interstellar shocks: the contribution of sofia/great2015/11/25 · interstellar shocks:! the...
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Interstellar shocks:!The contribution of SOFIA/GREAT!
Antoine Gusdorf, ! ! ! ! ! ! LERMA, Paris, France!
Claudio Codella, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !INAF Firenze, Italy!Rolf Güsten, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MPIfR, Bonn, Germany!Sibylle Anderl, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! IPAG, Grenoble, France!Maryvonne Gerin, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! LERMA, Paris, France!Bertrand Lefloch, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! IPAG, Grenoble, France!Pierre Lesaffre, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! LERMA, Paris, France!Silvia Leurini, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MPIfR, Bonn, Germany!Alexandre Marcowith, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! LUPM, Montpellier, France!Frédérique Motte, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! IPAG, Grenoble, France!
25/11/15! 1!SOFIA community tele-talk series!
1!
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Outline!
• The importance of shocks in the interstellar medium of galaxies!
• From low-mass star formation…!
• …To higher-mass star formation!
• Filaments and ridges!
• Supernova remnants!
25/11/15! 2!SOFIA community tele-talk series!
2!
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The importance of shocks in the ISM of galaxies!
0.1 pc!
BHR71!
adapted from!Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
archive image!Spitzer/IRAC 8 "m!
3!
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The importance of shocks in the ISM of galaxies!
0.1 pc!
BHR71!
archive image!Spitzer/IRAC 8 "m!
adapted from!Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
4!
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The importance of shocks in the ISM of galaxies!
0.1 pc!
BHR71!
archive image!Spitzer/IRAC 8 "m!
adapted from!Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
5!
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The importance of shocks in the ISM of galaxies!
0.1 pc!
BHR71!
archive image!Spitzer/IRAC 8 "m!
adapted from!Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
6!
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The importance of shocks in the ISM of galaxies!
0.1 pc!
BHR71!
CO (3-2)!
archive image!Spitzer/IRAC 8 "m!
adapted from!Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
7!
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The importance of shocks in the ISM of galaxies!
0.1 pc!
BHR71!
CO (3-2)!
archive image!Spitzer/IRAC 8 "m!
adapted from!Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
8!
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The importance of shocks in the ISM of galaxies!
0.1 pc!
BHR71!
• physical processes!
• chemical !enrichment!
CO (3-2)!
archive image!Spitzer/IRAC 8 "m!
adapted from!Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
9!
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The importance of shocks in the ISM of galaxies!
0.1 pc!
BHR71!
• energetic impacts!
• star formation:!! scenarios !! triggered!
• cosmic rays!
CO (3-2)!
• physical processes!
• chemical !enrichment!
archive image!Spitzer/IRAC 8 "m!
adapted from!Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
10!
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From low-mass star formation…!
25/11/15! 11!SOFIA community tele-talk series!
11!
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Low-mass star formation: the BHR71 example!
BHR71! CO (3-2)!
CO (6-5)!
SiO (5-4)!
H2!0-0 S(5)!
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Low-mass star formation: the BHR71 example!
BHR71!
SiO : Gusdorf et al. 2011 !
CO : Gusdorf et al. 2015 !
H2 : Giannini et al. 2010 !
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1D shock models!
pré-choc! post-choc!
nH = 104 cm-3 ; vs = 30 km/s!
• J shock (Jump) ; !
B = 10 "G!
vs > vcritical !
impulse heating ;!
single fluid!
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1D shock models!
pré-choc! post-choc!
nH = 104 cm-3 ; vs = 30 km/s!
• J shock (Jump) ; !
B = 10 "G!
vs > vcritical !
impulse heating ;!
single fluid!
15!
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1D shock models!
pré-choc! post-choc!• C shock (Continuous) ; !
B = 100 "G!
vs < vcritical!
ion-neutral friction ; !
multi-fluid!
nH = 104 cm-3 ; vs = 30 km/s!
• J shock (Jump) ; !
B = 10 "G!
vs > vcritical !
impulse heating ;!
single fluid!
16!
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1D shock models!
pré-choc! post-choc!
nH = 104 cm-3 ; vs = 30 km/s!
• C shock (Continuous) ; !
B = 100 "G!
vs < vcritical!
ion-neutral friction ; !
multi-fluid!
• J shock (Jump) ; !
B = 10 "G!
vs > vcritical !
impulse heating ;!
single fluid!
17!
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1D shock models!
nH = 104 cm-3 !
vs = 30 km/s!
âge 2000 ans!
pré-choc! post-choc!
CJ shock!
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Tracing the propagation of shocks: SiO emission!
pre-shock medium:!
SiO* ! mantles!Si** ! cores!
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Tracing the propagation of shocks: SiO emission!
Grain charge!(Flower & Pineau des Forêts 2003)!
SiO* ! mantles!Si** ! cores!
pre-shock medium:!
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Tracing the propagation of shocks: SiO emission!
mantle sputtering (Flower & Pineau des Forêts 1994, semi-classical prescriptions) :!
SiO* + (H, He, H2) " SiO + (H, He, H2)!
core erosion (May et al. 2000, Monte-Carlo simulations) :!
Si** + (He, C, N, O, H2O, N2, CO, O2) " Si + (He, C, N, O, H2O, N2, CO, O2)!
Grain charge!(Flower & Pineau des Forêts 2003)!
pre-shock medium:!
SiO* ! mantles!Si** ! cores!
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Tracing the propagation of shocks: SiO emission!
SiO formation in the gas phase, from grain-core silicium:!
Si + O2 " SiO + O!
(Le Picard et al. 2001, CRESU experiment) !
Si + OH " SiO + H !
(Rivero-Santamaria, Dayou et al. 2014, quantum calculations) !
grain charge!
core erosion!
mantles sputtering!
pre-shock medium:!
SiO* ! mantles!Si** ! cores!
22!
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Tracing the propagation of shocks: SiO emission!
gas phase, chemical destruction of SiO: !
SiO + OH " SiO2 + H!
(prescription E. Herbst)!
adsorption (freeze-out) on to grains :!
SiO + grain " SiO* + grain!
grain charge!
core erosion!
mantles sputtering!
gas phase formation!
pre-shock medium:!
SiO* ! mantles!Si** ! cores!
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Tracing the propagation of shocks: SiO emission!
• level populations and transition emissivities calculations:!
! statistical equilibrium equations!
! ‘Large Velocity Gradient’ (LVG) assumption!
! collisional excitation rate coefficients of SiO by H2, H, He !
(calculated by Dayou & Balança 2006)!
grain charge!
core erosion!
mantles sputtering!
gas phase formation!
gas phase destruction!
adsorption!
pre-shock medium:!
SiO* ! mantles!Si** ! cores!
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Comparing observations with models!
SiO observations!H2 observations!
CO observations!
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Comparing observations with models!
SiO observations!H2 observations!
CO observations!
• CJ model, nH = 104 cm-3, vs = 22 km/s, B = 150 "G ; 1% of Si ! SiO* (pre-shock)!
! physical conditions are constrained!
(shock age, magnetic field strength)!
! silicon chemistry constrained (initial distribution, processes)!
! ejection rate (precise) measure: 7.10-6 M"/an!
! pure shock diagnosis!Gusdorf et al. 2015a !
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Comparing observations with models!
SiO observations!H2 observations!
CO observations!
• CJ model, nH = 104 cm-3, vs = 22 km/s, B = 150 "G ; 1% of Si ! SiO* (pre-shock)!
! physical conditions are constrained!
(shock age, magnetic field strength)!
! silicon chemistry constrained (initial distribution, processes)!
! ejection rate (precise) measure: 7.10-6 M"/an!
! pure shock diagnosis!Gusdorf et al. 2015a !
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BHR71: the latest news!
SiO observations!H2 observations! CO observations!
• New PACS & HIFI observations of CO, OH and OI lines !
CJ model, nH = 104 cm-3, vs = 22 km/s, B = 150 "G ; 1% of Si ! SiO* (pre-shock)!
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BHR71: the latest news!
SiO observations!H2 observations! CO observations!
• New PACS & HIFI observations of CO, OH and OI lines !
CJ model, nH = 104 cm-3, vs = 22 km/s, B = 150 "G ; 1% of Si ! SiO* (pre-shock)!
OI observations!• OI: models ~1% of observations!
# we are missing something!
# irradiated shocks!
# some kind of jet component ?!
Benedettini et al., in prep.!
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BHR71: the latest news!
Gusdorf et al., in prep.!
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BHR71: the latest news!
Gusdorf et al., in prep.!
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BHR71: the latest news!
Gusdorf et al., in prep.!
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BHR71: the latest news!
Gusdorf et al., in prep.!
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…To higher-mass star formation!
25/11/15! 34!SOFIA community tele-talk series!
34!
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Intermediate-mass star formation: Cepheus E!
The Cep E outflow at 4.5 "m by Spitzer/IRAC!
0.07 pc!
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Intermediate-mass star formation: Cepheus E!
The Cep E outflow at 4.5 "m by Spitzer/IRAC!
CO (2-1)!
CO (12-11)!
CO (13-12)!
SOFIA!
SOFIA!
IRAM-30m!
Gomez-Ruiz et al. 2012!
0.07 pc!
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Intermediate-mass star formation: Cepheus E!
The Cep E outflow at 4.5 "m by Spitzer/IRAC! Lefloch et al. 2015!
0.07 pc!
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Intermediate-mass star formation: Cepheus E!
The Cep E outflow in CO (2-1) by the PdBI! Lefloch et al. 2015!
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Intermediate-mass star formation: Cepheus E!
• Jet, cavity, HH 377:!
LVG analysis of CO emission!
=> (N, Tkin) estimates !
• Southern lobe:!
! jet mass: 0.02 M", 1.7 M"km/s!! outflow cavity mass: 0.32 M", !
2.8 M"km/s !
=> molecular jet driven bowshock!
• (Non-irradiated) shock models of !
the jet hot component!
=> perspectives: chemistry (SO, SiO, !
HCO+, IRAM-30m and PdBI, !
Lefloch et al. in prep, I, II, later H2O)!
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Massive star formation: G5.89-0.39!
Hunter et al. 2008! Su et al. 2012!
• “The Harvey & Forveille 1988 outflow”: !! one massive O-type (imaged) star (Feld’s star); !! one UC HII region surrounded by a PDR-like cocoon, 5 continuum sources; !! one Br# outflow, 3 molecular outflows (seen in H2, CO, SiO and HCO+);!! a collection of OH, H2O, CH3OH, and NH3 maser spots !
0.03 pc!
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Massive star formation: G5.89-0.39!
• APEX and Herschel (HIFI and PACS) observations of 12CO and 13CO!
• Analysis of CO emission:!
! warm component (275 K, 107 cm-3) or (1200 K, 105 cm-3); N~3.1017 cm-2!
! colder component thanks to APEX observations of 13CO (3-2), (6-5):!
(75 K, 6.1018 cm-2)!Gusdorf et al., accepted by A&A!
41!
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Massive star formation: G5.89-0.39!
• CI optically thin and in LTE conditions !
• Tex ~ 70 +/- 20 K, !
Nblue ~ Nred ~ 3.1017 cm-2!
=> associated to CO cold component!
CI 3P1 – 3P0!CI 3P2 – 3P1!
Also observed: SiO, CH+…!
42!
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Massive star formation: G5.89-0.39!
Gusdorf et al., accepted by A&A!
C+ 2P3/2 – 2P1/2!CO (16 – 15)!
• CI optically thin and in LTE conditions !
• Tex ~ 70 +/- 20 K, !
Nblue ~ Nred ~ 3.1017 cm-2!
=> associated to CO cold component!
CI 3P1 – 3P0!CI 3P2 – 3P1!
• CII LTE assumption!
• similarity of profile with CO (16-15)!
=> associated to CO warm component!
Tex ~ 250 K, !
Nblue ~ 5.1017 cm-2 > N (CO)!
Also observed: SiO, CH+…!
43!
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Massive star formation: G5.89-0.39!
Leurini et al., in press!
H2O, Herschel!
44!
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Massive star formation: G5.89-0.39!
H2O, Herschel!
OI 3P1 – 3P2!at 63 "m!
SOFIA/GREAT!
OH, SOFIA/GREAT!
Leurini et al., in press!
45!
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Massive star formation: G5.89-0.39!
H2O, Herschel!
OI 3P1 – 3P2!at 63 "m!
SOFIA/GREAT!
OH, SOFIA/GREAT!
Leurini et al., in press!
46!
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Massive star formation: Cep A!
Gusdorf et al. 2015b !
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Filaments and ridges!
48!
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Schneider et al. 2010!
Filaments and ridges! 49!
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Hennemann et al. 2012!
Filaments and ridges!
Schneider et al. 2010!
50!
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The W43-MM1 ridge!
Nguyen-Luong et al. 2013, Motte et al. 2014!
1 pc!
The W43MM1 filament in SiO (2-1), Louvet et al. 2014!
DE
C. (
J200
0)
R.A. (J2000)
12
9
10
11
8 5
6 4
3 7
1 2
51!
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The W43-MM1 ridge!
1 pc!
DE
C. (
J200
0)
R.A. (J2000)
1 pc!
1 pc!
local bipolar outflows!
Nguyen-Luong et al. 2013, Motte et al. 2014!
The W43MM1 filament in SiO (2-1), Louvet et al. 2014!
Louvet et al., in prep.!
12
9
10
11
8 5
6 4
3 7
1 2
52!
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The W43-MM1 ridge!D
EC
. (J2
000)
R.A. (J2000)
1 pc!
Nguyen-Luong et al. 2013, Motte et al. 2014!
The W43MM1 filament in SiO (2-1), Louvet et al. 2014!
53!
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The W43-MM1 ridge!
• Models are ready (Louvet et al., in prep.):!! two scenarios: 10% pre-shock Si in the gas phase (Sig) or in the mantle (Sim)!! two values of interstellar radiation field tested: G0 = 0, 1!
54!
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The W43-MM1 ridge!
APEX! SOFIA!
Gusdorf et al., in prep.!
55!
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The W43-MM1 ridge!
APEX! SOFIA!
Gusdorf et al., in prep.!ALMA Cycle 2, 2500 AU, 0.4’’, preliminary !! PI$: F. Motte!
56!
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The extra-Galactic perspective!
• CO ladders observations from external galaxies!Large scale effects from PDR, XDR, and shock contributions!NGC 253 Hailey-Dunsheath et al. 2008 ; M82 Panuzzo et al. 2010 ; NGC 891 Nikola et al. 2011 ; NGC 6240 Meijerink et al. 2013!
• Herschel/PACS observations of NGC1068, Hailey-Dunsheath et al. 2012!
Schinnerer et al. 2000, CO (1-0)!
57!
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The extra-Galactic perspective! 58!
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The extra-Galactic perspective!
Kamenetzky et al. 2014!
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Supernova remnants!
25/11/15! 60!SOFIA community tele-talk series!
60!
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W28!
W28!
Emission at 327 MHz, by Claussen et al. 1997!
5 pc!
61!
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W28!
Emission at 327 MHz, by Claussen et al. 1997!
5 pc!CO (6-5) & (3-2)! W28F!
Gusdorf et al. 2012!
62!
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W28!
5 pc!CO (6-5) & (3-2)! W28F!
Gusdorf et al. 2012!
(3-2)!(4-3)!(6-5)!(7-6)!
(11-10)!
63!
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W28!
Gusdorf et al. 2012!
CO (6-5) & (3-2)!5 pc W28! W28F!
327 MHz emission, Claussen et al. 1997!
CO H2
64!
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W28!
CO H2
Gusdorf et al. 2012!
CO (6-5) & (3-2)!5 pc W28! W28F!
327 MHz emission, Claussen et al. 1997!
65!
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W28!
• 2 C-shocks, nH = 104 cm-3, vs = 20-25 km/s, B = 45-100 "G constrain:!
! the momentum injected by the shock : !
! 140 – 420 M" km s-1 per position!
! the energy injected by the shock:!
6 – 18 1045 erg per position!
66!
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IC 443!
5’ ~2.2 pc!
IC443 !(Gusdorf et al., in prep.)!
CO (6-5)!CO (2-1)!
67!
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IC 443!
• IC443 : CO (6-5) + H2 0-0 S(5) !
IC443G! Gusdorf et al. 2014!(proceedings IAU 296) !
68!
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IC 443!
• IC443 : CO (6-5) + H2 0-0 S(5) + YSOs !
IC443G! Gusdorf et al. 2014!(proceedings IAU 296) !
69!
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IC 443!
• IC443 : CO (6-5) + H2 0-0 S(5) + YSOs + molecular cloud CO (1-0) !
Towards the SNR’s
progenitor
IC443G! Gusdorf et al. 2014!(proceedings IAU 296) !
70!
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IC 443!
• Riquelme et al., in prep. : !! Spectral survey IC443G!! compared to hot core G31.41+0.31!! X-, #- rays, !and cosmic rays!
IC443G!
IC443G!
G31.41+0.31!
71!
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IC 443!
• Riquelme et al., in prep. : !! Spectral survey IC443G!! compared to hot core G31.41+0.31!! X-, #- rays, !and cosmic rays!
IC443G!
IC443G!
G31.41+0.31!
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IC 443!
• protons – MIS :!! %0 decomposition ! ! #!
• leptons – MIS :!! Bremsstrahlung ! ! ! #!! Inverse Compton ! #!! Synchrotron ! ! ! #!
73!
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IC 443!
• protons – MIS :!! %0 decomposition ! ! #!
• leptons – MIS :!! Bremsstrahlung ! ! ! #!! Inverse Compton ! #!! Synchrotron ! ! ! #!
H2 0-0 S(5) CO (6-5)
• Contribution to RCs studies!
through ISM studies: !
W28F, 3C391 !
(Gusdorf et al. 2012, Neufeld et al. 2014)!
W44E&F (Anderl, Gusdorf & Güsten 2014)!
G349.7+0.2 (Rho et al., in press)!
Meyer et al, 2015 #
74!
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IC 443!
• protons – MIS :!! %0 decomposition ! ! #!
• leptons – MIS :!! Bremsstrahlung ! ! ! #!! Inverse Compton ! #!! Synchrotron ! ! ! #!
• Contribution to RCs studies!
through ISM studies: !
W28F, 3C391 !
(Gusdorf et al. 2012, Neufeld et al. 2014)!
W44E&F (Anderl, Gusdorf & Güsten 2014)!
G349.7+0.2 (Rho et al., in press)!
Meyer et al, 2015 #
H2 0-0 S(5) CO (6-5)
HESS!
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IC 443!
.
76!
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IC 443!
5’ ~2.2 pc!
IC443 !(Gusdorf et al., in prep.)!
CO (6-5)!CO (2-1)!
CTA!
CTA!
HESS!
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IC 443!
5’ ~2.2 pc!
CTA!
CTA!
ALMA!
HESS!
CO (6-5)!CO (2-1)!
78!
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Perspectives!
25/11/15! 79!SOFIA community tele-talk series!
79!
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Perspectives!
• Importance of studying various environments!All objectives are intricated!
• Extend shock studies: !! whole objects!! 2-, 3-D geometry (line profiles fitting) !! processes (UV field influence, X-rays, #-rays, cosmic rays)!! chemistry (SiO, H2O, tracers, COMs: spectral surveys)!! methods (‘big data’)!
• Extend the context!! link with extra-Galactic!! link with CRs!
25/11/15! 80!SOFIA community tele-talk series!
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Thanks for your attention !!
25/11/15! 81!SOFIA community tele-talk series!
81!