Intro to A& P

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When blood oxygen levels drop, the kidneys secrete erythropoietin to signal the red bone marrow to increase rbc production. What type of feedback does this illustrate?

1 2

50%50%1. Positive

Feedback2. Negative

Feedback

Identifying the names of the heart valves is an example of

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25% 25%25%25%1. Anatomy2. Physiology3. Homeostasis4. Pathology

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?

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20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Metabolism2. Composed of

cells3. Respiration4. Homeostasis5. Reproduction

Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – study of internal and external structures

Gross Anatomy Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy Cytology - cells Histology - tissues

Physiology – how organisms and their parts function Cell physiology Special physiology Systemic physiology Pathological Physiology

Review Characteristics of Life Responsiveness – ability to respond or adapt to

a changing environment Growth – increase in size (multicellular

organisms indiv. Cells become specialized called differentiation)

Reproduction – produce the next generation Movement - internal (transport blood, food),

external (move thru envirn.) Metabolism – chem. Rxns in body including

absorption of materials (ie. Respiration), excretion of waste products, digestion

Cells & Levels of Multicellular Organization Cells-tissues-organ-organ system-organism

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic regulation - adjustments in

physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

Dynamic process in which variable constantly fluctuates around an average value Receptor (Afferent Pathway)–can be stimulated Control Center – processes info from receptor Effectors – respond by either opposing (negative feedback)

or reinforcing (positive feedback) stimulus 2 Types: +/- feedback

Do Now: Alice’s blood pressure decreases, which

signals aortic receptors of the drop. The brain responds by having artery walls constrict.

What is the result? Which theme does this illustrate? Is it an example of positive or negative

feedback? ID receptor, Afferent pathway, control

center, and efferent pathway, and effector.

Negative Feedback (most common) Negative Feedback responds by opposing

stimulus Ex. Thermoregulation (heat loss vs. production) Set point for humans is 370C Receptor – skin and related brain cells Control Center – brain Effectors as temp rises above set point

Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow at surface Sweat glands increase secretion (increase evaporative

cooling) Effectors as temp drops below set point

Blood vessels contract Sweat gland activity decreases

Positive feedback Positive Feedback - reinforces stimulus,

occurs during drastic events Ex. Blood clotting

Damaged cells release chemicals to increase clotting, more chemicals released to further increase clotting

Ex. Labor delivery Each contraction releases more hormones to

increase each successive contraction Ex. Breast Feeding

Thirst sensation is a positive feedback system mechanism.

1 2

50%50%1. True2. False

Organ Systems Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive Systems

Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position – palms face forward

Supine – lying down face up Prone – lying down face down

Abdominopelvic quadrants – intersect at umbilicus (Note: Right and Left always refer to the subject not the observer)

RUQ LUQRLQ LLQ

Anatomical Directions Anterior – front Posterior – back Ventral – belly side Dorsal – back side (opposite ventral)

Identify the anatomical quadrant.

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25% 25%25%25%1. Left Upper Quadrant2. Left Lower Quadrant3. Right Upper Quadrant4. Right Lower Quadrant

Sectional Anatomy Sectional anatomy slices a 3D object

into sectional planes Transverse plane – horizontal slice (cross

section) resulting in superior (above) and inferior (below) sections

Frontal plane (coronal) – lateral slice (side to side) resulting in anterior and posterior sections

Saggittal plane – slice resulting in right and left sections

Figure 1.9

Which body plane divides the body into equal halves (mirror images)?

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33% 33%33%1. Frontal plane2. Sagittal plane3. Transverse plane

A body part found in the right upper quadrant is superior to one in the right lower quadrant.

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50%50%1. True2. False

More Anatomical Terminology Medial – toward body Lateral – away from body Proximal – toward attached base Distal – away from attached base Cranial – head Caudal – tail bone Superficial – close to surface Deep – farther from body surface

Figure 1.8

Your elbow is proximal to your hand.

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50%50%1. True2. False

Which of the following choices would be MOST helpful for describing a wound on the skin?

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25% 25%25%25%1. Proximal2. Cranial3. Deep4. Superficial

Figure 1.6a

Figure 1.6b

What is the common name for the cervicis?

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25% 25%25%25%1. Neck2. Arm3. Hip4. Knee

The popliteus is the back of the…

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25% 25%25%25%1. Antecubitis2. Carpus3. Axilla4. Patella

Do Now: Chris got hit by a deer while riding his

motorcycle and sustained the following injuries: Broke bone in his right brachial region Tore ligaments in his cervical and tarsal regions Damaged nerves in his pedal and phallangeal

regions Shattered bones in his carpal region

Explain to him the location of his injuries.

Body Cavities Body Cavities- function to protect organs

and allow changes in shape and size of organs

Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom) – divided by the diaphragm into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity

Viscera – internal organs within cavity Serous membrane lines walls of internal

cavities and surfaces of viscera

Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity – 3 internal chambers

Pericardial cavity 2 pleural cavities surrounded by pleura

Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal (sup.) – liver, stomach, spleen, sm.

Intestine, most of lg. intestine Pelvic (inf.) – distal lg. intestine, urinary

bladder, reproductive organs

Figure 1.10