intrapersonal and interpersonal underpinnings: kealagh robinson youth wellbeing study understanding...
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Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Underpinnings:
Kealagh RobinsonYouth Wellbeing Study
Understanding the Psychological Functions of Non-Suicidal Self Injury in Young Adolescents
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Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
Self-inflicted and deliberate destruction of bodily tissue
- absence of suicidal intent- not part of cultural practise (e.g. tattooing)
• Internationally, 18% of adolescents will engage in NSSI at least once
• Linked with depression, anxiety and increased risk of suicide
(Nock & Prinstein, 2004; Muehlenkamp, Claes, Havertape, & Plener, 2012; Tuisku et al., 2009)
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Psychological Functions
(YWS: Interviews with Guidance Counsellors [working paper]; Muelenkamp 2006; Klonsky & Olino, 2008)
“…what on earth are they doing this for why would they want to hurt themselves …. [sic] I just don’t get it…”
Understanding of the functions that NSSI serves may aid in:
- understanding the development and trajectory - effective assessment and treatment strategies
- assisting support networks
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Inventory of Statements About Self-
Injury (ISAS)
39 items: When I self-harm, I am…
… calming myself down
… showing that I am separate from other people
(Klonsky & Glenn, 2009)
0Not relevant
1Somewhat relevant
2Very relevant
Functions identified through literature review and consultation: Affect Regulation Sensation Seeking Marking Distress
Self-Care Autonomy Self-
Punishment
Feeling Generation Toughness Anti-Suicide
Peer Bonding Interpersonal Boundaries Revenge
Interpersonal Influence
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Intrapersonal Functions
Affect Regulation
Marking Distress
Self-Punishment
Feeling Generation
Anti-Suicide
(Klonsky & Glenn, 2009; Illustrations by Ant Sang)
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Interpersonal Functions
Peer Bonding
Sensation Seeking
Toughness
Interpersonal Boundaries
Self-Care
Autonomy
Interpersonal Influence
Revenge
(Klonsky & Glenn, 2009; Illustrations by Ant Sang)
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Previous LiteratureFunctions established in:University undergrads (M age = 18.5)Members of an international self-injury peer support group (M age = 23.8)
Intrapersonal functions rated higher than Interpersonal functions- Affect Regulation & Self Punishment endorsed most strongly
However...Onset of NSSI begins at 13 to 14 years old
(Klonsky & Olino, 2008; Klonsky & Glenn, 2009; Kortge, Meade & Tennant , 2013)
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15 schools; N = 1006
N = 178
DepressionAnxietyEmotion RegulationSelf EsteemParental Attachment
Deliberate Self-Harm InventoryISAS
M age = 13.4577% ♀ ; 23% ♂
Youth Wellbeing Study
M age = 13.4057% ♀ ; 43% ♂
Wave 1
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NSSI Topography Behaviour Percentage of sample who
report engagement
Cutting 71%
Scratching 51%
Carving designs 44%
Stuck sharp objects in skin 35%
Punched or banged 35%
Prevented wounds from healing
34%
Biting 18%
Burning 15%
Rubbed glass 13%
Broken bones 7%
Sandpapered skin 6%
Dripped acid >1%
Used bleach/oven cleaner >1%
M frequency = 3.27
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Function EndorsementFunction Mean (SD)
Affect Regulation 1.11 (0.66)
Self-Punishment 0.93 (0.70)
Anti-Dissociation 0.60 (0.60)
Anti-Suicide 0.51 (0.63)
Marking Distress 0.51 (0.54)
Interpersonal Boundaries 0.36 (0.49)
Toughness 0.35 (0.49)
Self-Care 0.29 (0.40)
Interpersonal Influence 0.24 (0.37)
Autonomy 0.22 (0.41)
Sensation Seeking 0.20 (0.36)
Revenge 0.16 (0.40)
Peer Bonding 0.16 (0.40)
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Relationship with Gender
Male Female0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Gender
Mean
Fu
ncti
on
Rati
ng
Function: p > .001, ηp2 = .34
Sex: ns
Function by Sex:p > .001, ηp
2 = .12
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Overall Wellbeing
Intrapersonal Functions
Interpersonal Functions
Depression .67 .31
Anxiety .51 .31
Self-Esteem -.56 ns
Emotion Regulation -.49 -.22
Resilience -.29 ns
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Chronic NSSI
Never Once A Few Times
Many Times
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
NSSI Frequency in Last Year
Mean
Fu
ncti
on
Rati
ng
Function: p < .001, ηp2 = .57
Frequency: p < .001, ηp2
= .17
Function by Frequency:p < .001, ηp
2 = .27
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Conclusions • Young people report many different reasons for
why hurt themselves • Intrapersonal reasons much more likely,
particularly amongst girls• Intrapersonal functions more strongly predicts
both positive and negative outcomes, as well as chronic NSSI
Next: How do these functions develop over time?