intestinal helminthes [dr. wiwien]
TRANSCRIPT
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KLASIFIKASIKLASIFIKASI
METAZOA
NEMATHELMINTHES PLATYHELMINTHES
NEMATODA CESTODA TREMATODA
subkingdom
filum
kelas
ANNELIDA
HIRUDINEA
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NEMATODANEMATODA
CIRI MORFOLOGIS :
Bulat, panjang, silindris tertutup kutikula, mempunyai rongga badanTidak bersegmen, bilateral simetrisSal pencernaan lengkapSex terpisah, jantan+betina
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KELAS NEMATODAKELAS NEMATODAFAMILI GENUS SPESIESTrichinellidae Trichinella
Trichuris T.spiralisT.trichiura
Ascarididae AscarisToxocara
A.lumbricoidesT.cati, T.canis
Ancylostomatidae Ancylostoma Necator
A.duodenale, A.braziliense, A.ceylanicumNecator americanus
Strongyloididae Strongyloides S.stercoralis
Oxyuridae Enterobius E.vermicularis
Metastrongylidae Angiostrongylus A.cantonensis
Dipetalonematidae WuchereriaBrugia
W.bancroftiB.malayi, B.timori, Loa loa
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1. Ascaris lumbricoides2. Trichuris trichiura
3. Strongyloides stercoralis4. Enterobius vermicularis
5. Necator americanus6. Ancylostoma duodenale7. Ancylostoma caninum
8. Ancylostoma ceylanicum9. Ancylostoma braziliense
NEMATODA USUS
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Ascaris lumbricoidesAscaris lumbricoides
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TELUR FERTIL Ascaris lumbricoidesTELUR FERTIL Ascaris lumbricoides
BENTUK OVAL : 60 X 45 µmDINDING : TEBAL, 3 LAPIS
LUAR ALBUMINOID, TENGAH HIALIN ,DALAM VITELINAISI : EMBRIO YANG BELUM MEMBELAH
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TELUR INFERTIL Ascaris lumbricoides
TELUR INFERTIL Ascaris lumbricoides
BENTUK LONJONGDINDING / LAP ALBUMINOID TIPIS
ISI GRANULA
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TELUR DECORTICATED Ascaris lumbricoides
TELUR DECORTICATED Ascaris lumbricoides
TELUR TANPALAPISAN ALBUMINOID
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TELUR EMBRYONATEDAscaris lumbricoides
TELUR EMBRYONATEDAscaris lumbricoides
TELUR MENGANDUNG LARVA INFEKTIFSETELAH + 3 MINGGU DI DALAM TANAH
DINDING : 3 LAPIS
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DAUR HIDUP Ascaris lumbricoides
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Gejala Klinik AscariasisGejala Klinik Ascariasis
± 85% kasus ascariasis asymptomatikMigrasi larva std awal asymptomatik infeksi berat tjd pneumonitis, inflamasi eosinofilik (Syndroma Löffler)Urtikaria, skin rash, nyeri pd mata, insomnia krn reaksi alergi thd: ekskresi & sekresi metabolik cacing dewasa atau cacing dws yg mati
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Gangguan abdominal spt nausea, anoreksia, diareMuntah akibat migrasi cacing ke sal cerna atas (rangsang panas, anestesi)Bolus/massa abdomenKolik biliaris, kolangitis, pankreatitis, appendiksitisGangguan nutrisi dan kognisi pd anak2 < 5 thProtein energi malnutrition
Gejala Klinik AscariasisGejala Klinik Ascariasis
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DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
Fase migrasi, larva ditemukan dari sputum / kumbah lambung
Fase intestinal, cacing dewasa lewat anus/mulut atau telur di feses
Pencegahan:Perbaikan sanitasi lingkunganMeningkatkan higiene peroranganMencegah tanah terkontaminasi tinja
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Pengobatan Pengobatan
Piperazin sitrat : dosis 75 mg/KgBB (selama 2 hari)
Pirantel pamoat : 10 mg/kgBB dosis tunggal (maksimal 1 g)
Mebendazol :100 mg dua kali perhari minimal 3 hari
Albendazol dosis tunggal 400 mg
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HookwormHookwormNecator americanus necatoriasisAncylostoma duodenale ankilostomiasisA.caninum + A.braziliense larvanya penyebab Cutaneus Larva MigransAncylostoma ceylanicum gangguan gastrointestinalHabitat : jejunum, duodenumStd.infektif bagi manusia : Larva
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Gejala akibat cacing dewasa Gejala akibat cacing dewasa
Cacing menempel di vili-vili usus dg :Cutting plate NecatorGigi anterior AncylostomaErosi & ulserasi darah merembes dalam lumen usus, berakibat :- anemia kronis pusing, cepat lelah- diare (kadang berdarah), nyeri epigastrium, nafsu makan menurun
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Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
Cacing Dewasa Hookworm
♂♂♀♀Ancylostoma duodenale
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Larva Rhabditiform
Larva Filariform
Larva Filariform
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Telur hookwormTelur hookworm
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Trichuris trichiuraTrichuris trichiuraTrichuris trichiuraTrichuris trichiura
PENYAKIT : TRICHURIASIS TRICHOCEPHALIASIS INFEKSI CACING
CAMBUK INANG DEFINITIF : MANUSIA HABITAT CACING DWS : MENEMPEL PD MUKOSA
COECUM MORFOLOGI YG PENTING : - CACING DEWASA JANTAN &
BETINA - TELUR
PENYAKIT : TRICHURIASIS TRICHOCEPHALIASIS INFEKSI CACING
CAMBUK INANG DEFINITIF : MANUSIA HABITAT CACING DWS : MENEMPEL PD MUKOSA
COECUM MORFOLOGI YG PENTING : - CACING DEWASA JANTAN &
BETINA - TELUR
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MORFOLOGI : CACING DEWASA SPT CAMBUK
UJUNG ANT RUNCING
• C.JANTAN : 30- 45MM
UJ. POST MELENGKUNG
• C.BETINA : 35-50 MM
UJ. POST TUMPUL
Trichuris trichiuraTrichuris trichiura
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TELUR Trichuris trichiura
BENTUK : SEPERTI TONG / GENTONG (Barrel Shape)
ADA TUTUP PD KEDUA UJUNGNYA
UKURAN : 50 - 54 µ X 23 µ
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DAUR HIDUP Trichuris trichiura
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PENYAKIT : * STRONGILOIDIASIS * STRONGILOIDOSIS * DIARE COCHIN - CHINA
HABITAT : INTESTINUM TENUE
INANG DEFINITIF : MANUSIA, ANJING, KUCING MORFOLOGI CACING DEWASA: - BENTUK PARASIT BETINA - BENTUK PARASIT JANTAN ? - BENTUK BEBAS BETINA - BENTUK BEBAS JANTAN
PENYAKIT : * STRONGILOIDIASIS * STRONGILOIDOSIS * DIARE COCHIN - CHINA
HABITAT : INTESTINUM TENUE
INANG DEFINITIF : MANUSIA, ANJING, KUCING MORFOLOGI CACING DEWASA: - BENTUK PARASIT BETINA - BENTUK PARASIT JANTAN ? - BENTUK BEBAS BETINA - BENTUK BEBAS JANTAN
Strongyloides stercoralis
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C. DEWASABETINA, PARASIT
C. DEWASABETINA, PARASIT
C. DEWASABETINA,
BTK BEBAS
C. DEWASABETINA,
BTK BEBAS
C. DEWASAJANTAN,
BTK BEBAS
C. DEWASAJANTAN,
BTK BEBAS
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Cacing kait :
L.RHAB : OESOFAGUS
MEMBULAT, GENITAL PRIMORDIA DI 2/3 TBH.
L.RHAB :RONGGA MULUT PANJANG, 3 X R.MLT
S. stercoralis
L. FIL : BERSARUNG,
ADA STRIAE
L. FIL : UJUNG EKOR
RUNCING
Cacing kait :
L.RHAB : OESOFAGUS
MEMBULAT, GENITAL PRIMORDIA DI 2/3 TBH.
L.RHAB :RONGGA MULUT PANJANG, 3 X R.MLT
S. stercoralis
L. FIL : BERSARUNG,
ADA STRIAE
L. FIL : UJUNG EKOR
RUNCING
S. stercoralis :
L.RHAB : OESOFAGUS MEMBULAT, GENITAL PRIMORDIA DI 2/3 TB
L.RHAB : RONGGA MULUT PENDEK
L. FIL : UJUNG EKOR
MEMBENTUK
HURUF V TERBALIK
L. FIL : TANPA
SARUNG
S. stercoralis :
L.RHAB : OESOFAGUS MEMBULAT, GENITAL PRIMORDIA DI 2/3 TB
L.RHAB : RONGGA MULUT PENDEK
L. FIL : UJUNG EKOR
MEMBENTUK
HURUF V TERBALIK
L. FIL : TANPA
SARUNG
PERBEDAAN LARVAPERBEDAAN LARVA
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DAUR HIDUP Strongyloides stercoralis
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Enterobius vermicularis
PENYAKIT : ENTEROBIASIS, OXYURIASIS, PINWORM /SEATWORM INFECTION, INFEKSI CACING KREMI INANG DEFINITIF : MANUSIA HABITAT CACING DEWASA : COECUM & USUS HALUS YG BERDEKATAN DNG
COECUM MORFOLOGI YG PENTING : - CACING DEWASA JANTAN & BETINA - TELUR
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JANTANUJUNG EKORMELENGKUNG
BETINAUJUNGEKORLURUS
MORFOLOGI CACING DEWASA
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Enterobius vermicularis
CACING DEWASA :• CACING JANTAN : 2 - 5 MM, UJUNG EKOR MELINGKAR KE VENTRAL, DAN DILENG- KAPI SPIKULUM• CACING BETINA : + 10 MM, UJUNG EKOR RUNCING SEPERTI JARUM• KEPALA PUNYA CEPHALIC ALAE• BULBUS ESOFAGUS BESAR
CEPHALICALAE
BETINA
JANTAN
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TELUR Enterobius vermicularis
• UKURAN : 50 X 25 µm
• BENTUK LONJONG, SALAH SATU SISI
DATAR, SISI LAINNYA MELENGKUNG
• DINDING 2 LAPIS, WARNA BENING
• TELUR BERISI LARVA / EMBRIO
• TELUR DILETAKKAN DISEKITAR PERI
ANAL
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DAUR HIDUP Enterobius vermicularis
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Ciri-ciri klas CestoideaCiri-ciri klas Cestoidea Bersifat parasitik Hermafrodit Ovipar Embrio (onkosfer) ada yang bersilia Skoleks (kepala) dilengkapi dengan
batil isap (sucker), sering dilengkapi dengan kait (hooklet) untuk melekatkan diri pada jaringan hospes.
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Tidak mempunyai traktus digestivus
Tidak mempunyai rongga badan
Badan (strobila) terdiri atas segmen-segmen (proglotid) yang masing-masing dilengkapi dengan system reproduksi yang lengkap
Hermaphrodit reproduksi self fertilization atau cross fertilization
Hidup di lumen usus
Cont.Cont.
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Ordo CyclophyllidaeOrdo Cyclophyllidae Skoleks mempunyai 4 sucker yang
berbentuk seperti mangkuk, biasanya letaknya sentral.
Puncak skoleks mempunyai rostellum.
Pada rostellum sering terdapat kait.
Lubang genital (bila ada) terletak di sebelah lateral proglotid.
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Ordo PseudophyllidaeOrdo Pseudophyllidae Skoleks seperti senduk
Alat penghisap (sucker) berupa celah (bothria)
Lubang genital terletak di sentral proglotid
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Morfologi secara Morfologi secara umumumum
Tubuh terdiri dari :
SCOLEX fungsi untuk melekatkan diri
LEHER infeksi akan tetap berlangsung selama scolex+leher ini melekat pada dinding usus halus, meski proglotid telah kosong/lepas
PROGLOTID/SEGMENT
proglotid immature, mature, gravid
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Ada 3 jenis proglotid :
Proglotid immature di belakang leher, mengandung organ sexual tapi imatur
Proglotid mature di tengah, berisi organ sexual male & female/ hermaphrodite
Proglotid gravid di ⅓ posterior, organ sexual tumbuh menjadi uterus berisi telur
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Cacing dewasa Taenia sp.Cacing dewasa Taenia sp.
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Scolex Taenia sp.Scolex Taenia sp.Taenia solium Taenia saginata
Sucker
Hooklet/kait
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Proglotid Taenia sp.Proglotid Taenia sp.
Proglotid immature
Taenia solium Taenia saginata
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TELUR
Bulat, dinding tebal, struktur radiair, Ø 35 µWarna kecoklatanBerisi hexacanth embryo (onchosphere) menetas di duodenumDi otot menjadi cystecercus bovis dlm 60-70 hari
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CESTODA USUSCESTODA USUS
Diphyllobothrium latumHymenolepis nanaHymenolepis diminutaDipylidium caninumTaenia saginataTaenia solium
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TREMATODATREMATODA
Nama lain: Cacing daun (flukes)HermaphroditAda sal pencernaan tp tidak lengkapMemerlukan molusca sbg host I
larva keluar dari molusca stlh dimakan ikan/udang eksistasi pada tanaman air
Infeksi trematoda krn makan ikan, udang, sayuran mentah
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Trematoda ParasitikTrematoda Parasitik
1. Trematoda darah : Schistosoma
2. Trematoda Usus : Fasciolopsis, Echinostoma, Heterophyes, Metagonimus
3. Trematoda Hati/Bilier : Clonorchis, Opistorchis, Fasciola
4. Trematoda Paru : Paragonimus
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Fasciolopsis buski (1)
Heterophyes heterophyes (2)
Metagonimus yokogawai (3)
TREMATODA USUS
321
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Ordo : EchinostomidaFamily : EchinostomatidaeGenus : EchinostomaSpesies : Echinostoma lindoense,
Echinostoma revolatum Echinostoma malayanum Echinostoma ilocanum Echinostoma recurvatum
Hospes : manusia, tikus, anjing, burung, ikan
EchinostomaEchinostoma
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MORFOLOGIPanjang 2,5-6,5 mm
Tubuh lonjong tertutup duri
Posterior langsing, anterior tdp collar spina (49-52 spina)
2 buah sucker (ventral sucker > oral sucker)
Testis 2 lobus, bulat
Ovarium didepan testis
Kel.vitelaria di lateral (¾ posterior)
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Echinostoma lindoenseEchinostoma lindoense
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Kasus dilaporkan di Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, Sumatra Utara
Mempunyai collar spine (43 spina)HP I : LymneaHP II : Molusca (Indoplanorbis,
Gyraulus) Ikan Barbus shigma
Infeksi ringan dan biasanya asymptomatik
Echinostoma Echinostoma malayanummalayanum
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Echinostoma malayanumEchinostoma malayanum
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Echinostoma ilocanumEchinostoma ilocanum Sinonim : Fascioletta ilocanum
Euparyphium ilocanum
Pernah ditemukan di Indonesia (1948, di Jawa)
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TELUR Ø 83-116 x 58-69 µ
Mempunyai operkulum
Warna coklat muda
Sulit dibedakan dgn telur Fasciolapsis buski
Keluar bersama tinja menetas mjd miracidium menembus visceral HP I (snail Planorbid) sporokista redia serkaria keluar dr tubuh HP I berenang di air tawar molusca air tawar (Hp II) manusia
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Telur Echinostoma Telur Echinostoma sp.sp.
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DIAGNOSIS
- Ditemukan telur pada tinja
- Dx.pasti ditemukan cacing dewasa
PENGOBATAN
- Praziquantel
- Albendazol
EPIDEMIOLOGI
- Manusia terinfeksi karena makan keong sawah tidak dimasak metaserkaria cacing dewasa
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Fasciolopsis buskiFasciolopsis buskiGiant Intestinal Fluke, mrpk
trematoda usus terbesar pd manusiaHabitat : usus halus, duodenumHospes : manusia, anjing, babiHost perantara : Keong air
(Segmentia, Gyraulus), tumbuhan air (Trapa natans)
Cara infeksi : makan tumbuhan air mengandung metaserkaria
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Fasciolopsis buskiFasciolopsis buski
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MORFOLOGI
Cacing dewasa 2-7,5cm x 0,8-2cm
Oval memanjang
Acetabulum > oral sucker
Cephalic cone tidak ada
Sekum 1 psg, tidak bercabang
Ovarium bercabang, testis bercabang, posisi tandem
Umur : < 6 bulan
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TELUR
Bentuk ovoid, besar, operkulum
Ø 140x80 µ, coklat kekuningan
Mgd ovum tak bersegmen
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SIKLUS HIDUP
Telur menetas Mirasidium masuk tubuh siput Cercaria keluar dari siput (Segmentia) tumbuhan air membentuk kista termakan hospes definitive keluar di duodenum dewasa dlm 30 hr
PENGOBATAN
- Tetrakloretilen
- Hexilresorsinol
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