Interwar DBQInterwar DBQ

Doc ADoc A Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding

Landslide victory: 1) not a Democrat; 2) Landslide victory: 1) not a Democrat; 2) “looked like a President” (“front porch “looked like a President” (“front porch campaign”)campaign”)

Vs. James Cox and FDR (Ass’y Sec’y Navy); pro-Vs. James Cox and FDR (Ass’y Sec’y Navy); pro-TofVTofV

Normalcy: tax cuts (“supply-side”), Normalcy: tax cuts (“supply-side”), immigration laws, Veterans Affairs, immigration laws, Veterans Affairs, emergency tariffs (Webb-Pomerene, emergency tariffs (Webb-Pomerene, Edge ActEdge Act 1922: Fordnay-McCumber 1922: Fordnay-McCumber Act: protectionist, isolationist; Act: protectionist, isolationist; “American selling price”), reduce size “American selling price”), reduce size gov’tgov’t Abolish lynching: didn’t pushAbolish lynching: didn’t push

Teapot Dome: Wyoming oil sold (Albert Teapot Dome: Wyoming oil sold (Albert Fall); Harding know?Fall); Harding know? dies suddenly dies suddenly

FDR and TradeFDR and Trade

Sec’y Hull: protective tariffs= “king of Sec’y Hull: protective tariffs= “king of evils”evils” 1934: Reciprocal Trade 1934: Reciprocal Trade Agreements, Export-Import BankAgreements, Export-Import Bank

1934-1936: Nye Committee—merchants of 1934-1936: Nye Committee—merchants of death, “rotten commercialism”death, “rotten commercialism”

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933: Pan-Good Neighbor Policy, 1933: Pan-Americanism, noninterventionism; Mexico Americanism, noninterventionism; Mexico 19381938 Trujillo (Dominican Republic): “He may be an Trujillo (Dominican Republic): “He may be an

S.O.B. but he is our S.O.B.”; Somoza S.O.B. but he is our S.O.B.”; Somoza (Nicaragua); Bautista (Cuba)(Nicaragua); Bautista (Cuba)

SovereigntySovereignty

““constitutional integrity…constitutional integrity…independence of action”independence of action”

United Nations, World Trade United Nations, World Trade Organization, NATOOrganization, NATO

International Criminal CourtInternational Criminal Court

Doc BDoc B Washington Naval Conference: Four-Power Washington Naval Conference: Four-Power

Treaty; Five-Power Treaty; Nine-Power Treaty; Five-Power Treaty; Nine-Power TreatyTreaty

Limit Japanese expansionism (Greater East Limit Japanese expansionism (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere) and costs of naval Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere) and costs of naval arms race (necessary if cut taxes and reduce arms race (necessary if cut taxes and reduce debt)debt)

Established naval ratios (US + Britain most, Established naval ratios (US + Britain most, then Japan, then France and Italy; Germany then Japan, then France and Italy; Germany covered by TofV)covered by TofV)

1925: Locarno Pact; 1928: Kellogg-Briand 1925: Locarno Pact; 1928: Kellogg-Briand PactPact

Doc CDoc C Permanent Court of International Justice Permanent Court of International Justice

(World Court): court of League of Nations; like (World Court): court of League of Nations; like US Supreme Court, resolve conflicts statesUS Supreme Court, resolve conflicts states

Bank for International Settlements Bank for International Settlements (International Bank): 1929; transfer German (International Bank): 1929; transfer German reparation payments; coordinates central reparation payments; coordinates central banksbanks

““Our dollars are powerful”: international Our dollars are powerful”: international currencycurrency

1923: Germany defaults reparations1923: Germany defaults reparations occupation Ruhroccupation Ruhr Dawes Plan (1924): reduce Dawes Plan (1924): reduce annual paymentsannual payments dependence US loans dependence US loans Young Plan (1929): reduce overall + extend Young Plan (1929): reduce overall + extend reparation paymentsreparation payments

Doc DDoc D (’32) Stimson Doctrine: non-recognition (’32) Stimson Doctrine: non-recognition

territorial change from forceterritorial change from force October 1937: FDR “Quarantine Speech: October 1937: FDR “Quarantine Speech:

economic pressure (short of violence)economic pressure (short of violence) PanayPanay Incident: 12 Dec 1937: Yangtze Incident: 12 Dec 1937: Yangtze

river patrol: evacuates Americans from river patrol: evacuates Americans from NankingNanking attacked by Japanese planes attacked by Japanese planes (claimed didn’t see flags)(claimed didn’t see flags) apology + apology + indemnityindemnity

Allison Incident: 26 Jan 1938 consul in Allison Incident: 26 Jan 1938 consul in Nanking embassy hit in faceNanking embassy hit in face

Doc EDoc E America First Committee: 1940; merger right- America First Committee: 1940; merger right-

and left-wing anti-war activists [JFK, Norman and left-wing anti-war activists [JFK, Norman Thomas (Socialist Party), Charles Lindbergh, Thomas (Socialist Party), Charles Lindbergh, Sinclair Lewis, E.E. Cummings, Walt Disney]Sinclair Lewis, E.E. Cummings, Walt Disney]

Principles:Principles:1) The United States must build an impregnable 1) The United States must build an impregnable

defense for America. defense for America. 2) No foreign power, nor group of powers, can 2) No foreign power, nor group of powers, can successfully attack a prepared America. successfully attack a prepared America. 3) American democracy can be preserved only 3) American democracy can be preserved only by keeping out of the European war. by keeping out of the European war. 4) "Aid short of war" weakens national 4) "Aid short of war" weakens national defense at home and threatens to involve defense at home and threatens to involve America in war abroadAmerica in war abroad

1940 Republican Primaries: Robert Taft—oppose 1940 Republican Primaries: Robert Taft—oppose war to stop extension socialism at home; most war to stop extension socialism at home; most candidates isolationist; Wendell Willkie candidates isolationist; Wendell Willkie (eventual candidate): consistently argued (eventual candidate): consistently argued need help Britainneed help Britain

Doc FDoc F

Executive agreements: “treaties” Executive agreements: “treaties” that do not require ratification; that do not require ratification; implied Constitution/Congressional implied Constitution/Congressional statute (like executive orders)statute (like executive orders)

Dunkirk, Blitz, fear German Dunkirk, Blitz, fear German invasioninvasion

Destroyers-for-Bases deal (1940): Destroyers-for-Bases deal (1940): end run Neutrality Acts (not sold); end run Neutrality Acts (not sold); 99-year rent free leases (a la Gitmo)99-year rent free leases (a la Gitmo)

Doc GDoc G Maginot LineMaginot Line John Maynard Keynes, “Economic Consequences of the John Maynard Keynes, “Economic Consequences of the

Peace,” 1920: “The policy of reducing Germany to servitude Peace,” 1920: “The policy of reducing Germany to servitude for a generation, of degrading the lives of millions of human for a generation, of degrading the lives of millions of human beings, and of depriving a whole nation of happiness should beings, and of depriving a whole nation of happiness should be abhorrent and detestable”be abhorrent and detestable” calls for loosening calls for loosening Versailles restrictions on GermanyVersailles restrictions on Germany

Appeasement: 1931: Japan (League member) invades Appeasement: 1931: Japan (League member) invades Manchuria ("Their inactivity and ineffectualness in the Far Manchuria ("Their inactivity and ineffectualness in the Far East lent every encouragement to European aggressors East lent every encouragement to European aggressors who planned similar acts of defiance.”); 1935: Abyssinia who planned similar acts of defiance.”); 1935: Abyssinia Crisis; 1936: remilitarization Rhineland; 1938: Munich Crisis; 1936: remilitarization Rhineland; 1938: Munich Agreement (Sudatenland): “peace in our time”Agreement (Sudatenland): “peace in our time” encourages Hitler (would have backed down)encourages Hitler (would have backed down)

Anschluss: 1938-unification Germany and Austria; MunichAnschluss: 1938-unification Germany and Austria; Munich FDR supported: “universal sense of relief”FDR supported: “universal sense of relief”

Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939; Republicans/Loyalists Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939; Republicans/Loyalists (USSR-backed; Abraham Lincoln Brigade) vs. Nationalists (USSR-backed; Abraham Lincoln Brigade) vs. Nationalists (Fascists)(Fascists)

Doc HDoc H

Neutrality Acts: cash-and-carryNeutrality Acts: cash-and-carry Lend-Lease: March 1941: $31.4 Lend-Lease: March 1941: $31.4

billion to Britain, $11.3 billion to the billion to Britain, $11.3 billion to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion to France Soviet Union, $3.2 billion to France and $1.6 billion to China (1941 and $1.6 billion to China (1941 dollars; $700 B in 2007)dollars; $700 B in 2007)

33rdrd term “mandate” term “mandate”

USSR out