+(! contro(a&a &!( sist!'a a$(icar (a aria+(! 'ani$(a&a a(

sist!'a $ara corr!*ir o (i'itar na &!siaci%n &!( a(or '!&i&o a $artir &! n a(or

&!s!a&o. n !( !st&io &! (a in*!ni!ra &! contro(, n!c!sita'os &!)inir tér'inos

a&iciona(!s q! r!s(tan n!c!sarios $ara &!scri+ir (os sist!'as &! contro(.

V#"/#(5$ &4nt"45#2#$% Varia+(!s q! s! qi!r!n contro(ar, +i!n s!a tratan&o &!

'ant!n!r(as constant!s =Contro( !*(atorio> o tratan&o &! s!*ir a(*na tra!ctoria

&!s!a&a =D!rocontro(>, !!'$(os &! !stas $!&!n s!r, )(os, co'$osicion!s,

t!'$!ratras, $r!si%n, ni!(, !tc.

6



P'nt4 2 "9"n&/#% s na in&icaci%n q! $!r'it! conoc!r na $osici%n. Di

to'a'os n $(ano q! no 'arca (os $ntos car&ina(!s, $or !!'$(o, no sa+r!'os

c( !s !( nort! o c( !s !( sr. Din n $nto &! r!)!r!ncia, &! !st! 'o&o, !( $(ano

no ti!n! a(or.

). PATRONES BÁSICOS DE MEDICIÓN Y CALIBRACIÓN.).+ D9/n/&/1n 2 0#t"1n > t/04$.

n $atr%n &! '!&ici%n !s na r!$r!s!ntaci%n )ísica &! na ni&a& &! '!&ici%n.

na ni&a& s! r!a(i"a con r!)!r!ncia a n $atr%n )ísico ar+itrario o a n )!n%'!no

natra( q! inc(! constant!s )ísicas at%'icas. ;or !!'$(o, (a ni&a& )n&a'!nta(

&! 'asa !n !( Dist!'a Int!rnaciona( =DI> !s !( i(o*ra'o.

T/04$%P#t"4n$ /nt"n#&/4n#5$% D! &!)in!n $or ac!r&os int!rnaciona(!s. !$r!s!ntan

ci!rtas ni&a&!s &! '!&i&a con (a 'aor !actit& q! $!r'it! (a t!cno(o*ía &!

$ro&cci%n '!&ici%n. os $atron!s int!rnaciona(!s s! !a(@an !ri)ican

$!ri%&ica'!nt! con '!&icion!s a+so(tas !n tér'inos &! ni&a&!s )n&a'!nta(!s.

P#t"4n$ 0"/3#"/4$% ?($/&4$@: D! !nc!ntran !n (os (a+oratorios &! $atron!s

naciona(!s !n &i)!r!nt!s $art!s &!( 'n&o. os $atron!s $ri'arios r!$r!s!ntan

ni&a&!s )n&a'!nta(!s a(*nas &! (as ni&a&!s '!cnicas !(éctricas &!ria&as,

s! ca(i+ran in&!$!n&i!nt!'!nt! $or '!&io &! '!&icion!s a+so(tas !n ca&a no &!

(os (a+oratorios naciona(!s.

P#t"4n$ $&'n2#"/4$% Don (os $atron!s +sicos &! r!)!r!ncia q! s! san !n (os

(a+oratorios in&stria(!s &! '!&ici%n. stos $atron!s s! cons!ran !n (a in&stria

$artic(ar int!r!sa&a s! !ri)ican (oca('!nt! con otros $atron!s &! r!)!r!ncia !n !(

r!a. a r!s$onsa+i(i&a& &!( 'ant!ni'i!nto ca(i+raci%n &! (os $atron!s

s!cn&arios &!$!n&! &!( (a+oratorio in&stria(.

P#t"4n$ 2 t"#(#4% Don (as !rra'i!ntas $rinci$a(!s !n n (a+oratorio &!

'!&icion!s. D! ti(i"an $ara !ri)icar ca(i+rar (a !actit& co'$orta'i!nto &!

(as '!&icion!s !)!cta&as !n (as a$(icacion!s in&stria(!s.

7



).) D9/n/&/1n 2 32/&/1n.na M!&ici%n !s (o q! s! o+ti!n! a traés &! (a acci%n &! '!&ir, (a $a(a+ra '!&ir

$roi!n! &!( (atín '!tiri q! si*ni)ica co'$arar na canti&a& o+t!ni&a &! a(*o con

na canti&a& ='!&i&a> con!nciona(, (a ca( s! conoc! $r!ia'!nt! a( !st&io &!'!&ici%n. sta canti&a& o '!&i&a con!nciona( i!n! &a&a $or ni&a&!s, $or !!'$(o

='!tro o i(o>, $!ro ta'+ién $!&! s!r o+t!ni&a a traés &! &i'!nsion!s, $or !!'$(o

=$!so, a(tra, s$!r)ici! o o('!n>, !sta ni&a& o &i'!nsi%n !s ti(i"a&a $ara

co'$arar &!t!r'inar cntas !c!s s! !nc!ntra cont!ni&a !n (a canti&a& &! (a

'!&ici%n.

).8 A5&#n&6 #&t/t'2 > 0"&/$/1n.

A5&#n&: ( a(canc! &! n instr'!nto s! &!t!r'ina co'o (a &i)!r!ncia a(*!+raica

!ntr! (os a(or!s s$!rior ! in)!rior &!( ca'$o &! '!&i&a &!( instr'!nto.

E#&t/t'2% s (a ca(i&a& &! n instr'!nto &! '!&i&a $or (a q! ti!n&! a &ar

(!ctras $r%i'as a( !r&a&!ro a(or &! (a 'a*nit& '!&i&a. s &!cir, cn c!rca

&!( a(or r!a( s! !nc!ntra !( a(or '!&i&o. n instr'!nto !acto c!nta con (a

ca$aci&a& &! &ar a(or!s &! (!ctra con !rror!s $!q!Ao, si !( $ro'!&io &! (as

'!&icion!s coinci&! con !( a(or !r&a&!ro !( instr'!nto !s !acto. Di n

instr'!nto !st ca(i+ra&o corr!cta'!nt! (os !rror!s a(!atorios in!ita+(!s arn q!

(os r!s(ta&os &! (a '!&ici%n t!n*an na ci!rta &is$!rsi%n. a !sta&ística ='!&ia !n

!st! caso> nos $o&r ac!rcar a( a(or !r&a&!ro. a !actit& s! $!&! !s$!ci)icar !n

$orc!nta! &!( a(or '!&i&o o +i!n !n $orc!nta! &!( a(or a )on&o &! !sca(a &!(

instr'!nto. ;or !!'$(o: D! to'an tr!s (!ctras con ci!rto t!r'%'!tro &! n orno

q! !st a na t!'$!ratra r!a( &! 200C. as '!&icion!s arroan 199, otra 200,

)ina('!nt! 201. st! t!r'%'!tro !s !acto $orq! ti!n! n 'ar*!n ' corto &!

!rror !n canto a( a(or r!a(.

P"&/$/1n% n instr'!ntaci%n in&stria(, (a $r!cisi%n !s (a to(!rancia &! '!&i&a o &!

trans'isi%n &!( instr'!nto =int!ra(o &on&! !s a&'isi+(! q! s! sit@! (a 'a*nit&

&! (a '!&i&a>. n otras $a(a+ras, !s (a to(!rancia 'íni'a q! s! &!+! $!r'itir !n (a

'!&ici%n, r!*istro % a(or a contro(ar s!*@n s!a !( instr'!nto, !s (a 'íni'a

8



&iisi%n &! !sca(a &! n instr'!nto in&ica&or. -a'+ién, $r!cisi%n s! r!)i!r! a (a

&is$!rsi%n &!( connto &! a(or!s o+t!ni&os &! '!&icion!s r!$!ti&as &! na

'a*nit&. Canto '!nor !s (a &is$!rsi%n 'aor (a $r!cisi%n. na '!&i&a co'@n &!

(a aria+i(i&a& !s (a &!siaci%n !stn&ar &! (as '!&icion!s (a $r!cisi%n s! $!&!

!sti'ar co'o na )nci%n &! !((a. ;or !!'$(o: na $!r)ora&ora &! $a$!( &!+!

ac!r na s!ri! &! ori)icios ca&a 5 c'. D! o+s!ra q! (os r!a(i"a &! (a si*i!nt!

'an!ra a (os 5.2c', 5.1 c' 5.2c'. n !st! caso (a $!r)ora&ora !s $r!cisa a q!

no !ist! *ran &i)!r!ncia &! &istancia !ntr! (os ori)icios, sin !'+ar*o ca+! &!stacar

q! no !s !acta $!sto q! !( o+!tio r!a( !s q! s!an ca&a 5c'.

a !actit& in&ica (os r!s(ta&os &! (a $roi'i&a& &! (a '!&ici%n con r!s$!cto a(

a(or !r&a&!ro, 'i!ntras q! (a $r!cisi%n con r!s$!cto a (a r!$!ti+i(i&a& o

r!$ro&cti+i(i&a& &! (a '!&i&a.

).; I2nt/9/&#&/1n 2 5#$ 9'n&/4n$ 2 54$ 53nt4$ n 'n 0"4&$4 2 32/&/1n.

E53nt4 0"/3#"/4 2 32/2# ?T"#n$2'&t4"$@% Don (os &is$ositios !ncar*a&os &!

r!a(i"ar (a '!&ici%n &! (as aria+(!s !n n $roc!so. ist!n &i)!r!nt!s ti$os &!

trans&ctor!s, (os ca(!s !stn asocia&os a( ti$o &! aria+(! q! s! !st 'i&i!n&o

=t!'$!ratra, $r!si%n, ni!(, )(o, co'$osici%n, !tc.>, (as con&icion!s &! (a

'!&ici%n =!actit&, (in!a(i&a&, s!nsi+i(i&a&, t!'$!ratra &! o$!raci%n, ran*o &!'!&i&a, !tc.>, ta(!s co'o: t!r'o$ar!s, t!r'istor!s, -#, $ir%'!tros, $ara '!&ir

t!'$!ratra< t+o &! Kor&on, &ia)ra*'a, )!((!, ca$ací'!tro, V#-,

$i!"o!(éctrico, $ot!nci%'!trico, Dtrain La*! !tc., $ara '!&ir $r!si%n < ari((a con

*anco, r!*(a *ra&a&a, )(ota&or, $ara '!&ir ni!(. a co'+inaci%n &! a(*nos &!

!((os sir!n $ara '!&ir otras aria+(!s, $or !!'$(o !( &ia)ra*'a con n !(!'!nto

s!cn&ario ca(qi!ra sir! $ara '!&ir $r!si%n, a( '!&ir (a $r!si%n &i)!r!ncia( &! n

)(i&o q! circ(a !n na t+!ría s! $!&! !ncontrar !( )(o< o a( '!&ir (a $r!si%n

&i)!r!ncia( !n !( )on&o &! n tanq! s! o+ti!n! !( ni!( &! !s! )(i&o.

T"#n$3/$4"$% os trans'isor!s son &is$ositios q! s! con!ctan a( !(!'!nto

$ri'ario !n a(*nos casos s! !nc!ntra int!*ra&o a( trans&ctor, !( 'is'o $ro&c!

(a s!Aa( $ara (a trans'isi%n. D! c(asi)ican !n: -rans'isor!s !'ticos

9



-rans'isor!s (!ctr%nicos. ((os $r!s!ntan na constant! &! ti!'$o n ti!'$o

'!rto =$ost!rior'!nt! s! &!)inirn>, q! &!$!n&! &!( ti$o &! trans'isor &! (a

aria+(! q! !st 'i&i!n&o. n !( caso &! (os trans'isor!s n!'ticos (a s!Aa(

trans'iti&a !s &! 3 a 15 $si, !n !( caso &! (os trans'isor!s !(!ctr%nicos &ica s!Aa(

!s &! 4 a 20 '/.

E$t#&/1n 3#n'#5% Mcos (a"os &! contro( &! $roc!sos an si&o $roistos &! n

contro( 'ana( $ara q! !( o$!ra&or 'ano $!&a !!rc!r contro( &rant! (a $!sta

!n 'arca, $ara&a o !'!r*!ncias &!( $roc!so.

C4nt"45#24"% s !( !ncar*a&o &! &!ci&ir !( ti$o &! acci%n so+r! !( !(!'!nto )ina( &!

contro(. ( contro(a&or ti!n! &os )ncion!s !s!ncia(!s: Co'$arar (a aria+(! '!&i&a

con (a &! r!)!r!ncia &!s!a&a =$nto &! o$!raci%n o D!t ;oint>, $ara &!t!r'inar !(

!rror q! !ist! !ntr! !((as !niar na s!Aa( a( !(!'!nto )ina( &! contro( con !(

o+!to &! 'o&i)icar s acci%n !n !( s!nti&o a&!ca&o $ara r!&cir !( !rror.

E53nt4 9/n#5 2 &4nt"45% ( !(!'!nto )ina( &! contro( 's co'@n !s na ((a

q! $!&! s!r na +o'+a, n co'$r!sor, o n !(!'!nto &! ca(!nta'i!nto !(éctrico.

V5:'5# 2 &4nt"45% Don (os !(!'!ntos )ina(!s &! contro( 's sa&os !n (os $roc!sos,

son !ncar*a&as &! r!*(ar !( )(o q! circ(a a traés &! !((as. n !( contro(

ato'tico &! (os $roc!sos in&stria(!s (a ((a &! contro( !*a n $a$!( '

i'$ortant! !n !( (a"o &! r!*(aci%n. !a(i"a (a )nci%n &! ariar !( )(o &! (a

aria+(! 'ani$(a&a, $ara con !((o 'o&i)icar !( a(or &! (a aria+(! contro(a&a.

)., E3054 2 $49t#" 2 $/3'5#&/1n.Ca&a $(anta &! )a+ricaci%n &is$on! &! n sist!'a &!t!r'ina&o $ara *!stionar (as

o$!racion!s (os &atos &! (a ca(i+raci%n &! instr'!ntos. os instr'!ntos &! (a

$(anta ta(!s co'o s!nsor!s &! t!'$!ratra, trans&ctor!s &! $r!si%n ! instr'!ntos &!

$!sa! !i*!n na ca(i+raci%n r!*(ar $ara as!*rars! &! q! )ncionan 'i&!n

&!ntro &! (as to(!rancias !s$!ci)ica&as. o o+stant!, !n (as !'$r!sas &! (os &i!rsos

s!ctor!s in&stria(!s s! !'$(!an 'éto&os ' &istintos $ara *!stionar !stas

ca(i+racion!s.

10



stos 'éto&os &i)i!r!n consi&!ra+(!'!nt! !n canto a( cost!, (a ca(i&a&, (a

!)ici!ncia (a $r!cisi%n &! (os &atos, así co'o !n s ni!( &! ato'ati"aci%n. (

so)tar! &! ca(i+raci%n !s na !rra'i!nta &! !st! ti$o q! $!&! s!rir $ara

r!s$a(&ar *iar (as actii&a&!s &! *!sti%n &! ca(i+racion!s, si!n&o (a &oc'!ntaci%n

na $i!"a )n&a'!nta( &! !st! $roc!so. ;!ro, $ara !nt!n&!r &! qé )or'a !( so)tar!

$!&! contri+ir a '!orar (a *!sti%n &! (as ca(i+racion!s &! instr'!ntos !n (as

$(antas &! $roc!sos, a q! !a'inar (as tar!as tí$icas &! *!sti%n &! ca(i+racion!s

q! ti!n!n q! r!a(i"ar (as !'$r!sas.

( so &! so)tar! $ara (a *!sti%n &! ca(i+racion!s $!r'it! n an(isis 's r$i&o

's $r!ciso &! (os r!*istros ist%ricos &! ca(i+raci%n, así co'o (a &!t!cci%n &!

t!n&!ncias. /sí, (as $(antas $o&rían r!&cir cost!s o$ti'i"ar (os int!ra(os !ntr!

ca(i+racion!s r!&ci!n&o (a )r!c!ncia &! ca(i+raci%n a((í &on&! )!ra $osi+(!, o

a'!ntn&o(a can&o )!ra n!c!sario

Con so)tar! !s$!cia(i"a&o !n (a *!sti%n &! ca(i+racion!s, (os sarios &is)rtan &!

n int!r)a" &!( ti$o $(ora&or &! Nin&os, )ci( &! sar. ( so)tar! *!stiona

a('ac!na to&os (os &atos &! instr'!ntos &! ca(i+raci%n. sto inc(! (a

$(ani)icaci%n $ro*ra'aci%n &!( tra+ao &! ca(i+raci%n< !( an(isis (a o$ti'i"aci%n

&! (a )r!c!ncia &! ca(i+raci%n< (a cr!aci%n &! in)or'!s, c!rti)ica&os !tiq!tas< (a

co'nicaci%n con ca(i+ra&or!s int!(i*!nt!s, na int!*raci%n )ci( con (os sist!'as

CMM ta(!s co'o D/; Mai'o.

a *!sti%n &! ca(i+racion!s +asa&a !n so)tar! s$on! na '!ora !n (a

$(ani)icaci%n (a to'a &! &!cision!s. D! $!&!n $(ani)icar (os $roc!&i'i!ntos (as

!strat!*ias &! ca(i+raci%n, s! $!&!n *!stionar to&os (os actios &! ca(i+raci%n con

!( so)tar!. D! 'anti!n!n a( &ía (as +as!s &! &atos &! $osicion!s, !qi$os

ca(i+ra&or!s, s! $!&!n con)i*rar a(!rtas ato'ticas q! ais!n &! (as

ca(i+racion!s $ro*ra'a&as.

-a'+ién '!ora (a or*ani"aci%n. ( sist!'a a no n!c!sita $a$!( ($i". as

instrccion!s $ara (a ca(i+raci%n s! cr!an san&o !( so)tar! co'o *ía $ara (os

11



in*!ni!ros a (o (ar*o &! (a ca(i+raci%n. Can&o !( técnico !sté !n ca'$o, $!&!

&!scar*ars! !stas instrccion!s !n n ca(i+ra&or&oc'!nta&or $ortti(

CONCLUSIÓN

( o+!to &! to&o $roc!so in&stria( s!r (a o+t!nci%n &! n $ro&cto )ina(, &! nas

caract!rísticas &!t!r'ina&as &! )or'a q! c'$(a con (as !s$!ci)icacion!s ni!(!s

&! ca(i&a& !i*i&os $or !( '!rca&o, ca&a &ía 's r!strictios. sta constancia !n (as

$ro$i!&a&!s &!( $ro&cto s%(o s!r $osi+(! *racias a n contro( !astio &! (as

con&icion!s &! o$!raci%n, a q! tanto (a a(i'!ntaci%n a( $roc!so co'o (as

con&icion!s &!( !ntorno son aria+(!s !n !( ti!'$o.

a 'isi%n &!( sist!'a &! contro( &! $roc!so s!r corr!*ir (as &!siacion!s sr*i&as

!n (as aria+(!s &! $roc!so r!s$!cto &! nos a(or!s &!t!r'ina&os, q! s! consi&!ran

%$ti'os $ara cons!*ir (as $ro$i!&a&!s r!q!ri&as !n !( $ro&cto $ro&ci&o. (

sist!'a &! contro( $!r'itir na o$!raci%n &!( $roc!so 's )ia+(! s!nci((a, a(

!ncar*ars! &! o+t!n!r nas con&icion!s &! o$!raci%n !sta+(!s, corr!*ir to&a

&!siaci%n q! s! $&i!ra $ro&cir !n !((as r!s$!cto a (os a(or!s &! ast!.

( contro( &!( $roc!so consistir !n (a r!c!$ci%n &! nas !ntra&as, aria+(!s &!(

$roc!so, s $roc!sa'i!nto co'$araci%n con nos a(or!s $r!&!t!r'ina&os $or !(

sario, $ost!rior corr!cci%n !n caso &! q! s! aa $ro&ci&o a(*na &!siaci%n

r!s$!cto a( a(or $r!!sta+(!ci&o &! a(*@n $ar'!tro &! $roc!so

12



BIBLIOGRAF-A

Cr!s, /. Instrumentación Industrial . s$aAa, &itoria( /()ao'!*a.

Dnc!, J. Instrumentación y control avanzado de procesos. &icion!s #ía" &! DantosD./. Ma&ri&, s$aAa.

H!nriq!s, L. El ABC de la instrumentación en el control de procesos industriales.

&itoria( i'sa. Méico.

13

introducción al control de procesos

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