intertidal zonation biological factors. 1. grazing -growth of laminaria - zone ends abruptly why?
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INTERTIDAL ZONATIONBIOLOGICAL FACTORS
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1. Grazing
-growth of Laminaria- zone ends abruptly
Why?
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1. Grazing
Experiment done in New South Wales, Australia
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Underwood (1980 Oecologia 46:201)
Used exclusion cages
1- Open 2 - Fence 3 - Roof 4 - Cage
Grazers excluded Grazers excludedGrazers inGrazers in
Normal ShadeShadeNormal
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1- Open 2 - Fence 3 - Roof 4 - Cage
Grazers excluded Grazers excludedGrazers inGrazers in
Normal ShadeShadeNormal
No growth or recruitment
Recruitment but poor growth
No growth or recruitment
Recruitment and growth to nearly adult size
Therefore - upper limit dictated by grazers
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2. PredationPisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus
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2. PredationPisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus
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2. PredationPisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus
Time (Years)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Height above chart datum
1.5
1.0
0.5
Pisaster removal begins Pisaster removal ends
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3. Competition
Chthalamus Semibalanus
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3. Competition
EHWS
MTL
ELWS
Chthalamus zone
Semibalanus zone
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3. Competition
EHWS
MTL
ELWS
Chthalamus zone
Semibalanus zone
Remove Semibalanus
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3. Competition
EHWS
MTL
ELWS
Chthalamus zone
Semibalanus zone
Remove Chthalamus
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3. Competition
Lifted Smothered Crushed ??
100
50
0
Source of Mortality
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3. Competition
MHWS
MTL
MHWN
MLWN
MLWS
Larval settlement Effects of physical factors Competition
Chthamamus
Semibalanus
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4. Larval Settlement
Generalized life cycle for marine invertebrates
Dispersing larva (planktonic)
settle
juvenileadult
egg
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4. Larval Settlement
Larval settlement Final distribution pattern
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4. Larval Settlement
Larval settlement Final distribution pattern
happens because of
1. Indiscriminate settlementand high mortality
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4. Larval Settlement
Larval settlement Final distribution pattern
happens because of
1. Indiscriminate settlementand high mortality
2. Discriminate settlementand low mortality
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4. Larval Settlement
Flustrellidra lives on Ascophyllum
Hurlbut ‘91 - Distribution of Bryozoans
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4. Larval Settlement
Hurlbut ‘91 - Distribution of Bryozoans
Alcyonidium
Chondrus
FucusRock
Geukensia
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4. Larval Settlement
Hurlbut ‘91 - Distribution of Bryozoans
FlustrellidraAscophyllum
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4. Larval Settlement
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4. Larval Settlement
Results
Flustrellidra
- larvae selectively settle on Ascophyllum- greater survivorship on Ascophyllum
Alcyonidium
-larvae show preferential settlement on Fucus and Chondrus - most adult colonies occur on rock
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Summary
Observed distribution andabundance
temperaturedesiccation ice
wave exposure
reproductive modecompetition
larval settlementpredationsurvival
grazing
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