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Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians Ch. 24/27-28

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Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians. Ch. 24/27-28. Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals. Section 1: Animal Characteristics. Section 2: Animal Body Plans. Section 3: Sponges and Cnidarians. Introduction to Animals. Chapter 24. 24.1 Animal Characteristics. General Animal Features. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

Ch. 24/27-28

Page 2: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals

Section 1: Animal Characteristics

Section 2: Animal Body Plans

Section 3: Sponges and Cnidarians

Page 3: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

24.1 Animal Characteristics

General Animal Features

Introduction to AnimalsChapter 24

The ancestral animals at the beginning of the evolutionary tree are eukaryotic and multicellular.

They developed adaptations in structure that enabled them to function in numerous habitats.

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Vertebrates- (Endoskeletons) Protect internal organs, Provide support for the body

Provide an internal brace for muscles to pull against

Movement: The evolution of nerve and muscle tissues enables animals to move in ways that are more complex and faster than organisms in other kingdoms.

24.1 Animal Characteristics

Page 6: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg cell called the zygote.

Internal fertilization- the egg and sperm unite inside the animals body

….humans External fertilization- the egg and sperm unite outside the animals body….fish

24.1 Animal Characteristics

Page 7: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

What are the first few phases of early development in most animals. Please provide a visual for full credit.

The zygote undergoes mitosis and a series of cell divisions to form new cells.

24.1 Animal Characteristics

Page 8: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

The cells continue to divide, forming a fluid-filled ball of cells called the blastula.

The blastula continues to undergo cell division as some cells move inward to form a gastrula.

24.1 Animal Characteristics

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Introduction to AnimalsChapter 24

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Introduction to Animals

Tissue Development

Endoderm inner layer of cells in the gastrula

Ectodermouter layer of cells in the gastrula

Mesoderm layer of cells between the endoderm

and ectoderm

24.1 Animal CharacteristicsChapter 24

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Introduction to Animals

24.1 Animal CharacteristicsChapter 24

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24.2 Animal Body Plans

Introduction to Animals

Evolution of Animal Body Plans

Anatomical features in animals’ body plans mark the branching points on the evolutionary tree.

Relationships on this tree are inferred by studying similarities in embryological development and shared anatomical features.

Chapter 24

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Introduction to Animals

Symmetry Similarity or balance among body structures of

organisms Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry

24.2 Animal Body PlansChapter 24

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Introduction to Animals

Body Cavities

Coelomates

Have a fluid-filled cavity with tissue formed from mesodermthat lines and encloses the organs in the coelom

24.2 Animal Body PlansChapter 24

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Introduction to Animals

Body Cavities

Pseudocoelomates

Have a fluid-filled body cavity that develops between the mesoderm andthe endoderm rather than developing entirely within the mesoderm

24.2 Animal Body PlansChapter 24

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Introduction to Animals

Body Cavities

Acoelomates

Have solid bodies without a fluid-filled body cavity between the gut and the body wall

24.2 Animal Body PlansChapter 24

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The mouth develops from the first opening in the gastrula.

Introduction to Animals

Development in Coelomate Animals Protostomes

Deuterostomes The anus develops from the first opening in

the gastrula.

24.2 Animal Body PlansChapter 24

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Introduction to Animals

Segmentation

Segmented animals can be “put together” from a succession of similar parts.

Can survive damage to one segment

Movement is more effective

24.2 Animal Body PlansChapter 24

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Introduction to Animals

24.2 Animal Body PlansChapter 24

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Chapter 28 Fishes and Amphibians

Section 1: Fishes

Section 2: Diversity of Today’s Fishes

Section 3: Amphibians

Page 21: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

Vertebrates have a vertebral column and specialized cells that develop from the nerve cord.

The vertebral column, or spinal column, is the hallmark feature of vertebrates.

A vertebral column can start as a notochord made of cartilage that protects the dorsal nerve cord then develop into bone.

Chapter 28 Fishes and Amphibians

Page 22: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

Lamprey dissection

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Scientists have grouped fishes into three classes based on their body structure.

Jawless Fishes (support system is cartilage) Hagfish feed on soft-bodied invertebrates and

dead or dying fish on the sea floor. Lampreys are parasites that feed by attaching themselves to other fishes.Agnatha

Diversity of Today’s Fishes

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All cartilaginous fishes have skeletons made of cartilage.

The flexible skeleton, rows of sharp teeth, a streamlined body, and placoid scales make sharks one of the top predators in the sea.

Skates and rays have flattened bodies that are adapted for living on the ocean floor.

Cartilaginous Fishes

Page 26: Intro to Animals/Fish and Amphibians

There are two groups of bony fishes: the ray-finned fishes and the lobe-finned fishes.

Thin, spinelike rays support the fins of ray-finned fishes.

Lobe-finned fishes have muscular lobes and joints similar to those of land vertebrates.

Bony Fishes

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28.2 Diversity of Today’s Fishes

Fishes and Amphibians

Evolution of Fishes

Chapter 28

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Jaws: Anterior gill arches evolved into jaws in ancient fishes.

The development of jaws allowed ancient fishes to prey on a larger range of animals.

Fishes

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Paired Fins: A fin is a paddle-shaped structure on a fish or other aquatic animal that is used for balance, steering, and propulsion.

Paired fins reduce the chance of rolling to the side and allow for better steering during swimming.

Fishes

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Scales

There are four types of fish scales.

Fishes and Amphibians

Ctenoid scales

Cycloid scales

Placoid scalesGanoid scales

28.1 FishesChapter 28

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Gills: Fishes get oxygen when water that enters their mouths flows across their gills, where oxygen from the water diffuses into the blood. (Pressure: Volume relationship!!)

Gills are composed of thin filaments that are covered with highly-folded, plate-like lamellae.

Fishes

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Circulation

Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.

Fishes and Amphibians

In most fishes, the heart consists of two main chambers—the atrium and the ventricle.

28.1 FishesChapter 28

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Fishes and AmphibiansChapter 28

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Feeding and Digestion

Most fishes swallow their food whole, passing it through a tube called the esophagus to the stomach, where digestion begins.

Fishes and Amphibians

28.1 FishesChapter 28

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Explain the importance of the lateral line and the swim bladder. How does each work?

Fishes

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The Brain and Senses

Color vision, chemical detection, hearing, and balance are coordinating in the brain.

Fishes and Amphibians

The lateral line system is a special sensor that allows fish to detect even the slightest movements in water.

28.1 FishesChapter 28

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Reproduction

The majority of fishes reproduce through external fertilization.

Fishes and Amphibians

Male and female fishes release their gametes near each other in the water in a process called spawning.

28.1 FishesChapter 28

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Movement

Fishes are well adapted to swimming in the water.

28.1 Fishes

Fishes and Amphibians

Streamlined shape Paired finsSwim bladder

Fishes move through the water by contracting muscle groups on either side of their bodies.

Chapter 28

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What are the four differences between the lamprey and the perch.

Lamprey and Perch

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Fishes and Amphibians

28.3 Amphibians: Chapter 28

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Characteristics of Amphibians

Most amphibians begin life as aquatic organisms.

Fishes and Amphibians

After metamorphosis, they are equipped to live life on land.

28.3 AmphibiansChapter 28

Tadpole

Frog

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Feeding and Digestion

Most frog larvae are herbivores, whereas salamander larvae are carnivores.

Fishes and Amphibians

As adults, their diets are similar as both groups become predators. Intestines must shorten.

The digestive system of an amphibian is very similar to that of a fish.

28.3 AmphibiansChapter 28

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Respiration

As larvae, most amphibians exchange gases through their skin and gills.

Fishes and Amphibians

As adults, most breathe through lungs, their thin, moist skin, and cavities in the mouth.

28.3 AmphibiansChapter 28

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Fishes and AmphibiansChapter 28

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Circulation

Amphibians have a double-loop circulatory system.

Fishes and Amphibians

Amphibians have three-chambered hearts.

28.3 AmphibiansChapter 28

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Fishes and AmphibiansChapter 28

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Reproduction and Development

In most amphibians, fertilization is external and the shell-less eggs must be laid and fertilized in water.

Fishes and Amphibians

Tadpoles hatch from the egg and undergo metamorphosis from a fishlike animal to an air-breathing one.

28.3 AmphibiansChapter 28

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Amphibian Diversity

Scientists classify modern amphibians into three orders.

Fishes and Amphibians

Order Anura includes frogs and toads.

Order Caudata includes salamanders and newts.

Order Gymnophiona includes caecilians. Legless and wormlike!! Page 839.

28.3 AmphibiansChapter 28

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Evolution of Amphibians

28.3 Amphibians

Fishes and AmphibiansChapter 28