interpretation of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum and the knee inferred from the tibet air-shower...
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Interpretation of the Cosmic-ray Energy
Spectrum and the Knee Inferred from the Tibet Air-Shower Experiment
M.Shibata*
and
Tibet ASg Collaboration
*Yokohama National University
ICRC2009 Lodz, Poland
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The Tibet AS Collaboration
M.Amenomori(1), X.J.Bi(2), D.Chen(3), S.W.Cui(4), Danzengluobu(5), L.K.Ding(2), X.H.Ding(5), C.Fan(6), C.F.Feng(6), Zhaoyang Feng(2), Z.Y.Feng(7), X.Y.Gao(8), Q.X.Geng(8), Q.B.Gou(2), H.W.Guo(5), H.H.He(2), M.He(6), K.Hibino(9), N.Hotta(10), Haibing Hu(5), H.B.Hu(2), J.Huang(2), Q.Huang(7), H.Y.Jia(7), L.Jiang(8, 2), F.Kajino(11), K.Kasahara(12), Y.Katayose(13), C.Kato(14), K.Kawata(3), Labaciren(5), G.M.Le(15), A.F.Li(6), H.C.Li(4, 2), J.Y.Li(6), C.Liu(2), Y.-Q.Lou(16), H.Lu(2), X.R.Meng(5), K.Mizutani(12, 17), J.Mu(8), K.Munakata(14), A.Nagai(18), H.Nanjo(1), M.Nishizawa(19), M.Ohnishi(3), I.Ohta(20), S.Ozawa(12), T.Saito(21), T .Y.Saito(22), M.Sakata(11), T.K.Sako(3), M.Shibata(13), A.Shiomi(23), T.Shirai(9), H.Sugimoto(24), M.Takita(3), Y.H.Tan(2), N.Tateyama(9), S.Torii(12), H.Tsuchiya(25), S.Udo(9), B.Wang(2), H.Wang(2), Y.Wang(2), Y.G.Wang(6), H.R.Wu(2),L.Xue(6), Y.Yamamoto(11), C.T.Yan(26), X.C.Yang(8), S.Yasue(27), Z.H.Ye(28), G.C.Yu(7), A.F.Yuan(5), T.Yuda(9), H.M.Zhang(2), J.L.Zhang(2), N.J.Zhang(6), X.Y.Zhang(6), Y.Zhang(2), Yi Zhang(2), Ying Zhang(7,
2), Zhaxisangzhu(5) and X.X.Zhou(7)
(1)Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Japan.(2)Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.(3)Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Japan.(4)Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, China.(5)Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, China.(6)Department of Physics, Shandong University, China.(7)Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, China.(8)Department of Physics, Yunnan University, China.(9)Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Japan.(10)Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Japan.(11)Department of Physics, Konan University, Japan.(12)Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan.(13)Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan.(14)Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Japan.
(15)National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, China.(16)Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, China.(17)Saitama University, Japan.(18)Advanced Media Network Center, Utsunomiya University, Japan.(19)National Institute of Informatics, Japan.(20)Sakushin Gakuin University, Japan.(21)Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Japan.(22)Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Deutschland.(23)College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Japan.(24)Shonan Institute of Technology, Japan.(25)RIKEN, Japan.(26)Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Technology, China.(27)School of General Education, Shinshu University, Japan.(28)Center of Space Science and Application Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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1. Tibet air shower array.
All-particle spectrum ApJ 678 (2008) 1165
2. Hybrid experiment using AS core detector
to measure proton and helium spectra.
Phys. Lett. B 632 58-64 (2006) & ICRC2007, 2 (2007) 121
3. Compilation of composition measurements.
4. Extra component at the knee and its origin.
5. Next phase experiment.
Contents
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Tibet IIIAS array:700 ch x 0.5 m2
scint. detectorswith 7.5m sp.Area 37,000 m2
LocationTibet,
Yangbajing,China
4300 m a.s.l.
606 g/cm2
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All particle spectrum.Knee at 4 PeVdJ/dE E∝ -γ γ=2.653.1
ApJ 678 (2008) 1165
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Burst detectors
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Emulsion Chamber and Burst Detector
2cmArtificial Neural Network
Nγ, ΣEγ, < Rγ > , < ERγ > , Ne , θ
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P, He by Tibet ExperimentPhys. Lett. B 632 58-64 (2006)
with 30% model dependence
3.01±0.113.05±0.12
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•Ne>3x105
•Zenith angle θ<25 deg.
Number of selected events :1176
during live time of 434.3 days.
•Any 3 PD signals > 100 particles equivalent after the attenuation inside scint. (Nb ~2 x 104 at the center of scinti.)
•Nbtop>5x104, contained events
•632 P,He-like events
Second phase to measure P+He with higher statistics
ICRC2007, 2 (2007) 121
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Proton+Helium spectrum
Phase IPhase IPhase II
ICRC2007, 2 (2007) 121
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Proton+Helium spectrum
Phase IPhase II
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P He
C O
Ne Mg Si S
Ar Ca SubFe Fe
Fit for direct observations
109 1015
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Fit for direct observations(<100TeV)
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Proton SpectrumDirect measurement and Tibet combined
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]1[0
b
EEj
dE
dj
εb : break point (7x1014 eV for proton)Δγ: difference of power index before and after the break point( Δγ = 0.4 )
Broken power law formulato describe proton spectrum
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Multiple source model
Distribution of acceleration powerof cosmic rays
See Poster 295 (M.Shibata)
εm ≡ εb
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Interpretation of εb
Minimum acceleration limit for CR protons.
Threshold of SN explosion by massive stars.
(type II SN by >8M○ )
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CR composition at the kneeεz = Z x εb , Δγ = 0.4
700TeV
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CASA/MIA HEGRA KASCADE
DICE BASJE TIBET
All particle spectrum around the knee
1014 1016 1018 1014 1016 1018 1014 1016 1018
1014 1016 1018 1014 1016 1018 1014 1016 1018
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All data agree if we apply energy scale correction within 20% by normalizing to direct observations.Extra component can be approximated by
suggesting nearby source(s).Since P and He component do not show the excess at the knee, the extra component should be attributed to heavy element such as Fe.
],PeV4
exp[2 EE
(W.Bednarek and R.J.Protheroe ,2002,APh)
Extra component
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P +He spectrum does not show excess at the knee
Expected bymultiple sourcemodel
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Chemical composition of SN ejecta
(Nomoto,K et al. Nucl. Phys. A, 621, 467, 1997)
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If nearby type Ia SN ejecta makes knee sharp …..
All
He
FeOC+N
CaSi
P
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Next phase of Tibet hybrid exp.
YAC:Yangbajing Air shower Core detectorMD:Muon Detector
•Measure the energy spectrum of the main component at the knee.•Detector : Low threshold BD grid + AS array + Muon detector.•Observe energy flow of AS core within several x 10m from the axis.
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2m underground, 20 units, 9000 m2
Water Cherenkov Muon Detector(MD)
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Summary•Proton and helium spectra at the knee measured by Tibet hybrid experiment show steep power index of around 3.1 and low fraction to the all particles. Systematic error due to the interaction model dependence is within 30% for the flux.
•Broken power law spectrum is used to summarize the chemical composition measurements based on multiple source model.
• All particle spectrum in wide energy range around the knee shows presence of an extra component which mainly consists of heavy elements and its spectrum suggests the contribution of nearby source(s).
•Next phase of Tibet experiment, Tibet III+YAC+MD, will measure the heavy component at the knee and also measure
γ-ray spectrum with p/γ separation of AS.
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Thank you
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Pb 7cu
Iron
Scint.
Box
Design of YAC40cm x 50cm, 20x20 channels
S=5000m2
3.75m spacing 400ch Nb>100, any 5 (>30GeV)
Wave length shifting fiber+ 2 PMTs (Low gain & High gain)102<Nb<106
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All-particle Spectrum in Wide Energy Range (1014-1017eV)
Energy determination : Lateral Distribution Fitting using modified NKG function Derivation of the function was made by detailed detector Monte Carlo (Corsika & EPICS) Carpet array calculation (lateral structure, total size) Sampling array calculation (fit size, resolution)Longitudinal age parameter output by Corsika is used to describe the structure function.
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2'/)()'
1()()'
(
)2)()(,2)((21),(
mrsb
mrrsa
mrr
sasbsaBsrf
a(s) b(s)
Modified NKG function
rm’=30 m
S-2S-4.5
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For pure electromagnetic cascaderm’ = 80m
a(s) b(s)
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Size resolutionby reconstructing MC events
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Energy
resolution
~36.0%
(about
150-250TeV)
Energy
resolution
~16.9%
(about
1500-2500 TeV)
Energy
resolution
~11.1%
(about
6×104- 8×104
TeV)
Primary energy resolution
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Size spectrum of Tibet III
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Generation efficiency of family event by primary protons in QGSJET and SIBYLL
QGSJET
SIBYLL
SIBYLL/QGSJET~1.3SIBYLL/QGSJET
~ 1.3
SIBYLL
QGSJET
SIBYLL
QGSJET
1014 1015 1016
E0 eV 1014 1015 1016
E0 eV
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Artificial Neural Network JETNET 3.5
Parameters for training: Nγ, ΣEγ, < Rγ > , < ERγ > , Ne , θ
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Primary proton spectrum
Preliminary
(KASCADE data: astro-ph/0312295)
All
ProtonKASCADE (P)
Present Results
(a) ( by QGSJET model) (b) ( by SIBYLL model )
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Primary helium spectrum
(a) (by QGSJET model) (b) (by Sibyll model)
p+helium selection: purity=93%, efficiency=70%
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J.R.Hoerandel, Astroparticle Phys. 21,241-265(2004)
QGSJET SIBYLL
KASCADE
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Fraction of elements (%)
10 eV 10 eV 10 eVProton 22.6 11.0 8.1
He 19.2 11.4 8.4
CNO 21.0 22.6 17.8
NaMgSi 9.0 9.4 8.1
SClAr 5.6 6.2 5.8
Iron 22.2 39.1 51.7
HD model14 15 16
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Helium dominant compositionby Kascade e-μmeasurement
Kascade QGSJET spectrum
]exp[6.2
bE
EE
Microsoft 3.0数式
Eb=4 PeV for P
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Simulation (Phase I)
Corsika 6.030QGSJET01,SIBYLL2.1 (high energy int. model)
xHeavy Dominant Composition (HD)Proton Dominant Composition (PD)
= analyses under 4 models
Event Selection
AS size Ne>2 x 105 accompanied by γ family ofEγ>4TeV, nγ 4, ΣEγ>20 TeV
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Tibet Hybrid ExperimentTibet Asγ Collaboration
1996 ー 1999 AS+EC+BD
~ 200 eventsP,He spectrum
Phase2:2002 ー 2005 AS+BD
Light component(P+He)
with high statistics>1000 events
Phase3:in preparation AS+BD grid array
Observe heavy component at the knee
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Contribution of nuclei with odd Z is corrected using solar abundance
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]PeV4
exp[2 EE
The sharpness of the knee suggests limited range of atomic numbers for extra comp
onent
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Comparison with chemical composition of Type Ia SNR ejecta
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Ca
Expected spectrum of heavy components
Si
S
Fe
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Average Mass
GCR+EXGCR(mixed comp.)
GCR only
EXGCR=P
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Can CNO constitute extra component?
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Akeno
No correction
Normalized at low energy Normalized at high energy
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AnisotropyΣρ>1000 ( E0 > 1014 eV )
Orion complex
l=205.5 b=+0.5 Monoceros_Nebula ( α= 99.750 δ=6.500 )SNR Monoceros is colliding with Rossete nebula.EGRET (98.276 6.764 GEVJ0633+0645)
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Initial mass function (IMF)
∝M-2.5
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Stellar life time
∝M-1
∝M-3.8
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?
Relation between Fermi e± and extra component
at the knee?
PeV nuclei + target( * 10TeV/n) π0 γ * 100GeV e± This may be quitepossible scinario,but not calculated yet.