internet of things (iot) - technology and applications

Internet of Things (IOT) : Technology and Applica9ons

Dr. Mazlan Abbas MIMOS Berhad

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to IOT

© 2012 MIMOS Berhad. All Rights Reserved. 2

Internet of Things : Anytime, anywhere, by anyone and anything – ITU, November 2005

Characteris9cs of IoT

Internet of

Things

Compu9ng AnyAme

Any content

Content Anyone Anybody

Collec9on Any Service Any Business

Communica9on Any path

Any Network

Connec9vity Any place Anywhere

Convergence Anything Any device

“We are heading into a new era of ubiquity, where the users of the Internet will be counted in billions, and where humans may become the minority as generators and receivers of traffic. Changes brought about by the Internet will be dwarfed by those prompted by the networking of everyday objects “ – UN report

Internet of Things (IOT) DefiniAon

© 2012 MIMOS Berhad. All Rights Reserved.

Technology perspec9ve:

Things with idenAAes & virtual personaliAes operaAng in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts.

Marke9ng perspec9ve : Enable communicaAon between devices to exchange useful informaAon that create new value for human needs.

Today’s Internet of Things “behaviour”


Real-‐Ame locaAon-‐based info.

74% Weather apps 60%

Maps/NavigaAon/ Search

51% Health apps 29%

Want connected system in car

60%

Share more content

From more

resources

With more people

more o\en

more quickly

Mo9

vators

Payment apps 71%

User Experience with enriched services/products

Source: TrendsSpo./ng; IBM; Gartner; Ericsson

Rise of Machines


Year 2020 scenario……

Internet connected devices 50B

UAlity meters

3B +

Mobile consumers 7.6 B

•  People with chronic welfare diseases

•  AutomoAve & transportaAon 1B +

Mobile CompuAng & M2M

US$77B Connected life spending

US$4.7T Annual mobile monitoring devices & services

US$43B RFID

US$20B

Source: TrendsSpo./ng; IBM; Gartner; Ericsson

Anatomy of Internet of Things


EVENT

Any happening in the physical world that has been idenAfied to be observed

MINING

Thing detects events and measure a physical quality

LOGGING

Registering or recording of the data collected by the thing

UPLOAD

Logged data to store/save & share a. Local device b. Transfer to a center locaAon/ repository

ANALYSIS

Aggregated data is analysed, generate informaAon and knowledge

ACTION

Events triggered either by things or people

REPORT

Display processed informaAon for people to use

Devices with self-‐proper9es

Intelligence : Ambient intelligence & Distributed decision making

Network : Ubiquitous & Interoperability

Characteristics and Attributes


Level of Intelligen

ce


[Source: hdp://www.libelium.com/top_50_iot_sensor_applicaAons_ranking ]

MIMOS IOT APPLICATIONS

Ethernet ADSL Fiber HSDPA

Deployment Scenario (WSN)

HSDPA/WiMAX/LTE

6LoWPAN Network

MIMOS MSCAN

2.4GHz 2.4GHz

PAM Server

MIMOS MSCAN - IOT

Benefits: • Enabling end-to-end connectivity • Less processing and overhead = Less power consumption • Cheaper solution

Livestock Monitoring – Cow that “Tweets”

WiWi Gateway

Collar • Sensor Platform

• Wireless Transmission

Alert: SMS, custom application, twitter, etc

Livestock Management System

Handheld Device: local interrogation by farmer

Office Personnel Tracking

Wireless Cluster Office

Display

Relay

Gateway

Sensor

IOT RESEARCH 6LOWPAN and DTN

IoT Technological Developments Development Areas Before 2010 2010-‐2015 >2015

IdenAficaAon Technologies

• Different Schemes • Domain specific IDs • ISO, GS1, u-‐code, IPv6, etc

• Unified framework for unique idenAfiers • Open framework for IoT • URIs

• IdenAty Management • SemanAcs • Privacy-‐awareness • “Things DNA” idenAfier

IoT Architecture Technology

• IoT architecture specificaAon • Context-‐sensiAve middleware • Intelligent reasoning plaporms

• IoT architecture developments • Network of networks architecture • Plaporms interoperability

• AdapAve, context based architectures • Self-‐* properAes • CogniAve architectures • ExperienAal architecture

CommunicaAon Technology

• RFID, UWB, Wi-‐Fi, WiMax, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ISA100, 6LoWPAN

• Ultra low power chipsets, system on chip • On chip antennas • Millimeter wave single chips • Ultra low power single chip radios • Ultra low power system on chip • Mobility • Heterogeneity

• Wide spectrum and spectrum aware protocol • Unified protocol over wide spectrum

Network Technology • Sensor networks • Self aware & self organizing network • Delay tolerant networks • Storage networks and power networks • Hybrid networking technologies • Sensor network locaAon transparency

• Network context awareness • Network cogniAon • Self learning, self repairing network

Source: FP7 -‐ Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things (CERP-‐IoT) -‐ Strategic Research Agenda


So\ware and Algorithm

• RelaAonal database integraAon • IoT oriented RDBMS • Event-‐based plaporms • Sensor middleware • Sensor network middleware • Proximity / localizaAon algorithms

• Large scale, open semanAc so\ware modules • Composable algorithms • Next generaAon IoT-‐based social so\ware • Next generaAon IoT-‐based enterprise applicaAons

• Goal oriented so\ware • Distributed intelligence, problem solving • T-‐to-‐T collaboraAon environments • User oriented so\ware • The invisible IoT • Easy to deploy IoT so\ware • Things to Human collaboraAons • IoT for all

Hardware • RFID tags and sensors • Sensors build in mobile devices • NFC in mobile phones • Smaller and cheaper • MEMs technology

• MulA protocol, mulA standards reader • More sensors and actuators • Secure, low cost tags, sensors

• Smart sensors (Bio-‐chem) • More sensors and actuators (Any sensors) • Nano-‐technology and new materials

Data & Signal Processing Technology

• Serial data processing • Parallel data processing • Quality of services

• Energy, frequency spectrum aware data processing, • Data processing context adaptable

• Context aware data processing and • data responses • CogniAve processing and • opAmisaAon

Discovery and Search Engine Technology

• Sensor network ontologies • Domain specific name services

• Distributed registries, search and • discovery mechanisms • SemanAc discovery of sensors and sensor data

• AutomaAc route tagging and • IdenAficaAon • AutomaAc route tagging and • idenAficaAon management centres • CogniAve search engines • Autonomous search engines


Power and Energy Storage Technologies

• Thin baderies • Li-‐Ion • Flat baderies • Power opAmized systems • (energy management) • Energy harvesAng (electrostaAc, • piezoelectric) • Short and medium range • wireless power

• Energy harvesAng (energy conversion, • photovoltaic) • Printed baderies • Long range wireless power

• Energy harvesAng (biological, • chemical, inducAon) • Power generaAon in harsh • environments • Energy recycling • Wireless power • Biodegradable baderies • Nano-‐power processing unit

Security and Privacy Technologies

• Security mechanism and protocol defined (RFID & WSN) • Security mechanisms and protocols for RFID and WSN • devices

• User centric context-‐aware privacy and policy • Privacy aware data processing • VirtualisaAon and anonymisaAon

• Security & Privacy profiles based on needs • Privacy needs automaAc evaluaAon • Context centric security • Self adapAve security mechanisms and protocols

Material Technology • Silicon, Cu, Al MetallizaAon • 3D processes

• SiC, GaN • Silicon • Improved/new semiconductor manufacturing processes / technologies for • higher temperature ranges

• Diamond

StandardizaAon • RFID security • Passive RFID with expanded memory and read/write capability

• IoT standardizaAon • M2M • Interoperability

• Standards for cross interoperability with heterogeneous networks

Source: FP7 -‐ Cluster of European Research Projects on the Internet of Things (CERP-‐IoT) -‐ Strategic Research Agenda

6LOWPAN

IEEE 802.15.4

•  Specifies a wireless link for low-‐power personal area networks (LoWPANs)

•  802.15.4 is widely used in embedded applicaAons, such as environmental monitoring

•  These applicaAons generally require numerous low-‐cost nodes communicaAng over mulAple hops to cover a large geographical area, and they must operate unadended for years on modest baderies

802.11a

802.11g

WPAN

Com

plex

ity

802.15.4

802.15.1 BluetoothTMPow

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

Data Rate

802.11b

802.11

LoWPAN

802.15.3

IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

IEEE 802.15.4 and IPv6

•  EnAre 802.15.4 MTU is 127 bytes •  Low Bandwidth (250 kbps), low power (1 mW) radio •  Small Packets to keep packet error rate low and permit media sharing

•  O\en data payload is small •  Standard IPv6 header is 40 bytes [RFC 2460] •  IPv6 requires all links support 1280 byte packets [RFC 2460]

32

Benefits of 6LoWPAN Technology

•  Low-power RF + IPv6 = The Wireless Embedded Internet

•  6LoWPAN makes this possible •  The benefits of 6LoWPAN include:

–  Open, long-lived, reliable standards –  Easy learning-curve –  Transparent Internet integration –  Network maintainability –  Global scalability –  End-to-end data flows

Why We Need It?

•  Open system based interoperability between devices •  Leverage exisAng standards, rather than “reinvenAng the wheel”

•  Ability to work within the resource constraint of low-‐power, low-‐bandwidth and low-‐memory

Challenges in 6LoWPAN Deployment

•  No method exists to run IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 •  Using IPv6 and other headers as it is may not fit

–  40 bytes of IPv6, 20 bytes of TCP, 8 bytes of UDP + other headers •  Existing routing protocol unsuitable •  Current service discovery method too bulky •  Fragmentation and reassembly layer •  Limited configuration & management on sensors •  Security issues •  Network management

–  Memory, processor and packet size constraint of sensor, further investigation required on using existing network management protocol

Delay Tolerant Network

Internet of Things

36

Research Motivation •  Interplanetary Internet (IPN) is a NASA research project led by Vint Cerf in 1998. •  The basic idea is to try to make data communications in space/ between planets. •  E.g. Communication between Earth and Mars

–  Communication is greatly delayed •  The delay in sending or receiving data from Mars takes between

three-and-a-half to 20 minutes at the speed of light. –  Intermittent connectivity

•  Planetary movement •  TCP is not suitable in space missions. •  A new set of protocol is needed to tolerate large delay

– IPN architecture was designed.

How to apply the IPN architecture to other situations in which communications were

subject to delays and disruptions? -IPN researchers-

Ø In 2002 - “Delay Tolerant Network Architecture: The

Evolving Interplanetary Internet” was introduced for application on earth

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) •  DTN is a set of protocols that act together to enable a standardized method of performing store-‐carry-‐and-‐forward communicaAons.

•  CharacterisAcs of DTN: i.  Intermident connecAvity

–  No end-‐to-‐end path between source and desAnaAon

ii.  Long variable delay –  Long propagaAon delays between nodes

A

B

B

C

C D

Source

Store

Carry

Forward

Store

Carry

Forward

DesAnaAon

Applications of DTNs

Wildlife monitoring

CommunicaAon in rural area

Military

Interplanetary internet

Wildlife Monitoring

•  ZebraNet –  Goal: Track mobility patterns of zebras in Kenya, Africa. –  Custom tracking collar with GPS (node) is put on the neck of the zebra. –  Nodes record zebra’s location and stores in memory. –  Nodes carry the data until meet another node. –  Exchanges data with another zebra when in communication range. –  Mobile base station (MBS) collects data from collars when researchers are in the field.

- MBS is not fixed, rather it moves and is only intermittently available

41

P. Juang, H. Oki, Y. Wang, et al. Energy-‐Efficient CompuAng for Wildlife Tracking: Design Tradeos and Early Experiences with ZebraNet. In Proceedings of ASPLOS-‐X, Oct. 2002.

Physical presence of the researchers is no longer required at the deployment site in order to collect and publish zebra mobility padern data.

Ø Network connecAvity is intermident and opportunisAc

Communications in Rural Areas

•  DakNet Goal: Provide low cost internet connectivity to poor rural areas in India

A bus carrying a 802.11b access point

Kiosks are built up in villages and are equipped with digital storage and short-‐range wireless communicaAons.

MAP transport data among public kiosks and a hub Ø non-‐real Ame(asynchronous)internet access

Pentland, A., Fletcher, R. and Hasson, A. “DakNet: Rethinking ConnecAvity in Developing NaAons”. IEEE Computer, vol. 37, no. 1 Jan. 2004, pp. 78–83.

Military

When M1 and M2 are both connected, data is transferred directly.

When the link between M2 and satellite is disconnected, data is transferred to HQ for storage and later delivery to M2.

Ziyi Lu and Jianhua Fan. Delay/DisrupAon Tolerant Network and its ApplicaAon in Military CommunicaAons, InternaAonal Conference On Computer Design And ApplicaAons (ICCDA 2010), 2010.

When M2 is reconnected, data stored at HQ is delivered, even if M1 is disconnected.

Soldiers need to be able to communicate with each other in the badlefield

DTN technology can be used to achieve the communicaAon even though the end-‐to-‐end connecAon does not exist.

Give it to me, I have 1G bytes phone flash.

I have 100M bytes of data, who can carry for me?

I can also carry for you!

Thank you but you are in the opposite direction!

Don’t give to me! I am running out of storage.

Reach an access point.

Internet

Finally, it arrive…

Search La Bonheme.mp3 for me



There is one in my pocket…

In 2006, Lilien, Kamal, and Gupta have developed a similar paradigm as DTNs with the name of Opportunistic Networks

(OppNets)

L. Lilien, Z.H. Kamal and A. Gupta (in cooperaAon with V. Bhuse and Z Yang), "OpportunisAc Networks: The Concept and Research Challenges," Department of Computer Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, February 9, 2006.

Issues in DTN •  Mobility Model

–  Network highly mobile and dynamic in nature •  What is the mobility pattern? •  Mobility patterns of assigned "carrier nodes”

•  Routing –  The most challenging problem therefore lies in finding the route

between two disconnected devices.

•  Trust –  Finding “carriers nodes" network that trust

•  Most of the time we assume that the nodes cooperate with each other (i.e. hosts do not refuse to deliver messages)

46

Random Movement

Random Walk Random Waypoint

Mobility model

Random movement

Human behavior based movement

Map-‐constrained random movement

-‐ each mobile nodes starts at a random locaAon and staying there for a certain period of Ame (pause Ame) and at the end of the pause Ame, the nodes select a random desAnaAon and move to the selected desAnaAon at a random speed.

-‐ each mobile nodes starts at a random locaAon and then move to a new locaAon by randomly choosing a direcAon and speed.

Map-Constrained Random Movement

e.g. KLCC (A) to KL Pavilion (B)

Random Map-‐Based Movement Shortest Path Map-‐Based Movement Routed Map-‐Based Movement

-‐ move from stop to stop using shortest paths -‐ nodes follow certain route (e.g. bus)

Mobility model

Random movement



1

2

Mobility model

Random movement



EKMAN, F., KER¨A NEN, A., KARVO, J., AND OTT, J. Working Day Movement Model. In Proc. 1st ACM/SIGMOBILE Workshop on Mobility Models for Networking Research (May 2008).

-‐ bring more reality of human movement paderns during a working day -‐ It produces similar Inter-‐contact Ames and contact duraAons as real world traces -‐ All nodes move on a real world map -‐ There are three major acAviAes: 1) Staying at home – node wake up in the morning 2) Working at the office -‐ go to the office and works 8 hours 3) Doing some acAvity with friends in the evening -‐ Use different transportaAon between acAviAes (bus, car or walking)

Working Day Movement Model (WDM)

Human Behavior Based Movement

This is for Mrs. Wilson

I will give the copy to

everyone I meet, and hopefully it will reach her

Concept: Floods messages into the network Goal: Maximize message delivery rate Disadvantages: -‐ High resources usage (buffer) -‐  High overhead

Epidemic: Epidemic RouAng for ParAally Connected Ad Hoc Networks

A. Vahdat and D. Becker. Epidemic RouAng for ParAally Connected Ad Hoc Networks. Technical Report CS-‐2000-‐06, CS. Dept. Duke Univ., 2000.

Epidemic

Spray and Wait

Rou9ng protocol

Spray and Focus

Prophet

50

Mrs. Wilson

3G

WiFi

WiFi

WiFi

3G

3G 3G Base staAon

Emergency Response Scenario

3G

WiFi

WiFi

WiFi

3G

3G Base

StaAon down

WiFi WiFi

Emergency Response Scenario

Security & Privacy

Opportunity Gaps

© 2012 MIMOS Berhad. All Rights Reserved. Source : SRI Consul/ng Business Intelligence

Intelligent

Thing vs. Human

Busine

ss im

pact

Innova9on opportuni9es

High

Low

High Low

•  Context awareness • Human-‐like inferences & decisions

•  Act on behalf of people

Thing/Device

• MiniaturizaAon •  Energy efficiency •  Tagging & idenAficaAon •  System-‐in-‐package •  Edge processing

Network

Encourage vs. discourage interacAon and automaAon

Governance policy

• Market demand rely on affordability & adracAveness

•  Conversion cost : IoT investment vs. low-‐cost source of human labour

•  AdapAve network •  Interoperability •  Ad-‐hoc network mgmt.