IMPORTANCE OF TEXTILES

TEXTILES ARE USED TO PROTECT OUR BODY FROM ENVIRONMENT i.e. COLD, HOTNESS, WIND, RAIN

ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES TEXTILES IN MAY WAYS. AT THE SAME TIME, TEXTILE PRODUCTION INFLUENCES THE ENVIRONMENT SIGNIFICANTLY```

TEXTILES

Textile is a sheet of fibrous material which possesses some outstanding properties such as warmth, moisture absorption, handle, softeness, silkiness, strength, serviceability and good appearance (aesthetic look)

FIBRESA Fibre is one which is plyable

continuous or discontinuous having a very high ratio between length and width 1:1,00,000

YARNSYarn is a twisted arrangement of fibre assembly which has received final attenuation

STAPLE

Staple is a parallel assembly of fibres

FILAMENT

Filament is a continuous fibre having a length of several thousand metres.

STAPLE FIBRE

Staple fibre is a discontinuous fibre e.g.cotton, wool

NATURAL FIBRE

A fibre which is available from nature

CELLULOSIC FIBRE

Cellulosic fibre is one which is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen i.e glucose molecules (e.g.)cotton,viscose & polynosic

PROTEIN FIBREA fibre composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen molecules i.e. protein polymer

MINERAL FIBREA fibre produced from earth e.g. asbestos & metal threads

VEGETALE FIBREFibres are produced from vegetable origin e.g. cotton, linen, jute, ramie

ANIMAL FIBRESFibres which are produced from animals such as sheep e.g. wool, silk,camel hair

MAN-MADE FIBRESMan-made fibres are produced from fibre forming polymers which are converted into fibres after several chemical treatments and spun by wet, dry and melt spinning techniques.

REGENERATED FIRBES

Regenerated fibres are the fibres which are produced from the fibre forming substances available from nature after purification and spinning e.g. viscose, polynosic rayon

SYNTHETIC FIBRES

Synthetic fibres are the fibres which are produced from petro chemicals such as ethylene, acetylene, propylene, benzene, ammonia and xylene

SYNTHESIS

It is a process in which several molecules of different elements are combined i.e. it is a process of combination.

POLYMERISATION

Polymerisation is a process in which several molecules of same monomer or different monomers are combined to form a giant size molecule having a very high molecular weight.

ADDITION POLYMERA product produced out of polymerisation is called polymer. Addition polymer is the polymer produced from the same monomer i.e. polyethylele, polypropylene

CONDENSATION POLYMERA polymer produced from two different monomers with the elimination of water or any other component e.g. polyester, nylon

ELASTOMERIC FIBREA fibre which posses very high elongation i.e.500% to 700% e.g. polyurethene, polyethene (spandex)

YARNS

• Yarn is the twisted assembly of fibres• Hosiery (knitting) yarn:

Hosiery yarn is a soft twisted yarn used for making the knitted fabrics• Less twist in the yarn gives softness

andless snarling

WEFT YARNWeft yarn is a yarn used in the cross wise direction of the fabric in the manufacture of woven fabric. It possesses slightly higher twist than hosiery yarn i.e. 15% to 20% more than knitting yarn

WARP YARNWarp yarn is a yarn used in longitudinal direction of the fabric which possesses very good strength. This yarn is given about 30% more twist than hosiery yarn

HIGH TWIST YARNHigh twist yarn is yarn used for making special type of fabrics (voile fabrics). This yarn contains about 70% to 80% more twist than hosiery yarn.

CARDED YARNCarded yarn is a yarn which is produced without any removal of short fibre

COMBED YARNCombed yarn is a yarn which is produced after the removal of short fibres i.e. less than 12.7mm length

BLENDED YARNBlended yarn is one which is produced by means of combing two different fibres from two different sources

Polyester / Cotton yarn

Polyester / Cotton yarn Polyester / Cotton yarnPolyester / Cotton yarn

FANCY YARNSFancy yarn is one which contains some special effects such as slub, nep, flame and knops in the yarni.e. to make the fabrics attractive

PROCESSSPINNING

Spinning is converted into yarn

WEAVING Weaving is a process of interlacing yarn in themanufacture of fabrics

KINTTINGKnitting is a process of looping the yarn into fabrics

NON-WOVENNon-woven is a process in which the fabric is produced by means of bonding techniques

PROCESSPROCESSING

Processing means the grey fabric is converted into a finished fabric by means of scoring , bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing

GREY FABRIC Grey fabric is the fabric produced from loom i.e. loom state fabric

FINISHED FARBICFinished fabric is one which is dyed and printed. This is ready for garment making

YARN MAKING PROCESSGINNING

It is a process of separating fibres from Kapas (i.e.paruthi)

QUALITY

Quality means degree of perfection

MIXING It is a process of combining two or more cotton varieties

BLENDINGIt is a process of combining fibres from two or more resources e.g. polyester / cotton

YARN MAKING PROCESSBLOWROOM

It is a sequence of opening and cleaning machines connected one after the other to clean the cotton fibres

CARDINGIt is also a process of cleaning in which the fibres are opened, cleaned, drafted, separated, individualized and finally made into a rope form assembly of fibres called sliver

COMBINGCombing is a process of short fibre removal

DRAWINGDrawing is a process of improving the evenness i.e.uniformity

YARN MAKING PROCESSROVING(SIMPLEX)

It is a process of size reduction i..e reduction process

RING SPINNINGIt is a process of making yarn using a machine called ring spinning

AUTO CONEWINDINGIt is a finishing process where the yarn is wound on a cone package to improve the efficiency of subsequent processes in the manufacture of fabrics

REELINGReeling is a process in which the yarn is wound for a length of 1680 yards or more to produce fabrics in the handloom sector

YARN MAKING PROCESS

DOUBLINGDoubling is a process of combining two or more yarns together by twist

RING DOUBLINGA ring doubling is used to double the yarn

TWO-FOR-ONE TWISTERIn this machine, one revolution of spindle gives two twists in the yarn

YARN MAKING PROCESS

BUNDLING & BALINGBundling is a process of making a yarn bundle having a weight of 2.27 kg or 4.4 kg. A machine used for this purpose is called Bundling Machine or Bundling Press

DOUBLINGDoubling is a process of combining two or more yarns together by twist

RING DOUBLINGA ring doubling is used to double the yarn

TWO-FOR-ONE TWISTERIn this machine, one revolution of spindle gives two twists in the yarn

YARN MAKING PROCESS

BUNDLING & BALINGBundling is a process of making a yarn bundle having a weight of 2.27 kg or 4.4 kg. A machine used for this purpose is called Bundling Machine or Bundling Press

BALINGBaling is a processing in which a bale is made from yarn bundles. The bale weight is 90 kg. A machine used for this purpose is called Baling Press.

FABRIC MAKING PROCESSWOVEN FABRIC

WARPINGIt is a process in which a sheet of yarn is made from 500 to 600 ends and wound on the beam for a length of about 15000 -30000 metres.

PIRN WINDINGIt is a machine which is used to wind the weft yarn on a pirn.

SIZINGSizing is a process in which the warp sheet is coated with adhesive solution (i.e. starch)

FABRIC MAKING PROCESS

DRAWING, REEDING & DANTINGIt is a process in which the yarn is drawn through

stop motion wire, heald wire and reed wire

WEAVINGWeaving is a process in which the warp and weft

yarn are interlaced by a machine called loom

HANDLOOMHandloom is the loom operated by hand & legs

POWERLOOMIt is operated by electronic motor

SHUTTLELOOMA shuttle loom is one which produces fabric using a

shuttle.

FABRIC MAKING PROCESS

AUTOMATIC LOOMIt is a loom in which the pirn in the shuttle is

changed automatically by a separate mechanism.

SHUTTLELESS LOOMIn this type of loom, the weft yarn is carried

without any shuttle by a projectile or rapier or airjet or waterjet

CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF FABRICS

SINGEINGIt is a process of removing the protruding fibres from the surface of the fabric

DESIZINGDesizing is a process in which the sizing mateiral is removed from the warp yarn of the fabric by means of dilute acids or enzymes

SCOURINGScouring is a process in which all the impurities are removed from the fabric other than natural colouring matter

BLEACHINGBleaching is a process making the fabric white using hypho chlorite solution or hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorite

CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF FABRICS

DYEINGDyeing is a process in which the fabric is treated with dye solution to make the fabric into colour fabric

PRINTINGPrinting is a process in which different designs are introduced on the surface of the fabric

FINISHINGIt is the last process in the fabric to achieve the desired effect by chemical and mechanical treatments

GSM – Gram per square metre of the fabric

FABRIC COVER FACTORThe extent to which the warp yarn & weft yarn are closely laid in the fabric. It is indicated by a number 16 to 28.

HIGHER THE NUMBER, CLOSER THE TEXTURE AND VICE VERSA