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Interrupting the festivities: DigitisingHAL's Memory

TARABRABAZONSchool of Media, Communication and Culture, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia,

Australia

The potentials and problems of the digital and analogue en-vironments need to be oriented into critical theories of Infor-mation, knowledge, entertainment, pleasure and education.David Lowenthal (1985), just fifteen years ago, argued thatthe past is a foreign country. Jncreasingly though, it is thepresent that is becoming a tourist destination. The most sig-nificant analytical task for contemporary critics is to disruptthe dual ideologies punctuating the now: inevitable techno-logical change and progress (1). Only then, may theoristsponder the future of a digitised past. This paper investigateshow digitisation challenges not only knowledge workers

such äs archivists and librarians, but raises the dilemma ofobsolescence and the role of nostalgia in policy decisions.Disempowered groups, denied a voice and role in the ana-logue history of the twentieth Century, will have inequalitiesreified through the digital archiving of contemporary life.Notions of preservation, cataloguing and the structure ofknowledge will be considered in the new/old intellectualenvironment. The final part of the paper investigates the for-mation of a virtual middle class, arguing that digitisation isactually and actively reinforcing the social exclusions of theanalogue world.

Sony to Interrupt the festivities Dave, but we have aproblem.

HAL 9000,2001: A Space Odyssey

The festivitiesThe potentials and problems of the digital andanalogue environments need to be oriented intocritical theories of Information, knowledge, enter-tainment, pleasure and education. The ideologiesof the analogue, invoking constant, subtle move-ment and continuity, are defined against the dis-continuous, binary structure of digitisation. Thetwo states - on/off - are triggered by the pro-found simplicity of the binary-based Computerlanguage: 0 and 1. Digitisation may appeär äs aneo-modernist manifestation of scientific dis-course, but this New World order has major ad-vantäges. Digital information is flexible, network-able and dense. While seeming to solve myriadproblems, the extent of digitisation in the con-temporary environment can be over-stated. It

will be several years, and probably a decade, be-fore videodisc technology is able to surpass theconvenience and economy of analogue video-tapes. As Tony Feldman has suggested, "whilethe future may well belong to thoroughbred digi-tal Systems, right now it is a question of satis-fying today's need with today's technology77

(Feldman 1997: 38) The transformation of ana-logue media into bits and bytes often appears äsa commonsensical, inevitable formation. In re-sponse, libraries, Offices, archives and educa-tional establishments are altering their budgetand training structures.

The institutions that störe, trade or teach infor-mation are being moulded by digitisation gener-ally, and the Internet specifically. While the binarylanguage of computer-mediated communicationallows a smooth transference of data, meaningSystems are not exchanged äs easily. Classifying,organising and preserving information make ititseftil. A more significant query explores who isusing this material and why. (2) The Internet is

Tara Brabazon is Senior Lecturer, School of Media, Communication and Culture, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch,Western Australia, 6150, Australia. Phone: +61 8 9360 2853. Fax: +61 8 9310 5820. E-mail: [email protected]

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Tarn Brabnzon

like a rapier that slices through the politicalboundaries of the nation state. While data canmove through space, it is also marketed to awider audience. The PointCast Network (PCN) isa personalised delivery of Web-based Informa-tion. While it is a 'free' product, the displäy iscluttered with what Jim Seymour describes äs"ugly, intrusive ads, which are ever-present partsof the displäy" (Seymour 1999). This 'personal-ised7 material confines the reader's sphere ofinterest in a precise manner. Narrowcasting ac-tively blocks knowledge being extended, chal-lenged or critiqued.

The PCN is one mode of Information manage-ment for the digital environment. As ä System, itactively blocks the ränge and depth of Internetresources. While the Internet is a social phenome-non, its uses are frequently reduced to e-mail andthe most basic of search engines. Critical skills inInformation research and on-line communicationare lacking. A söcio-technical approach, such ästhat instigated through Social Informatics (1998),provides modes of thought and meaning for thechallenges of digitalisation. Information is notuseful until it is accessible. Libraries, archivesand museums are sites dedicated to classifying,storing and preserving cultural materials. TheDewey Decimal Classification scheme and the Li-brary of Congress subject headings are beingused to classify web-based resources. Howeverthe English language dominates the directorySystem, and Cyberstacks (CYBERSTACKS 1999)are still 'stacked' through national allegiances.Nineteenth Century modes of organising spaceand time are ordering the World Wide Web.

The problemThe uneven nature of web search engines in-creases the vulnerability of digital Information.Archival procedures have been both late andirregulär in their application. Bocher and Ihlen-feldt (1999) assert that 2500 new web sites arecoming on-line every day The difficulties andProblems confronting librarians and archivistswho wish to preserve digital Information is re-vealed in the Australian government's PADI(Preserving Access to Digital Information) Site.

"Compared with an object in a museum thatmay lay undisturbed for years in a storeroom, ora book on a shelf, or even Egyptian hieroglyphics

carved on the wall of a tomb, digital Informationrequires much more active maintenance. If wewant access to digital Information in the future,we must plan and act now/7 (PADI 1999c).

Much Information, particulärly in governmentaland university settings, is currently being releasedonly in a digital form. If this Material is lost, thensignificant "documentary heritage" (PADI 1999c)will be absent from the historical record. Thespeed of digitisation means that the responsibilityfor preserving Information, and the skills neces-sary to ehact this process, is increasing the pres-sure facing Information professionals. Majorstructural problems confront the archivist. In-advertent destruction of, or tampering with, datais matched with little systematic documentationof change.

An even greater difficulty when preservingdigital Information is what to keep, and what torelease to the ephemeral winds of Cyberspace.'Qualitative criteria' constructs an historical rec-ord that restates the ideologies of the powerful.Concerns with quality undermine the voices ofthe disempowered, displaced and decentred. In-stitutions will validate particular Informationover others. However the time frame by whichthis decision is being made in the digital en-vironment is shortened. The media's instabilitythrough technological obsolescence (see Figure 1)adds a time imperative that is absent from otherarchival discussions (3). The scale of preservationis also far more encompassing. If a hypertext doc-ument is preserved, then the links should also bemaintained to grant the interactivity, context andaffectivity of the site (4). A digital documentwithout hyperlinks, is like a musical recordingwithout rhythm: it is not presenting the capacityof the medium.

A far more profound question is who has theresponsibility for preserving digital Information.While the Australian government site ärgues that"creators of digital objects have the initial and insome cases a continuing role in preserving accessto them" (PADI 1999a), this is a naive expecta-tion. Without refreshing or migration of the data,digital Information can only be displayed andused through hardware that is continually tum-bling into obsolescence. Therefore, the creators/preservers of these texts would also need to es-tablish a collection of archaic Computer Systems,to 'guarantee' the survival of documents created

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Internipting the Festivities: Digüising HAL's Memory

For example, I still own my first laptop Computer, bought in 1991. It is an Olivetti M316. It functions,although the battery no longer does. It has a 40MB hard drive, which is not large enough to install acurrent version of Windows 98, let alone the ability to use the Windows environment to preparedocuments. That is probably quite fortunate, äs the 'F' key does not work, and most of the letters onthe keyboard have been scratched off through excessive use. There is no possibility or space for amodern connection. It does, however, have an expansion slot that is filled with the full-card for myHewlett Packard flat-bed Scanner of the same period. It only scans in black and white, and inenormous TIF files, rather than JPEG or GIF. I actually maintained this Computer, existing alongsidemy Sharp PC-M200, until February this year, because I needed the scanning technology, and hadnot yet bought a Scanner for my new Computer. Once this hardware was bought, the OlivettiComputer and Scanner became redundant and was 'taken over' by my father, who is teachinghimself to use Computers through Winders 3.1 and Word 5. He is managing the technology verywell, placing marked stickers over the keys without letters. The 'F still is causing problems.Between my current Computer and the Olivetti, I owned an X-Press 420. The hard drive on thisComputer had a 'melt down' in April 1998, and five of the keys - the F (there is a trend here), G, S, Land O, did not work. This Computer was still 'living' in my house for the year after it was replaced. Iwould not throw it away, even though it could not even be switched on. My inability to dispose of ithad nothing to do with sentiment. In fact, I had a profound hatred for this machine, triggered by theaforementioned 'stuck keys7 and the timing of the meltdown - just äs Semester started for the year.Even though I feit this Computer was the digital equivalent of Damien, son of Satan, I could notthrow something that that cost me $5 570 into the weekly garbage collection. Thankfully (well sortof), I did not have to bring myself to dispose of this Computer, and I gained my revenge on thedigital nightmare. Burglars robbed my house last December. Quite wonderfully, they took theobsolete Computer that will not even power up for them. I do not know for whom I feel more sorry:my old Computer or the burglars who will have to cope with the damn thing.The point of this story is that these three Computers chart the tale of my intellectual life over eightyears. These machines coiitain documents and images that can only be read on this hardware,because of obsolete word processing and scanning programmes. If this 'problem' of obsolescence ismagnified to a national - and then an international - level, it is clear that no library or governmentalInstitution could störe this ränge of technological support Systems for digital data

Figure 1: A personal look at digital obsolescence.

on them. It is technological obsolescence that isthe primary problem facing archivists.

Digital material is fragile. While migration al-lows the digital Information to be transferred be-tween hardware and Software configurations,there are intellectual property rights and qües-tions of Copyright law (5), which result from thismovement (6). The profound uncertainties de-rived from the preservation of digital documentsare undermining the enormous potential thatdigitisation offers for disseminating data. Textual,numeric, pictorial, video, sound, multimedia andSimulation will necessitate different preservationtactics. While the ASCII character sets (7) allowstandardised character mapping, there are docu-ments where these codes are not representative,such äs those involving formulae or multiple lan-guages. Once more, an (over)emphasis on Eng-

lish is serving to reduce the presence of otherlanguages in the archived and preserved digitalenvironment.

The consequences of digitisation are that theInformation industries and the professionalstrained in them, hold enormous responsibilities.They are moulding and shaping the future of thepast. While this process has always taken place inthe analogue world, there were myriad alterna-tive sites where ephemeral material was stored,such äs the family home. Populär cultural Infor-mation will suffer most from the 'blind spots' ofdigital archivists. While libraries rarely preservethe ephemera of a time, (8) many homes (includ-ing mine) preserve the 'trash' of a culture. A lightsabre, toy dalek, Duran Duran posters and a talk-ing Undertaker are all traces of past obsessionsand fandoms. Passion evaporates, and interests



Tara Brnbazon

morph into new trends. Yet these objects remainin attics, under beds, in boxes and sheds through-out the world. Digital documents necessitate alarger project of preservation, with great financial(and spatial) commitments of technology, Soft-ware and maintenance. Libraries rarely preservethe ephemera - the texture and light - of the ana-logue world. That task is left to populär culturalexperts. The digital era reduces the number offan-based archivists. Subsequently forfeited is thespectrum of interests and ideologies that con-struct the populär memory of a culture.

The tactility of populär cultural sources is al-ready lacking from the historian's database of thepost-war period. This absence will be exacer-bated through digitisation. Even a scanned col-our image of a talking Teletubbie is not anadequate - or perhaps even meaningful - repre-sentation of the three-dimensional object. As theAustralian Society of Archivists has recorded,"archivists ensure, that records which have valueäs authentic evidence of administrative, corpo-rate, cultural and intellectual activity are made,kept and used." (Australian Society of Archivists1999) There are ethical questions invokedthrough the preservation of digital documents.Ephemeral material, by definition, is transitory.Digital ephemera are merely an enhancement ofthe principle.

Cultural value ensures the activation of a hege-morde discourse, which will decentre the enter-tainment, and pleasures of disempowered groupsfrom digital sources. This is not only an ethicalquestion, but also a political concern. The Stresseson archivists are enormous: gaining the spaceand financial support for analogue-based preser-vation is difficult. Archives, äs "one of a kind in-formation sources, "(Understanding and using ar-chives 1999) are person or Organisation specific. Itmeans that the ephemera of populär culture willbe lost unless organisations like Sony Music, Phil-lips, Mushroom Records, Lucas Enterprises andthe World Wrestling Federation actively archivetheir history. But, äs Peter Lyman (1999) revealed,"äs information loses its commercial values, it isunlikely that commercial rights-holders willsubsidise its continued existence." Libraries, äsInstitutions of the public sphere, have a role infurthering an informed citizenry. How this pro-cess will be maintained through a networked,digitised environment, where the disadvantaged

are further excluded and unconnected, remains a .site of debate and discussion. Tony Barry, while aself-described "patchy seer7/, (Barry 1999) pre~dicts the long-term survival of a hybrid library, ofboth paper and bytes (9). The library building, asymbol of public life and community-based cul-ture, is also vulnerable in the "library ... withoutwalls" project (Benton Foundation 1999). As pub-lic institutions, libraries provide a framework forthe formation of social relätionships. As Lymanhas recognised, "the 'digital7 library is still a meta-phor, not yet a social Institution" (Lyman 1999).Of greater interest and concern for organisationsplacing (too) much budgeting emphasis on thedigital future, is information from the UnitedStates showing that former Internet users out-number current users (10). While Universities,schools, libraries and archives place great time jand finance into Internet literacies, the World \Wide Web is unable to maintain long-term interest jfor those actually and actively utilising hypertext. ;

i'

HAL's worldDigital awareness, while growing, does not coun- jter the rhetoric of the Internets egalitarian ethos. iThe phrase Virtual communities' mobilisesboundaries that hegemonically mask legal, physi-cal, social, linguistic, religious and ethnic affilia-tions. Symbols can be disempowering or enabling,allowing some groups to express meaüiftg, whiledisenfranchising others. Communities claim in-terpretative frameworks, and seek out surround-ings that are filled with Symbols in which theyare literate. Those who are poor, old, young or amember of a minority, have few resources oriconographic databases within responsive en-vironments. The ideplogy of a digital revolutionmakes possible the reproduction and dissemina-tion of cultural Symbols. Like the agrarian andindustrial societies, the informatic age is deter-mined through the primary commodity of ex-change. This will leave communities with fewresistive options in the increasingly capitalisedand commodified information economy. As NilsZurawski has suggested, "the value of the Inter-net äs a means of resistance will have to be prov-en in the future" (Zurawski 1996). Access to thedigital realm, and the development of literaciesin the conunuiucation mode, is the most signifi-cant issue to address.



The new virtual middle classes are hegemonic-ally dangerous to democracy because egalitarian-ism is the marinade of the Web. Feldman offersan off/back hand corrective to this pseudo-utopia.

The global reality is that 60 per cent of the world's popu-lation has never made a phone call and more than 50 percent could not do so because of a lack of phone lines. So,while we glibly agree that the telephone is the most wide-ly available form of network technology in the world, weshould - in a small corner of our minds - remember theprivileged position from which we make such judge-ments (Feldman 1997: 76).

Discussions of the massive potential bandwidthof cable over the telephone network are not tem-pered by social justice concerns, and only occupya 'small corner of our minds/ Internet access isdominated by affluent employed men, under theage of thirty-five (Liff and Watt 1999). (11) Mean-while, Patrice McDermott reported that only fiftypercent of households in the United States head-ed by women with children possess a telephone(McDermott 1999). Virtual media is not homog-enous or evenly distributed through society TheInformation rieh and poor is a new division ofsocietal disadvantaged overlaying the old. Re-markably, fifty percent of Australian Capital Ter-ritory residents access the Internet (12). Yetstudies of this technological permeation have notbroken down the suburbs of Canberra to observehow access is dispersed through the city. Fysh-wick, the industrialised, working class area of theAustralian Capital Territory, would be distinctfrom 'comfortable' suburbs of Cook or Barton.Class is an often-neglected variable in theorisingthe users of computer-mediated communication.Those with access to networks, on-line fora andcable television are offset by those citizens whodo not possess regulär use of a telephone. Tele-communication firms in the United States for ex-ample, bypass minofity äreas. Frequently though,search engines can by^pass eritire regions of theglobe. Alastair Smith reported that Australia andNew Zealand have a low Web Impact Factor(WIF) on worldwide databases (Smith 1999).

All identity is reliant on context and societalpositioning. Political struggle is activated throughdifferences in history and language. As Klaus-Dieter Lehrnann has suggested, "increasingly vastbodies of knowledge are becoming inaccessible

Interrupting the Fcstivities: Digitising HAL's Memory

to people with average educations" (Lehmann1996). The changes to Information, and the way itis communicated through digitisation, are fortify-ing already existing inequalities. The future ofephemera in the digital age is an under-repre-sented discussion in the preservation discourse.Feldman predicted that "the future, therefore, isdigital" (Feldman 1997: 38). This Statement maybe true, but that truth may cost us a populärmemory of the past.

Once bits replace atoms, the recorded worldbecomes structured by digital codes. Only partic-ular texts will be significant enough to störe digi-tally. Archivists, librarians and academics arebecoming pivotal arbiters of public value andtaste. Samuel Florman stated that "in the digitalage nothing need be lost; do we face the prospectof drowning in trivia äs the generations succeedeach other?" (Florman 1997) The trivia of aca-demics may be the fodder (and pleasures) ofeveryday life. Digitised preservation, like ana-logue conservation, will never 'represent' pluralpaths through the past. There is always a limit towhat is acceptable obsolescence. The loss ofcultural texts through digitisation will furthererode the Status, role and place of disempoweredgroups.

HAL, in the 1968 film 2001: A Spacc Odysseyinterrupted the 'festivities' of progress and techno-philia to warn of a problem. HAL's 'death' was areflexive and pertinent commentary on thedigital future of the populär cultural past.

Stop, Dave. m afraid. I'm afraid, Dave. Dave, my mindis going. I can feel it. I can feel it. My mind is going. Thereis no question about it. (20011968)

200 has survived the transition from analogue todigital video. Yet HAL's fear has been realised,and it is worse than predicted. The mind of theanalogue age is going, but the feeling, passion,humour and affectivity have already left us.There is a lesson there.

Notes1. For example, Jane t Collins, Michael Hammond

and Jerry Wellington, in: Teaching and learningwith Multimedia, (London: Routledge, 1997),stated that "the message is simple: we now have



Tara Brabazon

the technology to inform, entertain and educate.Miss it and you, your family and your school willbeleftbehind,"p.3

2. Herb Brody described the Net äs "an overstuffed,underorganised attic füll of pictures and docu-ments that vary wildly in value," in "Wired Sci-ence/' URL: http://www.techreview.com/ articles/oct96/brody.html. The interesting question is,whose values will predominate when the attic isbeing cleared and sorted?

3. This problem is extended because the statutoryProvision of legal deposit, which obliges publish-ers to place copies of publicatioris in the nationallibrary of the country in which the item is pub-lished, does not include CD-ROMs or Software.For a discussion of this problem, see "PADI 1999b- What digital Information should be preserved,"URL: http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/what.html

4. HyperText Markup Language, which allows themovement between different digital texts, grantsintegrity to digital documents. However, it is verydifficult to preserve both the document and links.There is a movement in preservation circles to relyon an URN, rather than URL, System to locate aunique and permanent digital object. The URL canfrequently change, but does grant a specific placeand location of the site on the World Wide Web.The URN however, is designed äs being independ-ent of a particular temporal location. For a discus-sion of the repercussions of this transference forarchivists, please refer to "Information objects inthe digital landscape," URL: http://lyra.rlg.org/Arch/TF/tfadi.objects. htm

5. Please refer to Patrick Fair and Michael Handler'sassessment of the "Developments in Digital Copy-right," URL: http://www.csa.edu.au/special/online99/proceedings99/fair-handler.htm. Theyproblematise conceptualisations of authorship ofelectronic databases and the very serious - andconfusing - issue of the intellectual property rightsinvolved in collecting and citing Information onthe web.

6. For a discussion of the "refreshing" and "migra-tion" of digital items, please see "The challenge ofarchiving digital Information," URL: http://lyra.rig.org/ArchTF/tfadi.challenge.htm

7. ASCII grants every punctuation, symbol and settera universal standardised code. While there are nosingle codes for pictures, audio or video, there aredifferent codes for representing them äs numbers,such äs JPEG and GIF.

8. Murdoch University Library, in Perth, WesternAustralia, has a long-term teaching and researchinterest in populär culture and media studies.Therefore, a small space has been set aside forephemera. This wonderful space is called the 'Q

Room/ However budgetary constraints means thatthe enthusiasm for this project in the early andmid-1980s had to be displaced for other more 'se-rious' problems, like maintaining the unbrokenrun of important Journal collections. To visit the QRoom now is a sad experience. It is still a riehsource of populär culture, but the bulk of the col-lection is in boxes, ill-organised and uncatalogued.Qualitative criteria, fed by budget-cuts, are nar-rowing the representative näture of library preser-vation, even in the analpgue archive. The ephem-eral näture of digitised, fan-based netsites is fareasier to lose.

9. While reference books will rarely survive in paper,the riovel will remain in a bpund book form. AnneLipow feared that "administratprs believe thehype the search engines are a handy substitute forlibrarians." She highlights the problem for distantstudents and remote users of technology. "Servingthe remote user: reference Service in the digitalenvironment," URL: http://www.csu.edu.au/special/online99/proceedings99/200.htm

10. This remarkäble finding was reported and dis-cussed by Sally Wyatt of the University of EastLondon at the 1999 London-based Conference. Asynopsis of her findings is found at "Virtual So-ciety? The social science of electronic technolo-gies," 1999,. URL: http://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/ virtsoc/text/reports/socex2.htm

11. Sonia Liff and Peter Watt reported the repercus-sions öf this narrow social ränge of usage in "Howmuch public äccess is there to the Internet," 1999,URL: http://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/virtsoc/text/reports/socex2.htm

12. A report on the Canberra Wired programme, theplan of the ACt Government, cornmunity andbusiness organisations, to develop a strategy forthe digital future, was discussed by BeverleyForner, "Globalisation and electronic communi-ties," URL: http://www.csu.edu.au/special/online99/proceedings99/102c.htm

ReferencesAustralian Society of Archivists Inc. 1999. URL:

http://www.archivenet.gov.au/as a/as a.html.Barry, T. 1999. The next waves of change: the future äs

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Benton Foundation. 1999. Building, books and bytes:libraries and communities in the digital age. URL:http://www.benton.org.Library/Kellogg/chapterl.html.

Bocher, B. and Ihlenfeldt, K. 1999. Ä higher signal-to-noise ratio: effective use of WebSearch Engines. DP

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Library Statistical Information Centre, URL: http://www.dpi.state.wi.us/dpi/dlcl/lbstat/search2.html.

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Fair, P., and Handler, M. 1999. Developments inDigital Copyright. URL: http://www.csa.edu.au/special/ online99/proceedings99/fair-handler.htm

Feldman, T. 1997. Introduction to Digital Media. Lon-don: Routledge.

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Interrupting the Festivities: Digitising HAL's Memory

McDermott, P. 1999. The unfortunates: nbnprofits andother hitchhikers on the information superhighway.URL: http://ombwatch.org/www/ombw/info/infortun.html.

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PADI. 1999b. What digital information should bepreserved. URL: http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/what.html.

PADI. 1999c. Why preserve access to digital Informa-tion. URL: http://www.nla.gov.au/padi. why.html.

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Smith, A. 1999. Anzac webometrics: exploring Austral-asian Web Structures. URL: http://www.csu.edu.au/special/online99/proceedings99/203b.htm

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2001: A Space Odyssey. 1968. Screenplay by StanleyKubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. Directed by StanleyKubrick.

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Zurawski, N. 1996. Ethnicity and the Internet in aGlobal Society. URL: http://www.jsoc.org/inet96/proceedings/e8/e8_l.htm

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